Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae
Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade | |
Signed | 1204 |
---|---|
Location | Constantinople, Latin Empire (now Istanbul, Turkey) |
Signatories |
The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae (
Background
Preliminary agreement of March 1204
In March 1204, shortly before the
According to its stipulations, the Venetians would retain their previous privileges granted by the Byzantine emperors, and a common committee, composed in equal numbers of six Venetians and six Crusaders, would elect an emperor for the
Election of Baldwin of Flanders
On 9 May, Baldwin of Flanders was elected Latin Emperor, in place of the previous leader of the Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat. According to the Crusader and chronicler
Treaty
The agreement was likely promulgated either in late September or early October 1204
The treaty survives in a number of manuscripts, all from Venice: the Liber Albus (fols. 34ff.), the Liber Pactorum (Vol. I, fols. 246ff. and Vol. II, fols. 261ff.), the Codex Sancti Marci 284, folio 3, and the Muratorii codices Ambrosiani I and II.
Territorial provisions
According to the treaty's provisions, the territories were divided in the portion of the "Lord Doge and
Latin text | Translation | Portion | Region | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Civitas[c] Archadiopoli. Missini. Bulgarofigo. (Pertinentia[d] Archadiopoli).[17] | the cities of Bulgarophygon,[20] forming part of the episkepsis of Arcadiopolis |
Venice | Eastern Thrace |
The same areas are mentioned in the chrysobull of 1198 as part of the episkepsis of Messene, Arcadiopolis, and Bulgarophygon.[21] |
Pertinentia Putis/Pucis et Nicodimi[22] | the episkepsis of Poutza[23] and "Nicodimi" | Venice | Eastern Thrace |
"Nicodimi" remains unidentified; Carile suggested an identification with the town and bishopric of Nike.[24] |
Civitas Heraclee/Yraclee.[25] | the city of Heraclea Perinthus[26] |
Venice | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia Chalkidos, cum civitate Rodosto et Panido, cum omnibus, que sub ipsis. | the episkepsis of Panidos with all their dependencies |
Venice | Eastern Thrace |
|
Civitas Adrianopoli cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[29] | the city of with its dependencies | Venice | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia Gani.[32] | the episkepsis of Ganos[33] |
Venice | Eastern Thrace |
|
Casale[e] Chortocop[l]i. Casalia Chotriki, Kerasea, Miriofitum.[35] | the settlements of Chortokopeion, Chortriki, Myriophyton[37] |
Venice | Eastern Thrace |
Chortokopeion (Χορτοκόπειον) is known from a document from |
Pertinentia Peristasi.[41] | the episkepsis of Peristasis[42] | Venice | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia Brachioli.[41] | the episkepsis of Branchialion | Venice | Eastern Thrace |
Location not certain, but close to modern portolan from c. 1200, and in later Byzantine sources.[43]
|
Casalia de Raulatis et Examilii. Emporium Sagudai.[41] | the settlements of Raulaton, Hexamilion,[44] and Sagoudaous | Venice | Thracian Chersonese |
Location of Raulaton (χωρίον τῶν Ῥαουλάτων) not certain, probably close to Hexamilion at the base of the Thracian Chersonese (Gallipoli peninsula). Its name likely refers to the Raoul family.[45] The location of the settlement (emporion) of Sagoudaous (Σαγουδάους) or Sagoude (Σαγούδη) is attested as a port and warehouse in 1152. Its location is not clear, but must have lain in the northern part of the Gallipoli Peninsula, or near Ainos.[46][47]
|
Pertinentia Gallipoli[48] | the episkepsis of Kallipolis[49] | Venice | Thracian Chersonese |
|
Lazu et Lactu[50] | Lazou and Laktou | Venice | Eastern Thrace |
Both Lazou (Λάζου) and Laktou (Λάκτου) are otherwise unattested; from their location in the text they must have been in the neighbourhood of Kallipolis.[51] |
Pertinentia de Muntimanis et Sigopotamo, cum omnibus, que sub ipsis.[50] | the episkepsis of Mountimanoi and the Sigos River with their dependencies | Venice | Thracian Chersonese |
The ἐπίσκεψις τῶν Μουντιμάνων is not elsewhere attested, but was probably located in the south of the Thracian Chersonese.[52] The Sigos River is likely to be identified with the modern Kavakaltı Dere or, less likely, the Çeşme Dere, in the southern Gallipoli Peninsula.[53] |
