Pasha

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For other uses, see Pasha (disambiguation).
"Paşa" redirects here. For the footballer, see Cahit Paşa.

Pasha (

generals, dignitaries, and others. Pasha was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.[3][4]

Etymology

The English word pasha comes from Turkish pasha (pāşā; also basha (bāşā)).[5][6] The Oxford English Dictionary attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century.[6] The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate.[7] Contrary to titles like emir (amīr) and bey (beg), which were established in usage much earlier, the title pasha came into Ottoman usage right after the reign of the Osman I (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some Anatolian Turkish rulers of the same era.[7] Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled başa still in the 15th century.[8]

According to

Pahlavi words pati- 'lord', and shah (𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠).[6] According to Josef W. Meri and Jere L. Bacharach, the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian Padishah" (پادشاه).[9] The same view is held by Nicholas Ostler, who mentions that the word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word padishah.[10] Jean Deny also attributed its origin to padishah, while repeating a suggestion by Gerhard Doerfer that it was influenced by Turkic baskak (bāsqāq), meaning 'agent, tax collector'.[11][7]

Some theories have posited a Turkish or Turkic origin of the word, claiming it derived from başağa (bāş āghā), which denoted a 'principal elder brother' or 'prince's elder son' in the pre-Ottoman period.[7] According to etymologist Sevan Nişanyan, the word is derived from Turkish beşe (بچّه 'boy, prince'), which is cognate with Persian bačče (بچّه).[12] Some earlier Turkish lexicographers, such as Ahmed Vefik Paşa and Mehmed Salahi, argued it was most likely derived from Turkish başa or Turkish beşe, the latter meaning 'elder brother' and being a title given to some Ottoman provincial officials and janissaries.[7]

As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with an initial b. The English forms bashaw, bassaw, bucha, etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word bassa.[citation needed] Due to the Ottoman presence in the Arab world, the title became used frequently in Arabic, though pronounced basha due to the absence of the /p/ sound in Arabic.

Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system

The inclusion criterion is that the person held the rank of "pasha" in his society

See also

  • List of Ottoman titles and appellations

Notes

  1. ^ In older works it is sometimes anglicized as bashaw.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 68, etal [1] Archived 2019-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Twain, Mark (1869). The Innocents Abroad. pp. Chapter 42."Pacha" used as spelling in this text
  3. ISBN 9782801112601
    .
  4. S2CID 145764601
    .
  5. ^ a b "pasha". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013.
  6. ^ a b c "Pasha". Oxford Dictionaries (English). Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  7. ^
    ISBN 9789004161658
    . The use of paşa (pāşā) as an Ottoman title emerged immediately after the reign of Osman I (ʿOthmān I, d. c. 724/1324), contrary to previous honorific designations used for upper dignitaries, such as emir (emīr), bey (beg), mirimiran (mīrimīrān), and vezir (vezīr, vizier). This is probably one of the reasons why its etymology has been a matter of debate. According to Jean Deny, it probably derived from padişah (pādishāh, emperor), with the possible influence of baskak (bāsqāq, agent, tax collector), as suggested by Gerhard Doerfer. Alternative theories claim that it is a modification of the word başağa (bāş āghā), which was used to designate a 'principal elder brother' or 'prince's elder son' in pre-Ottoman times. Some Turkish lexicographers, including Ahmed Vefik (Aḥmed Vefīḳ) Paşa and Mehmed Salahi (Meḥmed Salāhī), assert that it most likely originated from başa (bāşa) or beşe (elder brother), which was a title generally attributed to provincial notables and janissaries. This theory rests on a double hypothesis: 1) the first Ottoman honoured with the title was probably Alaeddin (ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn), the brother of Orhan (Orkhān, r. c. 724–63/1324–62), and 2) it was also conferred on his designated successors in the second half of the eighth/fourteenth century. In any case, two facts are indisputable. Some Anatolian emirs made use of this honorific distinction before the Ottomans, such as Aydınlı Umur (Umūr) Paşa (d. 748/1348). Moreover, outside of members of the Ottoman family circle, the first dignitaries awarded the title were the sultan's most prominent lieutenants, such as Çandarlı Kara Halil (Qara Khalīl, d. 789/1387), chief of the administration and commander of the army in the reign of Murad (Murād) I (r. 763–91/1362–89).
  8. ISBN 978-975-7172-56-7
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0415966924
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0141922218
    . Even in Ottoman Turkish much military vocabulary is borrowed from Persian. The highest rank, paşa, was a shortening of Persian padišāh 'emperor'.
  11. ISBN 9789004161214
    .
  12. ^ Nişanyan, Sevan. paşa. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 5 Archived 2024-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
    .
  14. ^ "عائلات تحكم مصر.. 1 ـ 'الأباظية' عائلة الباشوات". 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-11-28.
  15. ^ "عرب أم شركس أم خليط منهما ؟. عائلات الأباظية في مصر تتكيف نموذجياً مع المتغيرات الاجتماعية والتقلبات السياسية". Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  16. ^ "Rushdi Abaza, AlexCinema". www.bibalex.org. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  17. ISBN 978-0-521-28968-9
    .
  18. ^ "عائلة الباشوات أباظة - Search". web.archive.org. 2024-03-19. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  19. ISBN 0521291666, 9780521291668. p. 386 Archived 2024-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
    .
  20. ^ (in French) [2] Archived 2016-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "جريدة الدستور البصرية". www.al-jazirah.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
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