Pashtunization

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Pashtuns
Empires and dynasties

Pashtunization (

in Pakistan
.

Dynasties and settlements

See also: List of Pashtun empires and dynasties
Kōchyān, they are mostly from the Ghilji tribe and migrate seasonally. Farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan about 7,000 years ago.[4]

People become Pashtunized when they settle in Pashtun-dominated areas and adopt Pashtun culture and language.[5] Pashtunization is a specific form of cultural assimilation and has been taking place in Pashtun-populated regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan for several centuries.

"In the eighth and ninth centuries, ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area (partly to obtain better grazing land) and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there."[6]

— Craig Baxter, Library of Congress Country Studies

The

Mongol invasion of Central Asia towards the Indian subcontinent, where they built empires such as the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. Because of their language shift and Pashtunization, the Khalji were looked upon as Pashtuns (Afghans) by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate.[7][8][9][10][11]

The

Dardic and spoke Pashayi language, who gradually Pashtunized around 16th century.[12] Other pashtunized tribes include [13] Swati and Shilmani
.

Pashtunization may also refer to the

1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras.[17]

Modern influences

Some Pashtunization attempts were later made in the early part of the 20th century by the

Musahiban.[18][19] Many non-Pashtuns living in close proximity with Pashtuns have been Pashtunized.[5] For example, in the central Ghor Province, some southern groups of Aimaqs have adopted Pashto language.[20] In the eastern Laghman Province and Nangarhar Province, many Pashayi are bilingual in Pashto.[21][22] Following the Saur Revolution, the Khalqists attempted to undermine the status of Dari in a bid to make Pashto the interethnic language of Afghanistan and remove Dari as an official language.[23] Before the overthrow of Mohammad Najibullah in 1992, Pashto made up more then 50% of media in Afghanistan.[24] A Soviet GRU dossier described Najibullah as "A Pashtun nationalist, he is one of the motivating spirits of the policy of “Pashtunization” of Afghan society. Within his closest circle he speaks only in Pashto. He is inclined to select colleagues not for their professional qualities but for their personal devotion to him, predominantly relatives and fellow-villagers".[25]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nayak, Pandav (1984). Pakistan, society and politics. University of Michigan: South Asian Publishers. p. 189.
  2. ISBN 978-0195778373
    .
  3. ^ Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India) (1989). Journal of Objective Studies, Volume 1. Institute of Objective Studies. p. 39.
  4. ^ Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-7787-9336-2
    . Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  6. ^ Craig Baxter (1997). "Islamic Conquest". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. Library of Congress.
  7. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 2010-08-23. The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court
  8. ISBN 0-19-579711-6
    . Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  9. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0
    . Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  10. ^ "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  11. ISBN 978-81-317-2133-9
    . Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  12. ^ "DARDESTĀN". Encyclopedia Irannica.
  13. ^ "AFRĪDĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-415-96691-4
    .
  15. ISBN 0-7546-3615-1
    , page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, Afghanistan: A Country Study, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.
  16. ^ "the Pashtun conquest of the Peshawar subregion in the early sixteenth century meant the Pashtunization of the area", Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) The Transformation of Afgham Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600 Thesis/dissertation, Duke University, p.17, OCLC 18996657
  17. ISBN 0-8223-1190-9
    .
  18. ISBN 0-300-09519-8
    . Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  19. ISBN 1-86064-327-2
    . Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  20. ISBN 0631198415
    . Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  21. ^ Pashai, Ethnic identity in Afghanistan, on nps.edu
  22. ^ "Palaso" (PDF). 9 March 2015.
  23. JSTOR 2645419
    .
  24. JSTOR 2645419
    .
  25. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016
    . Retrieved 2024-02-24.

External links

This article contains Pashto text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script.
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