Provintia Lakedemonie, micra et megali episkepsis, i.e. parva et magna providentia. Kalabrita.[50] | the province of Lacedaemonia and the minor and major episkepseis therein, and the town of Kalavryta | Venice | Peloponnese | The province of Lacedaemonia is not otherwise known, but is evidently equivalent to the region of Laconia.[54] |
Ostrovos.[50] | the town of Ostrovos | Venice | Western Macedonia | Most likely the namesake town in Macedonia, but also possibly an unknown location of the same name in the Peloponnese.[55][56] |
Oreos. Caristos.[57] | the towns of Oreos and Karystos | Venice | Euboea | Karystos is already mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, but Oreos, other than being a bishop's seat, was undistinguished at the time.[58] |
Andrus.[57] | the island of Andros | Venice | Cyclades | |
Egina et Culuris.[57] | the islands of Aegina and Salamis | Venice | Saronic Gulf | The islands of Aegina and Salamis were greatly impoverished and havens for pirates.[59] |
Zachintos et Kefalinia.[57] | the islands of Zakynthos and Cephalonia | Venice | Ionian Islands | Cephalonia and Zakynthos had been captured already during the last county palatine, initially under Margaritus of Brindisi, and ruled in 1204 by Matthew Orsini.[60][61] However, Orsini's rule is not based on documentary evidence, but on Karl Hopf's conjectures, and A. Kiesewetter proposes that Maio di Monopoli (alias Matthew Orsini) may have taken control of the islands in 1206 from the Byzantines, who had recovered them since Margaritus's demise in 1294.[62]
|
Provintia Colonie Conchilari. Canisia.[57] | the province of Koloneia, Chlerenon, and Kanina |
Venice | Epirus | Tafel and Thomas proposed a series of emendations and identifications to "Colonie cum Cycladibus. Nisia.", with "Colonie" possibly a reference to the Koloneia in Epirus, Kjari, and Konitsa, while Dionysios Zakythinos proposed identifying "Chilari" with Chlerenon, and "Canisia" with Kanina.[64]
|
Pertinentia Lopadi.[57] | the episkepsis of "Lopadi" | Venice | Asia Minor (?) |
Tafel and Thomas proposed identifying Lopadi as the island of Lopadion in Mysia, which is attested as an episkepsis in the 1198 chrysobull, since portions of the text have evidently been moved around so that they no longer correspond to their original arrangement by geographic proximity.[66] Carile finds the identification with Lopadion less likely, however.[67]
|
Orium Patron et Methonis, cum omnibus suis, scilicet pertinentiis de Brana. Pertinentia de Cantacuzino, et cum villis Kyreherinis, filie Imperatoris Kyrialexii, cum villis de Molineti, de Pantocratora, et de ceteris monasteriorum, sive quibusdam villis, que sunt in ipsis, scilicet de micra et megali episkepsi, i.e. parva et magna pertinentia.[68] | the horion Branas and Kantakouzenos families, the estates of kyra Irene, daughter of Emperor kyr Alexios III , and the estates of "Molineti", of "Pantokrator" and other monasteries |
Venice | Peloponnese | The horion of Patras and Methone probably occupied the entire western half of the Peloponnese.[71] The name "Molineti" is evidently associated with windmills; two medieval locations correspond to this, both of them in modern Pylia.[72] The location or identity of "Pantokrator" are unknown.[73] |
Nicopolla, cum pertinentia de Arta, de Achello, de Anatolico, de Lesianis, et de ceteris archondorum et monasteriorum.[74] | Venice | Epirus | The "other archons" are probably those mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, namely members of the imperial dynasty: the "most fortunate" Augusta (Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera, wife of Alexios III).[75]
| |
Provintia Dirachii et Arbani, cum chartolaratis de Glavinitza, de Bagenetia.[76] | the province of | Venice | Epirus | Dyrrhachium was occupied by Venice in 1205 and became the centre of the short-lived "Duchy of Durazzo". |
Provintia de Gianina. Provintia Drinopoli.[81] | the provinces of Ioannina and Dryinopolis | Venice | Epirus | |
Provintia Achridi.[82] | the province of Ohrid | Venice | Western Macedonia | |
Leukas et Coripho.[82] | the islands of Lefkada and Corfu | Venice | Ionian Islands | |
A Porta aurea et Blachernali et occidentali Steno usque ad Midiam et Agathopoli. Similiter et ab ipsa civitate Vizoi usque ad Zurlo et Theodoropoli[83] | from the Tzurulon and Theodoropolis on the Sea of Marmara |
