Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois | |
---|---|
Elections |
The Parti Québécois (
The party is an associate member of COPPPAL.[13] The party has strong informal ties to the Bloc Québécois (BQ, whose members are known as "Bloquistes"), the federal party that has also advocated for the secession of Quebec from Canada, but the two are not linked organizationally. As with its federal counterpart, the Parti Québécois has been supported by a wide range of voters in Quebec, from large sections of organized labour to more conservative rural voters.[14][15]
History
Formation
The PQ is the result of the 1968 merger between former Quebec Liberal Party cabinet minister René Lévesque's Mouvement Souveraineté-Association and the Ralliement national.[16] Following the creation of the PQ, the Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale held a general assembly that voted to dissolve the RIN. Its former members were invited to join the new Parti Québécois.
The PQ's primary goals were to obtain political, economic and social autonomy for the province of Quebec. Lévesque introduced the strategy of referendums early in the 1970s.[17]
Lévesque and the PQ's first government
The PQ faced its first electoral test in the 1970 provincial election, winning seven seats. However, Lévesque was unable to get into the renamed National Assembly. Although it lost one seat in 1973, the decimation of the other parties, particularly the Union Nationale, allowed it to become the official opposition even though Lévesque was still unable to win a seat.
In the
The first PQ government was known as the "republic of professors" because of the large number of scholars in Lévesque's
The party was re-elected in the
Despite its social-democratic past, the PQ failed to gain admission into the
1985 defeat
The PQ led by Johnson was defeated by the Quebec Liberal Party in the 1985 election that saw Robert Bourassa return as premier. The Liberals served in office for two terms and attempted to negotiate a constitutional settlement with the rest of Canada but with the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, two packages of proposed amendments to the Canadian constitution, the question of Quebec's status remained unresolved and the Quebec sovereignty movement revived.
Return to power under Parizeau
The PQ returned to power under the leadership of hardline sovereigntist
Bouchard government
Return to opposition
Mid-late 2004 was difficult for Landry's leadership, which was being contested. A vote was held during the party's June 2005 convention to determine whether Landry continued to have the confidence of the party membership. Landry said he wanted at least 80% of approval and after gaining 76.2% approval on the confidence vote from party membership on 4 June 2005, Landry announced his intention to resign.[22]
Louise Harel had been chosen to replace him until a new leader, André Boisclair, was elected 15 November 2005, through the party's 2005 leadership election. At the time of Boisclair's election, the PQ was as much as 20 percent ahead of the Liberals in opinion polls, suggesting that Boisclair would lead them to a landslide majority government in the next election.[23]
Splintering on the right and the left
Progressives on the left wing of the PQ perceived a rightward move by the party towards
Third place
The PQ was unable to maintain the momentum it briefly had under Boisclair, and in the 2007 provincial election, the party fell to 36 seats and behind the conservative Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) in number of seats and the popular vote: this was the first time since 1973 that the party did not form the government or the Official Opposition. Boisclair said that the voters clearly did not support a strategy of a rapid referendum in the first mandate of a PQ government. Instead of a policy convention following the election, the party held a presidents' council. The party caucus in the provincial legislative assembly was said to have supported Boisclair continuing as leader.
On 8 May 2007, Boisclair announced his resignation as leader of the PQ.[24] This was effective immediately, although Boisclair confirmed he would remain within the PQ caucus for the time being. He was replaced by veteran MNA François Gendron, pending a leadership race and convention.
Former Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce his intention to run for party leadership, on 11 May 2007. He was followed the same day by Pauline Marois. In a surprise move, Duceppe withdrew on the 12th – leaving Marois the only declared candidate. No other candidates came forward, and on 26 June 2007, Marois won the leadership by acclamation.
In June 2011, the party was shaken when four of its most prominent MNAs — popular actor
Marois minority government
The party won a minority government under Marois in the 2012 provincial election with 54 of 125 seats in the National Assembly. It embarked on a program of "sovereigntist governance" in relations with the rest of Canada, to return Quebec to balanced budgets through higher taxes and debt reduction, to increase the use of French in public services, and to address resource development in Northern Quebec. However the PQ's 'new Bill 101' did not pass. The centrepiece of the government's program was a Quebec Charter of Values which would have curtailed minority religious identity by banning the wearing of religious symbols by those in the employ of the government, particularly Sikh turbans, Muslim veils and Jewish kippahs.
