Pat Nixon
Pat Nixon | |
---|---|
Second Lady of the United States | |
In role January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 | |
Vice President | Richard Nixon |
Preceded by | Jane Hadley Barkley |
Succeeded by | Lady Bird Johnson |
Personal details | |
Born | Thelma Catherine Ryan March 16, 1912 Ely, Nevada, U.S. |
Died | June 22, 1993 Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S. | (aged 81)
Resting place | Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse | |
Children | |
Education | |
Signature | |
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Nixon (
Born in
As First Lady, Pat Nixon promoted a number of charitable causes, including volunteerism. She oversaw the collection of more than 600 pieces of historic art and furnishings for the White House, an acquisition larger than that of any other administration. She was the most traveled First Lady in U.S. history, a record unsurpassed until twenty-five years later. She accompanied the President as the first First Lady to visit China and the Soviet Union, and was the first president's wife to be officially designated a representative of the United States on her solo trips to Africa and South America, which gained her recognition as "Madame Ambassador"; she was also the first First Lady to enter a combat zone. Though her husband was re-elected in a landslide victory in 1972, her tenure as First Lady ended two years later, when President Nixon resigned amid the Watergate scandal.
Her public appearances became increasingly rare later in life. She and her husband settled in San Clemente, California, and later moved to New Jersey. She suffered two strokes, one in 1976 and another in 1983, and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1992. She died in 1993, aged 81.
Early life
Thelma Catherine Ryan was born in 1912 in the small mining town of
After her birth, the Ryan family moved to California, and in 1914 settled on a small
She worked on the family farm and also at a local bank as a janitor and bookkeeper. Her mother died of cancer in 1924.[6] Pat, who was only 12, assumed all the household duties for her father (who died himself of silicosis 5 years later) and her two older brothers, William Jr. (1910–1997) and Thomas (1911–1992). She also had a half-sister, Neva Bender (1909–1981), and a half-brother, Matthew Bender (1907–1973), from her mother's first marriage;[1] her mother's first husband had died during a flash flood in South Dakota.[1]
Education and career
After graduating from Excelsior High School in 1929, she attended Fullerton College. She paid for her education by working odd jobs, including as a driver, a pharmacy manager, a telephone operator, and a typist.[1][7] She also earned money sweeping the floors of a local bank,[1] and from 1930 until 1931, she lived in New York City, working as a secretary and also as a radiographer.[6]
Determined "to make something out of myself",
In 1937, Pat Ryan graduated
Marriage and family, early campaigns
While in Whittier, Pat Ryan met Richard Nixon, a young lawyer who had recently graduated from the Duke University School of Law. The two became acquainted at a Little Theater group when they were cast together in The Dark Tower.[6] Known as Dick, he asked Pat to marry him the first night they went out. "I thought he was nuts or something!" she recalled.[18] He courted the redhead he called his "wild Irish Gypsy" for two years,[19] even driving her to and from her dates with other men.[8]
They eventually married on June 21, 1940, at the Mission Inn in Riverside, California.[20] She said that she had been attracted to the young Nixon because he "was going places, he was vital and ambitious ... he was always doing things".[8] Later, referring to Richard Nixon, she said, "Oh but you just don't realize how much fun he is! He's just so much fun!" Following a brief honeymoon in Mexico, the two lived in a small apartment in Whittier.[20] As U.S. involvement in World War II began, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., with Richard taking a position as a lawyer for the Office of Price Administration (OPA); Pat worked as a secretary for the American Red Cross, but also qualified as a price analyst for the OPA.[20] He then joined the United States Navy, and while he was stationed in San Francisco, she resumed work for the OPA as an economic analyst.[20]
Veteran UPI reporter Helen Thomas suggested that in public, the Nixons "moved through life ritualistically", but privately, however, they were "very close".[21] In private, Richard Nixon was described as being "unabashedly sentimental", often praising Pat for her work, remembering anniversaries and surprising her with frequent gifts.[21] During state dinners, he ordered the protocol changed so that Pat could be served first.[22] Pat, in turn, felt that her husband was vulnerable and sought to protect him, although she did have a nickname for him which he despised, so she rarely used it: "Little Dicky".[22] Of his critics, she said that "Lincoln had worse critics. He was big enough not to let it bother him. That's the way my husband is."[22]
Pat campaigned at her husband's side in 1946 when he entered politics and successfully ran for a seat in the
Although Pat Nixon was a
Second Lady of the United States, 1953–1961
At the time of her husband coming under consideration for the vice presidential nomination, Pat Nixon was against her husband accepting the selection, as she despised campaigns and had been relieved that as a newly elected senator he would not have another one for six years.