Emperor | Eastern Thrace |
The points mentioned in the beginning define the circumference of Constantinople, from the main ceremonial gate in the southwestern part of the land walls to the northwestern quarter of Blachernae on the shore of the Golden Horn, and the "Narrows" (Stenon) of the Bosporus.[84] |
Provintia Optimati.[85] | the province of Optimatoi | Emperor | Northern Asia Minor |
The |
Provintia Nicomidie.[85] | the province of Nicomedia | Emperor | Northern Asia Minor
| |
Provintia Tharsie, Plusiade, et Metavolis cum Servochoriis, et cum omnibus, que sub ipsis.[88] | the province of Plousias , and Metabole, along with Servochoria and all their dependencies |
Emperor | Northern Asia Minor |
Tarsia, on the eastern bank of the Sangarios, and Metabole, probably south of Lake Sapanca, historically belonged to the Optimatoi, whereas Plousias to the Bucellarian Theme. The "Servochoria" (Σερβοχώρια) is the area where Emperor John II Komnenos settled the Serbs in 1129/30.[89]
|
Provintia Paflagonie et Vucellarii.[90] | the province of Paphlagonia and the Bucellarians | Emperor | Northern Asia Minor |
The Bucellarian Theme was established c. 768, and Paphlagonia was created as a distinct theme from it sometime in the early 9th century. It is likely that the themes of the Bucellarians and Paphlagonia had been administratively unified—unclear when or for how long—for defensive purposes, a recurrent practice in Byzantine history.[91] |
Provintia Oenoei et Sinopii et Pabrei.[90] | Oenoe and Sinope and Pavrae | Emperor | Northern Asia Minor |
Formerly part of the Armeniac Theme, these three important coastal cities are often mentioned in conjunction with Turkish raids during the 12th century.[92] |
Mitilini.[90] | the island of Lesbos | Emperor | Aegean Islands | |
Limni cum Skiro, et que sunt infra Avidum insule, scilicet Priconiso et cetera, cum Strovilo.[93] | the islands of Proconnesus and the others, with Strobilos |
Emperor | Aegean Islands and Sea of Marmara | |
Samos et Tinos cum Samandrakio.[94] | the islands of Samos and Tinos with Samothrace | Emperor | Aegean Islands | |
Provintia de Pilon, de Pithion, de Keramon.[95] | the province of Pylae , Pythia, and Kerama |
Emperor | Asia Minor |
In the 1198 chrysobull, the episkepsis of Pylae and Pythia is mentioned, formerly part of the theme of the Optimatoi. The identity and location of Kerama is unknown, unless it is a misspelling for Germia, attested as a toponym in the area of Mysia.[86][96] |
Provintia Malagini.[95] | the province of Malagina | Emperor | Northern Asia Minor |
Malagina was the first army assembly point and camp ( Komnenian emperors, due to its importance and exposure to Turkish raids.[97]
|
Provintia Achirai.[95] | the province of Achyraous |
Emperor | Western Asia Minor |
The province is only mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull and Partitio, and probably encompassed the northern part of the Thracesian Theme.[98] |
Provintia Adramitii, de Chilariis et de Pergamis. [99] | the province of Chliara, and Pergamon |
Emperor | Western Asia Minor |
According to Chliara, and Pergamon, after they were refortified by Manuel I Komnenos. However, these cities are mentioned separately from the province both in the 1198 chrysobull and in the Partitio.[100] Helene Ahrweiler interpreted the evidence to suggest that Neokastra did indeed originally encompass the three cities, but that in 1198 Adramyttion may have formed a separate district, and that the separation between the cities and the province evidenced in the Partitio was the result of a copyist's error.[101]
|
Provintia Neocastron.[102] | the province of Neokastra | Emperor | Western Asia Minor
| |
Provintia Milasi et Melanudi.[102] | the province of Mylasa and Melanoudion | Emperor | Western Asia Minor |
|
Provintia Laodikie et Meandri, cum pertinentia Sampson et Samakii, cum Contostephanatis, cum Camizatis et ceteris atque Chio.[102] | the province of Maeander, with the district of Sampson and Samakion, with the estates of the Kontostephanos and the Kamytzes families and other places, as well as Chios |
Emperor | Western Asia Minor and Aegean Islands |
Some scholars, including Carile, Lazaros of Galesion.[104]
|
Provintia micra et megali Brissi.[105] | the province of Little and Great Brysis |
Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia Gehenna.[105] | the episkepsis of Gehenna[106] | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Civitas Panfili, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[105] | the city of Pamphylos[107][108] with all its dependencies | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia Culi.[105] | the episkepsis of Koule[109] | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
The settlement of Koule (Κούλη) is mentioned by Anna Komnene as lying to the east of Pamphylos.[110] |
Civitas Apri, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[111] | the city of with all its dependencies | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Didimochium, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[111] | the city of with all its dependencies | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia de Kipsali/Cypsellam.[111] | the episkepsis of | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia de Garelli.[111] | the episkepsis of Garella[117][118] | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia de Lebuecho/Lebucto.[111] | the episkepsis of Kedouktos[119] | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
Tafel and Thomas proposed the emendation to "Ceducto", i.e., the plain of Kedouktos.[120] |
Pertinentia de Bira.[111] | the episkepsis of Bera[121] | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
Bera was chiefly notable for the Theotokos Kosmosoteira Monastery established by the sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos; in the 1150s it was still described as void of people or dwellings.[122]
|
Pertinentia Macri et Traianopoli, cum casali de Brachon.[123] | the episkepsis of Trajanopolis,[125] with the settlement of Brachon |
Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
The area traditionally belonged to the theme of |
Pertinentia Scifis et Pagadi, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[123] | the episkepsis of "Scifis" and "Pagadi" with its dependencies | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
The identification of Scifis and Pagadi (probably from πηγάδι, "well") is disputed. Tafel and others equated Scifis with Theotokos Kosmosoteira Monastery.[131]
|
Pertinentia Maditi, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[132] | the episkepsis of Madytos[133] with its dependencies |
Crusaders | Thracian Chersonese |
|
Icalotichas, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa, i.e. Anafartus, Tinsaccos, Iplagia, Potamia et Aacros/Aatios, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[132] | Koila Teichos with its dependencies: Potamia, and Aatios or Aacros | Crusaders | Thracian Chersonese |
Koila Teichos is most likely identifiable with the Long Wall running at the base of the Thracian Chersonese at Agora. Zakythinos proposed an identification with the Anastasian Wall, but this does not fit the geography.[136] The exact identity or locations of Tinsakkos,[137] Potamia,[138] and Aacros/Aatios[139] are unknown, but lay on the Chersonese, just as the remaining locations. |
Pertinentia de Phitoto/Plit[h]oto.[140] | the episkepsis of "P[l]ithoto" | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
Exact location unknown, possibly identical with Polyboton near modern Keşan.[141] |
Pertinentia de Galanatom.[140] | the episkepsis of Galataria | Crusaders | Thracian Chersonese ? |
Exact location unknown, possibly a bishopric and town near Kallipolis.[142] |
Molinoto/Moliboton.[140] | the town of Molinoto/Moliboton | Crusaders | Thracian Chersonese ? |
Exact location unknown, probably on the Thracian Chersonese; earlier suggestions identified it with Polyboton or the small monastery of St. Nicholas near the Golden Gate, but do not fit the context.[143]
|
Pertinentia de Jalocastelli/Hyalo Castelli.[140] | the episkepsis of Hyelokastellion | Crusaders | Thracian Chersonese ? |
The name Ὑελοκαστέλλιον means "glass castle". Its exact location is unknown, but is attested as a coastal site during the revolt of Andronikos Lapardas in 1183. Likely on the Thracian Chersonese.[144] |
Pertinentia Sirolefki/Sitoleuchi.[140] | the episkepsis of "Sirolefki" | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
Tafel and Thomas suggested an identification with Silta near Ainos.[146]
|
