Parochial school
A parochial school is a
In addition to schools run by Christian organizations, there are also religious schools affiliated with Jewish, Muslim, and other groups; however, these are not usually called "parochial" because of the term's historical association with Christian parishes.
United Kingdom
In
In 2002, Frank Dobson proposed an amendment to the Education Bill (for England and Wales) which would limit the selection rights of faith schools by requiring them to offer at least a quarter of places to children of another or no religion, in order to increase inclusivity and lessening social division.[2] The proposal was defeated in Parliament.
In 2005,
In October 2006, Bishop
In September 2007, attempts to create the first secular school in Britain were blocked. Paul Kelley, head of Monkseaton High School in Tyneside, proposed plans to eliminate the daily act of Christian worship, and "a fundamental change in the relationship with the school and the established religion of the country".[5]
In November 2007, the Krishna-Avanti Hindu school in north-west London became the first school in the United Kingdom to make vegetarianism a condition of entry.[6] Additionally, parents of pupils are expected to abstain from alcohol to prove they are followers of the faith.
In November 2007, the
In January 2008 the
England
Faith schools follow the same
Scotland
Scotland has its own educational system, distinct from that of England and Wales, reflecting the history of education in Scotland. Although schools existed in Scotland prior to the Reformation, widespread public education was pioneered by the Church of Scotland developing its aim of universal parish schools from 1560 onwards, and given state support by the Education Act 1633. It handed over its parish schools to the state in 1872. Although these schools are now known as "non-denominational" schools, and are open to all, their traditional links with the Presbyterian and Episcopalian churches and clergy remain in most cases.
Charitably funded
United States
Historically, most American parochial schools have been
Since the 1960s thousands of
Catholic private and college preparatory schools also exist and are not necessarily connected with a parish. Often these schools, such as those in the Philadelphia area, prefer to be referred to as "private Catholic schools," to distinguish themselves from the Archdiocesan parochial school system. In some Canadian provinces Catholic schools are publicly funded and in Ontario completely to the level of grade 12.
Generally within the Catholic parochial school system, parochial schools are open to all children in the parish.[
The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) operates an extensive parochial school system. The WELS school system is the fourth largest private school system in the United States.[16]
History
The development of the American Catholic parochial school system can be divided into three phases. During the first (1750–1870), parochial schools appeared as ad hoc efforts by parishes, and most Catholic children attended public schools. During the second period (1870–1910), the Catholic hierarchy made a basic commitment to a separate Catholic school system. These parochial schools, like the big-city parishes around them, tended to be ethnically homogeneous; a German child would not be sent to an Irish school, nor vice versa, nor a Lithuanian pupil to either. Instruction in the language of the old country was common. In the third period (1910–1945), Catholic education was modernized and modeled after the public school systems, and ethnicity was deemphasized in many areas. In cities with large Catholic populations (such as Chicago and Boston) there was a flow of teachers, administrators, and students from one system to the other.[17]
In addition to the Catholics, the German Lutherans and Calvinist Dutch also began parochial schools, as did Orthodox Jews.
Starting from about 1876, thirty nine states (out of 50) passed a constitutional amendment to their state constitutions, called "
In the 1920s, Oregon outlawed all non-public schools in an attempt to stamp out parochial schools, but in 1925 the Supreme Court overturned the law in Pierce v. Society of Sisters.[19] There is a controversy over the legality of parish schools. In December 2018, Ed Mechmann, the director of public policy at the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York noted that the new regulations from the New York State Education Department would "give local school boards virtually unlimited power over private religious schools. There is no protection against government officials who are hostile to religious schools or who just want to eliminate the competition."[20]
Russian Empire
Parochial schools (Russian: прихо́дские учи́лища, prikhodskie uchilishcha) was a system of elementary education in the Russian Empire which were part of the Ministry of National Enlightenment (Education).[21] Parochial schools were introduced in 1804 following an educational reform of primary schools.[22] Before that, in Russia existed arithmetic schools which were part of elementary education.