Pat Nixon accompanied her husband abroad during his vice presidential years. She traveled to 53 nations, often bypassing luncheons and teas and instead visiting hospitals, orphanages, and even a
A November 1, 1958, article in The Seattle Times was typical of the media's favorable coverage of the future First Lady, stating that "Mrs. Nixon is always reported to be gracious and friendly. And she sure is friendly. She greets a stranger as a friend. She doesn't just shake hands but clasps a visitor's hand in both her hands. Her manner is direct ... Mrs. Nixon also upheld her reputation of always looking neat, no matter how long her day has been." A year and a half later, during her husband's campaign for the presidency, The New York Times called her "a paragon of wifely virtues" whose "efficiency makes other women feel slothful and untalented".[29]
Pat Nixon was named Outstanding Homemaker of the Year (1953), Mother of the Year (1955), and the Nation's Ideal Housewife (1957). She once said that, on a rare evening to herself, she pressed all of her husband's suits, adding, "Of course, I didn't have to. But when I don't have work to do, I just think up some new project."[8]
Her husband's campaigns—1960, 1962 and 1968
In the 1960 election, Vice President Nixon ran for president of the United States against Democratic opponent Senator John F. Kennedy. Pat was featured prominently in the effort; an entire advertising campaign was built around the slogan "Pat for First Lady".[1] Nixon conceded the election to Kennedy, although the race was very close and there were allegations of voter fraud. Pat had urged her husband to demand a recount of votes, though Nixon declined.[30] Pat was most upset about the television cameras, which recorded her reaction when her husband lost—"millions of television viewers witnessed her desperate fight to hold a smile upon her lips as her face came apart and the bitter tears flowed from her eyes", as one reporter put it.[8] This permanently dimmed Pat Nixon's view of politics.[1]
In 1962, the Nixons embarked on another campaign, this time for Governor of California. Prior to Richard Nixon's announcement of his candidacy, Pat's brother Tom Ryan said, "Pat told me that if Dick ran for governor she was going to take her shoe to him."[31] She eventually agreed to another run, citing that it meant a great deal to her husband,[31] but Richard Nixon lost the gubernatorial election to Pat Brown.
Six years later, Richard Nixon ran again for the presidency. Pat was reluctant to face another campaign, her eighth since 1946.[32] Her husband was a deeply controversial figure in American politics,[33] and Pat had witnessed and shared the praise and vilification he had received without having established an independent public identity for herself.[16] Although she supported him in his career, she feared another "1960", when Nixon lost to Kennedy.[32] She consented, however, and participated in the campaign by traveling on campaign trips with her husband.[34] Richard Nixon made a political comeback with his narrow presidential victory of 1968 over Vice-President Hubert Humphrey—and the country had a new First Lady.
First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974
Major initiatives
Pat Nixon felt that the First Lady should always set a public example of high virtue as a symbol of dignity, but she refused to revel in the trappings of the position.[35] When considering ideas for a project as First Lady, Pat refused to do (or be) something simply to emulate her predecessor, Lady Bird Johnson.[36] She decided to continue what she called "personal diplomacy", which meant traveling and visiting people in other states or other nations.[37]
One of her major initiatives as First Lady was the promotion of volunteerism, in which she encouraged Americans to address social problems at the local level through volunteering at hospitals, civic organizations, and rehabilitation centers.
