Particle
In the
The term particle is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields. Anything that is composed of particles may be referred to as being particulate.[3] However, the noun particulate is most frequently used to refer to pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, which are a suspension of unconnected particles, rather than a connected particle aggregation.
Conceptual properties
The concept of particles is particularly useful when
Size
The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three classes of sizes. The term
Another type, microscopic particles usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from atoms to molecules, such as carbon dioxide, nanoparticles, and colloidal particles. These particles are studied in chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics. The smallest of particles are the subatomic particles, which refer to particles smaller than atoms.[9] These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms – protons, neutrons, and electrons – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in particle accelerators or cosmic rays. These particles are studied in particle physics.
Because of their extremely small size, the study of microscopic and subatomic particles falls in the realm of
is an important question in many situations.Composition
Particles can also be classified according to composition.
Stability
Both elementary (such as
N-body simulation
In
.N refers to the number of particles considered. As simulations with higher N are more computationally intensive, systems with large numbers of actual particles will often be approximated to a smaller number of particles, and simulation algorithms need to be optimized through various methods.[20]
Distribution of particles
Colloidal particles are the components of a colloid. A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.
Health effects
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See also
References
- ^ "Particle". AMS Glossary. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
- ^ "Particle". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- ^
T. W. Lambe; R. V. Whitman (1969). Soil Mechanics. ISBN 978-0-471-51192-2.
The word 'particulate' means 'of or pertaining to a system of particles'.
- ^
F. W. Sears; M. W. Zemansky (1964). "Equilibrium of a Particle". University Physics (3rd ed.). LCCN 63015265.
- ^
F. W. Sears; M. W. Zemansky (1964). "Equilibrium of a Particle". University Physics (3rd ed.). LCCN 63015265.
A body whose rotation is ignored as irrelevant is called a particle. A particle may be so small that it is an approximation to a point, or it may be of any size, provided that the action lines of all the forces acting on it intersect in one point.
- ^
F. Reif (1965). "Statistical Description of Systems of Particles". Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. ISBN 978-0-07-051800-1.
- ^ J. Dubinski (2003). "Galaxy Dynamics and Cosmology on Mckenzie". Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^
G. Coppola; F. La Barbera; M. Capaccioli (2009). "Sérsic galaxy with Sérsic halo models of early-type galaxies: A tool for N-body simulations". doi:10.1086/599288.
- ^ "Subatomic particle". YourDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
- ^
R. Eisberg; R. Resnick (1985). "Solutions of Time-Independent Schroedinger Equations". Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, Ions, Compounds and Particles (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-471-87373-0.
- ^
F. Reif (1965). "Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases – Quantum States of a Single Particle". Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. ISBN 978-0-07-051800-1.
- ^
R. Eisberg; R. Resnick (1985). "Photons—Particlelike Properties of Radiation". Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-471-87373-0.
- ^
R. Eisberg; R. Resnick (1985). "de Broglie's Postulate—Wavelike Properties of Particles". Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-471-87373-0.
- ^
F. Reif (1965). "Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases – Identical Particles and Symmetry Requirements". Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Dynamics. ISBN 978-0-07-051800-1.
- ^
F. Reif (1965). "Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases – Physical Implications of the Quantum-Mechanical Enumeration of States". Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Dynamics. ISBN 978-0-07-051800-1.
- ^ "Composite particle". YourDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
- ^ "Elementary particle". YourDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
- ^
I. A. D'Souza; C. S. Kalman (1992). Preons: Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects. ISBN 978-981-02-1019-9.
- ^
ISBN 0-309-03576-7.
- ^ a b A. Graps (20 March 2000). "N-Body / Particle Simulation Methods". Archived from the original on 5 April 2001. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ "Colloid". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
- ^
I. N. Levine (2001). Physical Chemistry (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0-07-231808-1.
- ^ "Air Pollution and the Brain". California Air Resources Board. 31 Aug 2018. Retrieved 14 Mar 2024.
Further reading
- "What is a particle?". University of Florida, Particle Engineering Research Center. 23 July 2010.
- D. J. Griffiths (2008). Introduction to Particle Physics (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2.
- M. Alonso; E. J. Finn (1967). "Dynamics of a particle". Fundamental University Physics, Volume 1. LCCN 66010828.
- M. Alonso; E. J. Finn (1967). "Dynamics of a system of particles". Fundamental University Physics, Volume 1. LCCN 66010828.
- S. Segal (n.d.). "What is a Particle? - Definition & Theory". High School Chemistry: Help and Review. Study.com. Chapter 4, Lesson 6.
- "A basic guide to particle characterization" (PDF). Malvern Instruments. 2015.