2014 defeat
Based on the charter's growing popularity among francophones, Marois called an early election for 7 April 2014 in an attempt to win a majority government. Despite leading in the polls when the writ was dropped, the campaign went badly due to several mishaps. The recruitment of star candidate Pierre Karl Péladeau, whose comments made sovereignty and the prospect of another referendum a focus of the campaign, as well as feminist Janette Bertrand suggesting that wealthy Muslim men were taking over swimming pools, among other incidents badly hurt the PQ.[27] Marois' government was defeated by the Liberals, led by Philippe Couillard, in the 2014 provincial election which resulted in a Liberal majority government. The PQ won 25% of the vote and 30 seats, its worst result in terms of popular vote since 1970. Marois lost her own seat, and announced her intention to resign as PQ leader that night.[28]
Stéphane Bédard was chosen interim parliamentary leader by the PQ caucus on 10 April 2014.[29]
In the 20 October 2014 Lévis by-election, PQ candidate Alexandre Bégin came in third place, with 8.28% of the popular vote, only narrowly beating Québec Solidaire.[30]
Péladeau leadership
On 27 November 2014, Pierre Karl Péladeau announced his intentions to run for PQ's leadership, joining Bernard Drainville, Martine Ouellet, Jean-François Lisée, Alexandre Cloutier, and Pierre Céré.[31]
Despite a fiercely contested race, Péladeau was the frontrunner for much of the campaign, causing Jean-François Lisée to drop out in January 2015, Bernard Drainville to drop out on 22 April 2015,[32] and Pierre Céré to follow Drainville only five days before the leadership election.[33]
On 15 May 2015, Pierre Karl Péladeau was elected permanent leader.[34]
On 2 May 2016, Péladeau announced that he was retiring from politics to dedicate more time to his family.[35]
Jean-François Lisée leadership
Jean-François Lisée was elected leader of Parti Québécois on 7 October 2016.
Lisée charged
Collapse and brief loss of official party status
For the 2018 provincial election, the PQ ruled out holding a referendum on sovereignty until 2022 at the earliest.[38] With the sovereignty issue taken off the table for the first time in almost half a century, the 2018 election unfolded in a historic way, being the first time in a half century a party other than the Parti Québécois or Liberals were elected to power, with a Coalition Avenir Québec majority win. It also marked, for the first time in 42 years, that the Parti Québécois failed to win a sufficient number of seats to maintain its official party status. With only 10 seats won, not only did it lose official status, but was relegated to third place (tied with Québec solidaire). The PQ was reduced to its smallest presence in the National Assembly since its first election in 1970. In this election the Parti Québécois only garnered 17% of the popular vote, the lowest score in party's history at the time.
With few exceptions, its support bled to the CAQ, which took several ridings that had been in PQ hands for 40 years or more, by large margins in many cases. A number of longtime PQ supporters defected to the CAQ because they no longer believed sovereignty was a realistic goal.[38] Notably, the party was completely shut out of Montreal for the first time in memory, including its traditional stronghold in the heavily francophone eastern portion. Historically, when the PQ won government, the eastern half of the Island of Montreal was coated light blue. Many younger sovereigntists defected to Québec Solidaire.
Leader Jean-François Lisée was defeated in his own riding and resigned thereafter, accepting the blame for his party's failure and collapse. After 50 years in the forefront of Quebec politics, the Parti Québécois had been pushed into marginal status. According to
However, on 11 March 2019, Catherine Fournier, the current youngest MNA in the party and the province and the only PQ MNA from Greater Montreal, resigned from the Parti Québécois to sit as an independent, claiming the party had lost its way. At the same time, several members of the PQ's youth wing expressed concern that the party might not have a future.[43][44] Fournier's defection dropped the party into fourth place, losing its standing as second opposition and potentially, losing their official party status once again.
The next leadership election occurred on 9 October 2020, with lawyer Paul St-Pierre Plamondon being elected as the tenth Parti Québécois leader.[45]
Fading out and loss of official party status
The 2022 provincial election saw even further erosion and an unprecedented loss of support for the Parti Quebecois. Not only did the party once again not form government or the official opposition, but saw its lowest number of elected seats in the history of the PQ's existence–only 3 seats won (the previous lowest, the 1973 election, was six seats). Although new party leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon managed to win his seat, the PQ lost its official party status and came in a distant fourth place. With just over 14% of the popular vote, it broke a new record low score for the party, resulting in the PQ's smallest presence ever in the National Assembly. The movement of most voter support over to the CAQ and other nationalist parties put into question the party's relevance and its ability to survive in future.