Pat Nixon became involved in the development of recreation areas and parkland, was a member of the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and lent her support to organizations dedicated to improving the lives of handicapped children.[1] For her first Thanksgiving in the White House, Pat organized a meal for 225 senior citizens who did not have families.[43] The following year, she invited wounded servicemen to a second annual Thanksgiving meal in the White House.[43] Though presidents since George Washington had been issuing Thanksgiving proclamations, Pat became the only First Lady to issue one.[43]
Life in the White House
After her husband was elected president in 1968, Pat Nixon met with the outgoing First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. Together, they toured the private quarters of the White House on December 12.[44] She eventually asked Sarah Jackson Doyle, an interior decorator who had worked for the Nixons since 1965 and who decorated the family's 10-room apartment on Fifth Avenue in New York with French and English antiques, to serve as a design consultant.[45] She hired Clement Conger from the State Department to be the Executive Mansion's new curator, replacing James Ketchum, who had been hired by Jacqueline Kennedy.[46]
Pat Nixon developed and led a coordinated effort to improve the authenticity of the White House as an historic residence and museum. She added more than 600 paintings, antiques and furnishings to the Executive Mansion and its collections, the largest number of acquisitions by any administration;
She ordered pamphlets describing the rooms of the house for tourists so they could understand everything, and had them translated into Spanish, French, Italian and Russian for foreigners.[47] She had ramps installed for the handicapped and physically disabled. She instructed the police who served as tour guides to attend sessions at the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library (to learn how tours were guided "in a real museum"),[47] and arranged for them to wear less menacing uniforms, with their guns hidden underneath.[47] The tour guides were to speak slowly to deaf groups, to help those who lip-read, and Pat ordered that the blind be able to touch the antiques.[47]
The First Lady had long been irritated by the perception that the White House and access to the President and First Lady were exclusively for the wealthy and famous;[47] she routinely came down from the family quarters to greet tourists, shake hands, sign autographs, and pose for photos.[48] Her daughter Julie Eisenhower reflected, "she invited so many groups to the White House to give them recognition, not famous ones, but little-known organizations..."[49]
She invited former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and her children
She opened the White House for evening tours so that the public could see the interior design work that had been implemented. The tours that were conducted in December displayed the White House's Christmas decor. In addition, she instituted a series of performances by artists at the White House in varied American traditions, from opera to bluegrass; among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972. These events were described as ranging from "creative to indifferent, to downright embarrassing".[8] When they entered the White House in 1969, the Nixons began inviting families to non-denominational Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House.[47] She also oversaw the White House wedding of her daughter, Tricia, to Edward Ridley Finch Cox in 1971.[53]
In October 1969, she announced her appointment of Constance Stuart as her staff director and press secretary.[54] To the White House residence staff, the Nixons were perceived as more stiff and formal than other first families, but nonetheless kind.[55]
She spoke out in favor of women running for political office and encouraged her husband to nominate a woman to the
In 1972, she became the first Republican First Lady to address a national convention.[1] Her efforts in the 1972 reelection campaign—traveling across the country and speaking on behalf of her husband—were copied by future candidates' spouses.[1]
Travels
Pat Nixon held the record as the most-traveled First Lady until her mark was surpassed by
After hearing about the
She became the first First Lady to visit Africa in 1972, on a 10,000-mile (16,093 km), eight-day journey to Ghana, Liberia, and the Ivory Coast.[63] Upon arrival in Liberia, Pat was honored with a 19-gun salute, a tribute reserved only for heads of government, and she reviewed troops.[63] She later donned a traditional native costume and danced with locals. She was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Most Venerable Order of Knighthood, Liberia's highest honor.[63] In Ghana, she again danced with local residents, and addressed the nation's Parliament.[63] In the Ivory Coast, she was met by a quarter of a million people shouting "Vive Madame Nixon!"[63] She conferred with leaders of all three African nations.[63] Upon her return home, White House staffer Charles Colson sent a memo to the President reading in part, "Mrs. Nixon has now broken through where we have failed ... People—men and women—identify with her, and in return with you."[64]
Another notable journey was the
Fashion and style