Catepanikium de Eno, cum apothikis.[140] | the Ainos,[147] along with its warehouses |
Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
The warehouses denoted the public warehouses (analogous to the old Roman horrea), managed by the fisc.[148] |
Catepanikium de Russa, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.[140] | the katepanikion of with its dependencies | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
|
Pertinentia de Ag[r]iovivario.[140] | the episkepsis of Hagios Bibarios | Crusaders | Eastern Thrace |
The name probably derives from agrion bibarion, "wild fish-lake", indicating a location at or near the modern Lake Gala National Park.[150][151] |
Provintia Vardarii.[152] | the province of the Vardar River |
Crusaders | Western Macedonia | The province is otherwise unattested. According to Zakythinos, it appears to be related to the Magyars, settled in the area in previous centuries.[153]
|
Provintia Verye, cum cartularatis tam Dobrochubisti, quam et Sthlanitza.[152] | the province of Veroia with the chartoularata of Dobrochoubista and Sthlanitsa |
Crusaders | Western Macedonia | Tafel and Thomas suggested emending Dobrochubista to Drogubitia,[154] and were followed by some other scholars, but the district is well attested elsewhere, including in the 1198 chrysobull.[155] Sthlanitsa is likewise attested by Anna Komnene and Theophylact of Ohrid.[156] |
Pertinentia Girocomion.[152] | the episkepsis allotted to the upkeep of the old-age care homes | Crusaders | Western Macedonia | |
Pertinentia Platamonos.[157] | the episkepsis of Platamon | Crusaders | Western Macedonia/Thessaly | |
Pertinentia Moliscu et Moglenon.[157] | the episkepsis of Moglena |
Crusaders | Western Macedonia | |
Pertinentia Prilapi et Pelagonie cum Stano.[157] | the province of Prilapos and Pelagonia with Stanos |
Crusaders | Western Macedonia | Stanos as a toponym is well attested and mentioned frequently along with Pelagonia, Prilapos, Soskos, and Moliskos.[158][156] |
Presepe et Dodecanisos.[157] | the province of Prespes and the Cyclades | Crusaders | Western Macedonia and Aegean Islands | The term "Dodekanesos" ("Twelve Islands") first appears in Byzantine sources in the 8th century as a naval command encompassing the southern Aegean Sea. The term remained in use throughout the medieval period for the Cyclades, and only in the 19th/20th centuries became transferred to the modern Dodecanese.[159] Its placement in the text is unusual, lying between areas of continental Greece; perhaps the result of a scribal error or, according to Jean Longnon, a result of a trade, whereby Ostrovos, originally claimed by the Crusaders, and the Cyclades, claimed by Venice, were exchanged (apart from Andros and Tinos), thus explaining the unexpected placement of both entries in the text of the treaty.[160] |
Orion Larisse.[157] | the horion of Larissa | Crusaders | Thessaly | |
Provintia Blachie cum personalibus et monasterialibus in eis existentibus.[161] | the province of Vlachia with the private and monastic properties existing in it[162] | Crusaders | Thessaly | |
Provintia Servion.[163] | the province of Servia | Crusaders | Western Macedonia | |
Provintia Castorie et provintia Deavoleos.[163] | the province of Deabolis |
Crusaders | Western Macedonia | |
Pertinentia Imperatricis, scilicet Vesna, Fersala, Domocos, Revenica, duo Almiri, cum Demetriadi.[163] | the episkepsis of the Empress, namely | Crusaders | Thessaly | The Empress is probably Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera, wife of Alexios III.[169] Grebenika or Rebenika is probably a location at or near the river Rebenikos, originating in the Cynoscephalae Hills in northern Thessaly.[170]) |
Pertinentia Neopatron.[171] | the episkepsis of Neopatras[172] |
Crusaders | Thessaly | Not previously mentioned as an administrative unit.[173] |
Provintia Velechative/Velicati.[174] | the province of Velechativa |
Crusaders | Thessaly | Mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, tentatively equated with the area of settlement of the |
Pertinentia Petritoniclis/Petrion Vietts/videlicet. Dipotamon. Cala[n]con/Talantum.[174] | the episkepsis of Petrai, namely Dipotamon and Atalanti? | Crusaders | Thessaly | Tafel and Thomas emend the beginning to read "Petrion. Kelliae.", identifying the former with the suffragan of the Metropolis of Neopatras,[184] while Zakythinos suggests either the reading Kalamos, or, from the variant "Talantum" in the Codex Sancti Marci, Atalanti.[180][185]