Barred from Quebec legislature
On December 1, 2022, the PQ's three newly elected members were barred from the Quebec legislature following their refusal to swear an oath to the King, as required by the Constitution Act, 1867.[46] In response, on December 9, 2022, the CAQ passed a bill abolishing the requirement, allowing the PQ into the legislature by early 2023, however its legality is being questioned.[47]
After the 2022 provincial election, the PQ held a leadership confidence vote in March 2023. Plamondon broke a record for the PQ votes of confidence, with 98.51% support.[48][49][50]
Since the 2022 election, the PQ saw an increase in its support in polls with them polling as the second largest party but still behind the CAQ.[51]
On October 2, 2023, the PQ won its fourth seat with its win in the 2023 Jean-Talon provincial by-election, with Pascal Paradis being elected MNA.[52]
Relationship with the Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois (BQ) is a federal political party founded in 1990 by former Progressive Conservative MP Lucien Bouchard. It has traditionally had close ties to the Parti Québécois and shares its principal objective of sovereignty. The two parties have frequently shared political candidates, and have supported each other during election campaigns. The two parties have a similar membership and voter base. Prominent members of either party often attend and speak at both organizations' public events. Gilles Duceppe, the former Bloc leader, is also the son of Jean Duceppe, a Quebec actor who helped found the PQ after having been a founding member of the New Democratic Party.
In June 2014,
Ties to far right groups
In 2018, the
Logo
The party's distinctive logo was designed in 1968 by painter and poet Roland Giguère. It consists of a stylised letter Q, represented by a blue circle broken by a red arrow. The creator meant it as an allegory of the Parti Québécois breaking the circle of colonialism which he claimed Canada was imposing on Quebec and opening Quebec upon the world and the future.[57] The PQ has made very few significant modifications to its logo during its history. In 1985 it made the circle and arrow slightly thicker, and placed the tip of the latter at the centre of the circle. The original saw it span the whole diameter. When placed upon a blue background instead of a white one, the circle was commonly turned to white, the single main design variation currently observed.
The party revealed a new logo on 21 February 2007, at the beginning of the 2007 provincial election campaign. While maintaining the basic style of past logos, the Q was redesigned and modernized. In addition, the tail of the Q was recoloured green. This logo was replaced in 2021 with a new logo that incorporated the fleur-de-lis into the letter "Q".[58]
Party policy
This article needs to be updated.(March 2017) |
This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (March 2017) |
The Parti Québécois centres on the protection of the Franco-Québécois identity, up to or including the ultimate result of sovereignty-association. Sovereigntism, however, is 'Article 1' in its party program.[59]
After then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy rejected the long-standing "non-interference, non-indifference" stance towards Quebec should it seek sovereignty in 2009, PQ leader and Premier Pauline Marois' visit to France in October 2012 saw her reinstate it with French President François Hollande.[60] Also during her visit, Marois commented that "Canada's current foreign policy corresponds to neither our values nor our interests".[61]
The PQ delivered a brief to the
Marois stated there is nothing dogmatic in Francophones wishing to declare their existence even if it includes developing legislation requiring newcomers to have a basic understanding of French before becoming citizens of Quebec.[citation needed] (Note that there are no official citizens of Quebec[citation needed]; residents of Quebec are citizens of Canada.)
Further to her desire to protect French in Quebec, during Marois' visit to France in October 2012, she recommended that the "French elite" conduct themselves only in French on the international scene.[63] However, some of Marois' international critics scoffed at her pretension that the "French elite" were Québécois.
Marois stated the PQ understands the arrival of newcomers is attractive and they "contribute greatly" to Quebec's growth, but she stated that does not imply that to better assimilate them that "we must erase our own history."[64]
As of 2014, the PQ electoral program describes the party's main commitment: "Aspiring to political liberty, the Parti Québécois has as its first objective to achieve the sovereignty of Quebec after consulting the population by a referendum to be held at the moment that the government judges appropriate."[65]
Other electoral issues were the Quebec Charter of Values, and language.[66]
Like the
Slogans
These are the slogans used by the Parti Québécois in general election campaigns throughout its history. They are displayed with an unofficial translation. The elections in which the PQ won or remained in power are in bold.