The traditional role of a First Lady as the nation's hostess puts her personal appearance and style under scrutiny, and the attention to Pat was lively. Women's Wear Daily stated that Pat had a "good figure and good posture", as well as "the best-looking legs of any woman in public life today".[67] Some fashion writers tended to have a lackluster opinion of her well tailored, but nondescript, American-made clothes. "I consider it my duty to use American designers", she said,[68] and favored them because, "they are now using so many materials which are great for traveling because they're non crushable".[69] She preferred to buy readymade garments rather than made-to-order outfits. "I'm a size 10," she told The New York Times. "I can just walk in and buy. I've bought things in various stores in various cities. Only some of my clothes are by designers."[56] She did, however, wear the custom work of some well-known talents, notably Geoffrey Beene, at the suggestion of Clara Treyz, her personal shopper.[56] Many fashion observers concluded that Pat Nixon did not greatly advance the cause of American fashion. Nixon's yellow-satin inaugural gown by Harvey Berin was criticized as "a schoolteacher on her night out", but Treyz defended her wardrobe selections by saying, "Mrs. Nixon must be ladylike."[70][71]
Nixon did not sport the outrageous fashions of the 1970s, because she was concerned about appearing conservatively dressed, especially as her husband's political star rose. "Always before, it was sort of fun to get some ... thing that was completely different, high-style", she told a reporter. "But this is not appropriate now. I avoid the spectacular."[72]
Watergate
At the time the Watergate scandal broke to the media, Nixon "barely noticed" the reports of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.[73] Later, when asked by the press about Watergate, she replied curtly, "I know only what I read in the newspapers."[74] In 1974, when a reporter asked "Is the press the cause of the president's problems?", she shot back, "What problems?"[75] Privately, she felt that the power of her husband's staff was increasing, and President Nixon was becoming more removed from what was occurring in the administration.[74]
Pat Nixon did not know of the secret tape recordings her husband had made. Julie Nixon Eisenhower stated that the First Lady would have ordered the tapes destroyed immediately, had she known of their existence.[76] Once she did learn of the tapes, she vigorously opposed making them public, and compared them to "private love letters—for one person alone".[77] Believing in her husband's innocence, she also encouraged him not to resign and instead fight all the impeachment charges that were eventually leveled against him. She said to her friend Helene Drown, "Dick has done so much for the country. Why is this happening?"[66]
After President Nixon told his family he would resign the office of the presidency, she replied "But why?"[78] She contacted White House curator Clement Conger to cancel any further development of a new official china pattern from the Lenox China Company, and began supervising the packing of the family's personal belongings.[79] On August 7, 1974, the family met in the solarium of the White House for their last dinner. Pat sat on the edge of a couch and held her chin high, a sign of tension to her husband.[80] When the president walked in, she threw her arms around him, kissed him, and said, "We're all very proud of you, Daddy."[80] Later Pat Nixon said of the photographs taken that evening, "Our hearts were breaking and there we are smiling."[81]
On the morning of August 9 in the East Room, Nixon gave a televised 20-minute farewell speech to the White House staff, during which time he read from Theodore Roosevelt's biography and praised his own parents.[82] The First Lady could hardly contain her tears; she was most upset about the cameras, because they recorded her anguish, as they had during the 1960 election defeat. The Nixons walked onto the Executive Mansion's South Lawn with Vice President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford. The outgoing president departed from the White House on Marine One. As the family walked towards the helicopter, Pat, with one arm around her husband's waist and one around Betty's, said to Betty "You'll see many of these red carpets, and you'll get so you hate 'em."[83] The helicopter transported them to Andrews Air Force Base; from there they flew to California.[84]
Pat Nixon later told her daughter Julie, "Watergate is the only crisis that ever got me down ... And I know I will never live to see the vindication."[85]
Public perception
Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony noted that ordinary citizens responded to, and identified with, Pat Nixon.[48] When a group of people from a rural community visited the White House to present a quilt to the First Lady, many were overcome with nervousness; upon hearing their weeping, Pat hugged each individual tightly, and the tension dissipated.[48] When a young boy doubted that the Executive Mansion was her house because he could not see her washing machine, Pat led him through the halls and up an elevator, into the family quarters and the laundry room.[48] She mixed well with people of different races, and made no distinctions on that basis.[64] During the Nixons' trip to China in 1972, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai was sufficiently smitten with her so as to give two rare giant pandas to the United States as a gift from China.[65]
Pat Nixon was listed on the
Press accounts
As for the criticisms, she said, "I am who I am and I will continue to be."[8] She unguardedly revealed some of her opinions of her own life in a 1968 interview aboard a campaign plane with Gloria Steinem: "Now, I have friends in all the countries of the world. I haven't just sat back and thought of myself or my ideas or what I wanted to do. Oh no, I've stayed interested in people. I've kept working. Right here in the plane I keep this case with me, and the minute I sit down, I write my thank you notes. Nobody gets by without a personal note. I don't have time to worry about who I admire or who I identify with. I've never had it easy. I'm not like all you ... all those people who had it easy."[16]
Despite her largely demure public persona as a traditional wife and homemaker, she was not as self-effacing and timid as her critics often claimed. When a news photographer wanted her to strike yet another pose while wearing an apron, she firmly responded, "I think we've had enough of this kitchen thing, don't you?"