|
Pazi/Pazima et Radovisidon, et orium Athenarum, cum pertinentia Megarum.[174] | Pazi/Pazima and Radobisdion,[186] and the horion of Athens, with the episkepsis of Megara[187] | Crusaders | Thessaly and Attica | The identity and location of Pazi/Pazima are unknown. Metropolis of Larissa.[189]
|
Observations
Based on the forms of the names, the source material for the compilation of the treaty was in Greek, while the prevalence of fiscal terms like episkepsis points to the use of the cadastral and tax registers of the central Byzantine administration.[13][190]
Several areas are left out of the Partitio. In Europe, the lands of
As Zakythinos points out, the territorial division shown in the Partitio and in the 1198 chrysobull for Asia Minor is much more conservative, and reflects far closer the "traditional" thematic structure than in the European provinces.
Impact
Fragmentation of the Greek world
The Partitio Romaniae initiated the period of the
Venice
Through the treaty of partition and the constitutional agreements that accompanied it, Venice became the chief power in Latin Romania, and the effective power behind the Latin Empire: placed in a position of parity with the Emperor and involved in the Empire's governance, it was at the same time able to pursue its own interests as a sovereign power irrespective of the Emperor.[194] While the Crusader barons received their fiefs from the Latin Emperor and were thus bound to provide him fealty and assistance, no such restriction was placed on the Venetian portions of the Empire.[2] This was clearly illustrated by the lofty title that the Doge of Venice acquired, beginning with Dandolo's successor, Pietro Ziani: Dominator quartae et dimidiae partis totius Romaniae ("Lord of a quarter and a half quarter of all of Romania"),[195] while Venice's local proconsul, the Podestà of Constantinople, used the quasi-imperial Byzantine title of despotes to emphasize his near-equality with the Latin Emperor.[196]
Importance as a historical source
As the division was based on now lost documents and tax registers from the Byzantine imperial chancery, along with Alexios III's 1198 chrysobull, the Partitio Romaniae is a crucial document for the administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and the estates of the various Byzantine magnate families c. 1203, as well as the areas still controlled by the Byzantine central government at the time.[197]
Notes
- S2CID 162802725.
- ^ Nikolaos Oikonomides[7] proposed a dating to immediately after the sack in April–May 1204, but this has been criticized and generally rejected.[8]
- kastron ("fortress").[15]
- ^ The Latin term pertinentia is an equivalent to the Byzantine fiscal district of episkepsis, usually pertaining to imperial, monastic, or private estates.[15][16]
- ^ The term casale could be equated either with chorion ("village") or proasteion ("landed estate").[34]
- ^ A type of subdivision of a theme that appears in the late 12th century exclusively in southern Greece.[69][70]
- ^ A chartoularaton was a special type of fiscal and administrative district, placed under a chartoularios, apparently corresponding with areas of Slavic settlement.[69]
References
- ^ a b Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 452.
- ^ a b c Nicol1988, p. 141.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 444–452.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 180.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 181.
- ^ Oikonomidès 1992.
- ^ Jacoby 2006, p. 40 (esp. note 101).
- ^ Brand 1991, pp. 1591–1592.
- ^ a b Nicol 1988, p. 149.
- ^ a b Jacoby 2006, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Jacoby 2006, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1951, p. 182.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 452–501.
- ^ a b Maksimović 1988, p. 35.
- ^ Zakythinos 1941, pp. 241–243.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 464.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 264–267.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 530–532.
- ^ Soustal 1991, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Zakythinos 1948, p. 54.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 464, 465 (note 5).