- 1970: OUI – Yes
- 1973: J'ai le goût du Québec – I have a taste for Quebec
- 1976: On a besoin d'un vrai gouvernement – We need a real government
- 1981: Faut rester forts au Québec – We must remain strong in Quebec
- 1985: Le Québec avec Johnson – Québec with Johnson
- 1989: Je prends le parti du Québec – I'm choosing Quebec's party / I'm taking Quebec's side (double meaning)
- 1994: L'autre façon de gouverner – The other way of governing
- 1998: J'ai confiance – I am confident / I trust
- 2003: Restons forts – Let us stay strong
- 2007: Reconstruisons notre Québec – Let us rebuild our Quebec
- 2008: Québec gagnant avec Pauline – Quebec winning with Pauline
- 2012: À nous de choisir – The choice is ours
- 2014: Plus prospère, plus fort, plus indépendant, plus accueillant – More prosperous, stronger, more independent, more welcoming
- 2018: Sérieusement – Seriously
- 2022: Le Québec qui s'assume. Pour vrai. – A Quebec that accepts itself. For real[68]
Party leaders
Until 5 June 2005, the office of Leader of the Parti Québécois was known as President of the Parti Québécois.
Party leader | Years as party leader | Years as Premier |
---|---|---|
René Lévesque | 1968–85 | 1976–85 |
Nadia Brédimas-Assimopoulos | 1985 (interim) | None |
Pierre-Marc Johnson |
1985–87 | 1985 |
Guy Chevrette | 1987–88 (interim) | None |
Jacques Parizeau | 1988–96 | 1994–96 |
Lucien Bouchard | 1996–2001 | 1996–2001 |
Bernard Landry | 2001–05 | 2001–03 |
Louise Harel | 2005 (interim) | None |
André Boisclair | 2005–07 | None |
François Gendron | 2007 (interim) | None |
Pauline Marois | 2007–14 | 2012–14 |
Stéphane Bédard | 2014–15 (interim) | None |
Pierre Karl Péladeau | 2015–16 | None |
Sylvain Gaudreault | 2016 (interim) | None |
Jean-François Lisée | 2016–18 | None |
Pascal Bérubé | 2018–2020 (interim) | None |
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon | 2020–present | None |
Leaders in the legislature
When a Parti Québécois leader does not have a seat in the National Assembly, another member leads the party in the legislature.
Parliamentary leader | Years as parliamentary leader | Comments |
---|---|---|
René Lévesque | 1968–70 | René Lévesque sat as an Independent member until 29 April 1970 election. |
Camille Laurin | 1970–73 | René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 April 1970 to 29 October 1973. |
Jacques-Yvan Morin | 1973–76 | René Lévesque did not have a seat from 29 October 1973 to 15 November 1976. |
René Lévesque | 1976–85 | |
Pierre-Marc Johnson |
1985–87 | |
Guy Chevrette | 1987–89 | Became Leader of the Opposition when Johnson resigned on 10 November 1987. Remained parliamentary leader after Jacques Parizeau became party leader from 19 March 1988 until Parizeau won a seat on 25 September 1989. |
Jacques Parizeau | 1989–96 | |
Lucien Bouchard | 1996–2001 | Lucien Bouchard did not have a seat from 27 January 1996 to 19 February 1996. |
Bernard Landry | 2001–05 | |
Louise Harel | 2005–06 | André Boisclair did not have a seat from 15 November 2005 to 14 August 2006. |
André Boisclair | 2006–07 | |
François Gendron | 2007 | |
Pauline Marois | 2007–14 | Pauline Marois lost her seat on 7 April 2014 and announced her resignation as leader. |
Stéphane Bédard | 2014–15 | Interim leader between Marois' defeat and Péladeau's election |
Pierre Karl Péladeau | 2015–16 | |
Sylvain Gaudreault | 2016 | Interim leader following Péladeau's resignation |
Jean-François Lisée | 2016–18 | Lost his seat in the general election |
Pascal Bérubé | 2018–21 | Interim leader following Lisée's resignation, remains legislative leader, as current leader, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon does not have seat in National Assembly |
Joël Arseneau | 2021–present |
Party presidents
Until 5 June 2005, the office of President of the Parti Québécois was known as First Vice-president of the Parti Québécois.[69]
