Pashalik of Scutari
Pashalik of Scutari Pashallëku i Shkodrës | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1757–1831 | |||||||||||
Mustafa Sherifi Bushati | |||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||
• Established | 1757 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1831 | ||||||||||
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The Pashalik of Scutari, Iskodra, or Shkodra (1757–1831), was an
Kara Mahmud Bushati the pashalik encompassed much of Albania, most of Kosovo, western Macedonia, southeastern Serbia and most of Montenegro. Up to 1830 the Pashalik of Shkodra controlled most of the above lands including Southern Montenegro.[2][3]
Background
The weakening of
Ali Pasha of Tepelenë. Both regions cooperated with and defied the Sublime Porte as their interests required.[4]
History
The influence of the Bushati was established between 1757 and 1775 by
Mehmed Bushati,[5] known as Bushatli Mehmed Pasha Plaku[6] (Albanian: plaku, 'the elder'). In 1757, Mehmed, having eliminated two rival families[7] and heading the Tabak esnaf of Shkodra as their spiritual Sheikh proclaimed himself pasha of Shkodër. Mehmet Bushati transformed the Sanjak of Scutari, created in 1479, into a semi-autonomous Pashalik of Shkodra. He was praised by Istanbul for ending the Arab and Berber pirates' reign of terror over the Venetian ships in the Adriatic.[citation needed] Mehmet expanded his area of control to the northeast, enlarged his political authority and refused to pay taxes to the Sublime Porte.[5]
Mehmed Bushati's son and third successor,
Toskëria and Kosovo. He launched two attacks on Montenegro (1785, 1796) and against Venice in revenge for the Bey of Tunis[clarification needed]. He defeated several Ottoman expeditions dispatched to subdue him for his uncontrolled behavior. Kara Mahmud subdued Montenegrin tribes and forced the Venetians to pay him a tribute (haraç). He courted both the Austrian and Russian empires, receiving a promise from Vienna that they would recognise him as lord of all Albania in return for an alliance against the Sublime Porte. However, after taking money from the Austrians he decapited the Viennese emissaries, sent their heads to Istanbul and pledged loyalty to the sultan.[8]
In response, the Ottomans ex post facto pardoned Kara Mahmud for his attacks against Venice and reappointed him governor of Shkodër.
In 1796, the Montenegrin tribes of
Ibrahim Bushati cooperated with the Ottoman empire until his own death (1810). He was appointed Beylerbey of Rumelia and subdued the Serbs during his military expeditions against Belgrade.[8]
When the
Grand Vizier and to agree to the placement of an Ottoman garrison in Shkodra. However Bushati refused the sultan's order, consequently Ottoman troops were sent against him. The Albanian and Ottoman armies clashed in Macedonia, where Mustafa Bushati lost three battles and was obliged to retreat to Shkodra.[5]
The Bushati dynasty's rule came to an end when an Ottoman army under Mehmed Reshid Pasha laid siege to the Rozafa castle at Shkodër in 1831 and forced the surrender of the last pasha Mustafa Bushati who had rebelled against the sultan whom they accused as Kaurr – infidel.[8] This defeat not only ended a planned alliance between the Albanians and the Bosnians, who were similarly seeking autonomy,[8] but also brought about the dissolution of the pashalik.
Aftermath
In 1867, the Sanjak of Scutari merged with the
Monastir Vilayet. Following the territorial transfers, the Sanjak of Scutari was subsequently divided into two sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Draç (Durrës
).
Pashas
- Mehmed Bushati(1757–1774)
- Mustafa Bushati(1774–1778)
- Kara Mahmud Bushati(1778–1796)
- Ibrahim Bushati(1796–1810)
- Mustafa Sherifi[9](1810-1831)
See also
- Pashalik of Janina
- Albania under Ottoman Empire
- Albanian Pashaliks
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
References
- ^ a b c Elsie 2005, p. 65.
- ^ Vickers 1999, p. 18.
- ^ Iseni 2008, p. 120.
- ^ Zickel & Iwaskiw 1994, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Dauti 2018, p. 32.
- ^ Kiel 1990, p. 231.
- ^ Castellan 2002, p. 37: ayant éliminé deux familles rivales
- ^ a b c d e Jazexhi 2002, p. 48.
- ^ Elsie 2012, p. [page needed].
Bibliography
- Bahl, Taru; Syed, M. H. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Muslim World. ]
- Castellan, Georges (2002). Histoire de l'Albanie et des albanais. N.p.: Editions Armeline. ISBN 978-2-910878-20-7.
- Dauti, Daut (30 January 2018). Britain, the Albanian Question and the Demise of the Ottoman Empire 1876-1914 (phd). University of Leeds.
- ISBN 978-1-84511-031-4.
- Elsie, Robert (2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. London / New York: I.B. Tauris in association with The Centre of Albanian Studies. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
- Iseni, Bashkim (2008). La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est: genèse, émergence et développement de l'identité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783039113200. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- Jazexhi, Olsi (2002). The Albanian Pashalik of Shkodra under Bushatlis 1757 – 1831. Kuala Lumpur: IIUM. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27.
- ISBN 978-0-521-27458-6.
Kiel, Machiel (1990). Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. ISBN 978-92-9063-330-3.
- Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History. New York: ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9.
- Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (1994). Albania: A Country Study. GPO for Library of Congress.
42°04′N 19°30′E / 42.067°N 19.500°E
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