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 418.
- ^ Carile 1965, pp. 218, 248.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 465.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 408.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 307.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 609.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 465–466.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 164.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1952, p. 164.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 466.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 370–373.
- ^ Maksimović 1988, pp. 35, 37–38.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 466, 467 (notes 4–6).
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 450.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 540.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 316.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 169.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 314–315, 316.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 467.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 578–579.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 298–299, 379.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 401–411.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 613.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 623.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 467–468.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 426.
- ^ a b c d Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 468.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 489, 490.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 539.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 650.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 186–188.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 468 (note 10).
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 206 (note 1).
- ^ a b c d e f Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 469.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 190–191.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 189–190.
- ^ Nicol 1988, p. 156.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 188.
- ISBN 978-8888143743.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 469–470 (notes 8–10).
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 196–197.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 470 (note 11).
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 197.
- ^ Carile 1965, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 469–470.
- ^ a b Koder & Hild 1976, p. 67.
- ^ Zakythinos 1941, p. 248.
- ^ Zakythinos 1941, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 185–186.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 186.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 470–472.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1951, p. 194.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 472.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 201–205.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 472–473.
- ^ a b Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 473.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 473–474.
- ^ Carile 1965, p. 231.
- ^ a b Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 475.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1949, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 130–132.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 475–476.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 132–134.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 476.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 134–137.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 137–139.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 476–477.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 477–478.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 478.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Zakythinos 1949, pp. 6–8.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 478–479.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ^ Ahrweiler, Hélène (1965). "L'Histoire et la Géographie de la région de Smyrne entre les deux occupations turques (1081–1317)". Travaux et mémoires 1 (in French). Paris: Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. pp. 134–135.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 479.
- ^ Carile 1965, p. 218.
- ^ Thonemann 2011, p. 275 note 95.
- ^ a b c d Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 480.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 265.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 560.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 168.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 328.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 168–169.
- ^ a b c d e f Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 481.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 257.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 167–168.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 241.
- ^ Soustal 1991, pp. 330–331.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 166.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 577.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 167.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 446.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 482 (note 5).
- ^ Soustal 1991, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 162–163.
- ^ a b Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 482.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 342.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 483.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 162.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 217.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 555.
- ^ Soustal 1991, pp. 384, 437.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 163.
- ^ a b Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 483.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 501.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 247–248.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 595–596.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 459–460.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 677.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 600.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 235.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 484.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 598, 599.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 369.
- ^ Külzer 2008, pp. 536–537.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 414.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 484 (note 5).
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 652.
- ^ Soustal 1991, p. 170.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, pp. 164–166.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 621.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1952, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Külzer 2008, p. 287.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 485.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 206–208.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 485–486 (note 5).
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 208–209.
- ^ a b Zakythinos 1951, p. 209.
- ^ a b c d e Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 486.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 486 (note 3).
- ^ Zakythinos 1941, pp. 254–256.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 189.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 486–487.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 191.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 487.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 134.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 148.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 170.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 145.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 67 (note 194).
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 251.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, pp. 487–488.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 223.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 192.
- ^ a b c Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 488.
- ^ Zakythinos 1941, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 133.
- ^ Stavridou-Zafraka, Alkmini (1995). "Provintia Velechative". Ελληνικά. 45: 134–140.
- ^ Stavridou-Zafraka, Alkmini (2000). "Μεγάλη και Μικρή Βλαχία". Τρικαλινά. 20: 171–179.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 488 (notes 3 & 4).
- ^ a b c d Zakythinos 1951, p. 193.
- ^ Carile 1965, p. 286.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 488 (note5).
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 285.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 489 (note 6).
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 126.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, pp. 249–250.
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 215.
- ^ Tafel & Thomas 1856, p. 489 (note 7).
- ^ Koder & Hild 1976, p. 232.
- ^ Zakythinos 1952, p. 161.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, pp. 180–182.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, p. 127.
- ^ Zakythinos 1955, pp. 127–129.
- ^ Jacoby 2006, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Marin 2004, pp. 119–121, 126–127, 146.
- ^ Jacoby 2006, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Zakythinos 1951, p. 179.
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{{cite book}}
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