Party president | Years as party president | Comments |
---|---|---|
Gilles Grégoire | 1968–71 | |
Camille Laurin | 1971–79 | |
Louise Harel | 1979–81 | |
Sylvain Simard | 1981–84 | |
Nadia Assimopoulos | 1984–88 | Nadia Assimopoulos served as acting leader (then known as president) from 20 June 1985 to 29 September 1985. |
Pauline Marois | 1988–89 | |
Bernard Landry | 1989–94 | |
Monique Simard | 1994–96 | |
Fabien Béchard | 1996–2000 | |
Marie Malavoy | 2000–05 | |
Monique Richard | 2005–09 | |
Jonathan Valois | 2009–11 | |
Raymond Archambault | 2011–2017 | |
Gabrielle Lemieux | 2017–2019 | |
Dieudonné Ella Oyono | 2019–present |
Leadership elections
- Parti Québécois leadership elections
- 1985 Parti Québécois leadership election
- 2005 Parti Québécois leadership election
- 2007 Parti Québécois leadership election
- 2015 Parti Québécois leadership election
- 2016 Parti Québécois leadership election
- 2020 Parti Québécois leadership election
General election results
General election | Leader | # of seats won | Change +/- | % of popular vote | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | René Lévesque | 7 / 108
|
7 | 23.06% | No status |
1973 | 6 / 110
|
1 | 30.22% | Official Opposition | |
1976 | 71 / 110
|
65 | 41.37% | Majority government | |
1981 | 80 / 122
|
9 | 49.26% | Majority government | |
1985 | Pierre-Marc Johnson
|
23 / 122
|
57 | 38.69% | Official Opposition |
1989 | Jacques Parizeau | 29 / 125
|
6 | 40.16% | Official Opposition |
1994 | 77 / 125
|
48 | 44.75% | Majority government | |
1998 | Lucien Bouchard | 76 / 125
|
1 | 42.87% | Majority government |
2003 | Bernard Landry | 45 / 125
|
29 | 33.24% | Official Opposition |
2007 | André Boisclair | 36 / 125
|
9 | 28.35% | Third Party |
2008 | Pauline Marois | 51 / 125
|
15 | 35.17% | Official Opposition |
2012 | 54 / 125
|
3 | 31.95% | Minority government | |
2014 | 30 / 125
|
24 | 25.38% | Official Opposition | |
2018 | Jean-François Lisée | 10 / 125
|
20 | 17.06% | Third Party |
2022 | Paul St-Pierre Plamondon | 3 / 125
|
7 | 14.61% | No status |
See also
- SPQ Libre
- Parti Québécois Crisis, 1984
- Politics of Quebec
- History of Quebec
- List of political parties in Quebec
- Sovereigntist events and strategies
- Secessionist movements of Canada
- Parti Québécois leadership elections
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- ^ M.D. and Erasmus, "Quebec's ban on face-coverings risks inflaming inter-communal tensions", The Economist, October 20, 2017.
- Montreal Gazette. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ "Conseil national — Le PQ ne profite pas de l'impopularité de Jean Charest". www.ledevoir.com/. 12 February 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2005.
Further reading
- Lévesque, Michel and Pelletier, Martin (Sept. 2007). Le Parti québécois : bibliographie 1968–2007, Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, 244 pages
- ISBN 2-89583-076-2
- ISBN 0-7735-2310-3[First Ed. Toronto: Macmillan, 1984]
- Godin, Pierre (1997). René Lévesque, Héros malgré lui, Éditions Boréal ISBN 2-89052-833-2
- Lévesque, René (1986). Memoirs, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 368 pages ISBN 0-7710-5285-5[translated by Philip Stratford]
- Poitras, Annick, L'État du Québec 2015, Montréal, Institut du Nouveau-Monde, Delbusso, 2015, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-923792-69-9).
- Bernier Arcand, Philippe, Le Parti québécois : d'un nationalisme à l'autre, Montréal, Poètes de brousse, 2015, 160 p. (ISBN 978-2-923338-85-9).
- Panneton, Jean-Charles, Le gouvernement Lévesque, t. 1 : De la genèse du PQ au 15 novembre 1976, Québec, Septentrion, 2016.
- Panneton, Jean-Charles, Le gouvernement Lévesque, t. 2 : Du temps des réformes au référendum de 1980, Québec, Septentrion, 2017.
- Montreal Gazette, 15 October 2012.