Along with regular parochial schools there also existed a well developed system of church-parochial schools of the Russian Orthodox Church which was also introduced in 1804.[23]
Both schools parochial and church-parochial were funded by government.[23]
Philippines
Since the
Currently, parochial schools are generally those run by local, territorial parishes, while Catholic schools are administered directly by dioceses or religious institutes.
Metro Manila
The
India
In Ancient India, Gurukula was the main system of education though some still exist today. Catholic educational institutions are second in numbers behind government run schools. There are 14,539. While the schools are centrally tracked by the Catholic Bishops Council of India, they are controlled by the diocese in which they are located. There are 13,004 primary and secondary Catholic schools, 243 special schools, 448 Catholic colleges, and 534 technical institutions.[citation needed]
See also
- Bennett Law, 1890 dispute in Wisconsin
- Christian school
- Cathedral school
- Catholic school
- Lutheran school
- Gurukulam
- Jewish day school
- Madrasa
- Religion and children
- Sunday school
- Oregon Compulsory Education Act of 1926
- Meyer v. Nebraska, US Supreme Court case
- Pierce v. Society of Sisters, US Supreme Court case
- Church school
Footnotes
- ^ Church of England
- ^ "Faith school rebels defeated". BBC News. 2002-02-07.
- ^ The Times.
- ^ Smith, Alexandra (2006-10-03). "Church promises school places to non-Christians". The Guardian.
- ^ Asthana, Anushka (2007-09-23). "Crisis of faith in first secular school". The Guardian.
- ^ Curtis, Polly (2007-11-29). "Hindu school is first to make vegetarianism a condition of entry". The Guardian.
- ^ Curtis, Polly (2007-11-28). "Jewish school told to change admission rules". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Anthea Lipsett and agencies (2008-01-02). "MPs to voice concerns over faith schools". The Guardian.
- ^ Smith, Alexandra (2006-03-22). "Call for national register of mosque schools". The Guardian.
- ^ "Faith Schools: FAQs" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ a b Cairns, Gordon (2007-12-04). "My lack of faith stopped me being accepted". The Guardian.
- ^ Perko, 2000).
- ISBN 978-0-86554-303-4.
- ^ Catholic School Teachers Tempted By Public School Wages
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (1999-08-08). "Teachers' Pay: Adding Up the Impact of Raising Salaries". myshortpencil.com.
- ISBN 978-0313391392.
- ^ Lazerson (1977)
- ^ "Zelman vs Simmon-Harris, US Supreme Court certoriari 00-1751". findlaw.com. 2002-06-27.
- ^ Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925).
- ^ Morrison, Micah (January 28, 2019). "New York's War on Religious Education". Judicial Watch.
- ^ Zubkov, I. Parochial schools (ПРИХОДСКИ́Е УЧИ́ЛИЩА). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
- ^ Zubkov, I. Primary school (НАЧА́ЛЬНАЯ ШКО́ЛА). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b Protohierarch Vladislav Tsypin. Church Parochial School (ЦЕРКО́ВНО-ПРИХОДСКИ́Е ШКО́ЛЫ). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
Further reading
United States
- DAMM, JOHN SILBER. "THE GROWTH AND DECLINE OF LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1638-1962" (PhD dissertation, Columbia University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1963. 6401469).
- Lazerson, Marvin. "Understanding American Catholic Educational History," History of Education Quarterly 1977 17(3): 297-317 in JSTOR
- Perko, F. Michael. "Religious Schooling In America: An Historiographic Reflection," History of Education Quarterly 2000 40(3): 320-338 in JSTOR
- Raiche, C.S.J., Annabelle, and Ann Marie Biermaier, O.S.B. They Came to Teach: The Story of Sisters Who Taught in Parochial Schools and Their Contribution to Elementary Education in Minnesota (St. Cloud, Minnesota: North Star Press, 1994)271pp.
- Walch, Timothy. Parish School: American Catholic Parochial Education from Colonial Times to the Present, (New York: Crossroad, 1996) 301 pp.