Later life
After returning to
On July 7, 1976, at La Casa Pacifica, Nixon suffered a
Appearing "frail and slightly bent",[102] she appeared in public for the opening of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace (now Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum) in Yorba Linda, California, on July 19, 1990. The dedication ceremony included 50,000 friends and well-wishers, as well as former Presidents Ford, Reagan, and Bush and their wives.[103] The library includes a Pat Nixon room, a Pat Nixon amphitheater, and rose gardens planted with the red-black Pat Nixon Rose developed by a French company in 1972, when she was first lady.[104] Pat also attended the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California, in November 1991. Former First Lady Barbara Bush reflected, "I loved Pat Nixon, who was a sensational, gracious, and thoughtful First Lady",[105] and at the dedication of the Reagan Library, Bush remembered, "There was one sad thing. Pat Nixon did not look well at all. Through her smile you could see that she was in great pain and having a terrible time getting air into her lungs."[106]
The Nixons moved to a gated complex in Park Ridge, New Jersey, in 1991. Pat's health was failing, and the house was smaller and contained an elevator.[99] A heavy smoker most of her adult life who nevertheless never allowed herself to be seen with a cigarette in public,[104] she eventually endured bouts of oral cancer,[107] emphysema, and ultimately lung cancer, with which she was diagnosed in December 1992 while hospitalized with respiratory problems.[6]
Death and funeral
Pat Nixon died at her Park Ridge, New Jersey, home at 5:45 a.m. on June 22, 1993, the day after her fifty-third wedding anniversary.[108] She was 81 years old. Her daughters and husband were by her side.
The funeral service for Pat Nixon took place on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library in Yorba Linda on June 26, 1993. Speakers at the ceremony, including California Governor Pete Wilson, Kansas senator Bob Dole, and the Reverend Dr. Billy Graham, eulogized the former First Lady. In addition to her husband and immediate family, former presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford and their wives, Nancy and Betty, were also in attendance.[109] President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton did not attend the funeral and former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush and their wives Rosalynn and Barbara also did not attend. Lady Bird Johnson was unable to attend because she was in the hospital recovering from a stroke, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis did not attend either.[109] President Nixon sobbed openly, profusely, and at times uncontrollably during the ceremony. It was a rare display of emotion from the former president, and Helen McCain Smith and Ed Nixon both said they had never seen him more distraught.[110][111]
Nixon's tombstone gives her name as "Patricia Ryan Nixon", the name by which she was popularly known. Her husband survived her by ten months, dying on April 22, 1994. He was also 81.[112] Her epitaph reads:
Even when people can't speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart.
Popular culture impact
In 1994, the Pat Nixon Park was established in Cerritos, California. The site where her girlhood home stood is on the property.[38] The Cerritos City Council voted in April 1996 to erect a statue of the former first lady, one of the few statues created in the image of a first lady.[113]
Pat has been portrayed by
Historical assessments
Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.[117] In terms of cumulative assessment, Nixon has been ranked:
- 37th-best of 42 in 1982[118]
- 18th-best of 37 in 1993[118]
- 33rd-best of 38 in 2003[118]
- 35th-best of 38 in 2008[118]
- 33rd-best of 39 in 2014[119]
In the 2014 survey, Nixon and her husband were ranked the 29th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".[120]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". The National First Ladies Library. 2005. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- ^ Halloran, Richard (March 16, 1972). "First Lady of the Land at 60: Thelma Catherine Ryan Nixon, Woman in the News". The New York Times.
- ^ Kinnard, Judith M. (August 20, 1971). "Thelma Ryan's Rise: From White Frame to White House". The New York Times.
- ^ "First Lady Hailed on Return 'Home'". The New York Times. September 6, 1969. p. 18.
- ^ Illustration in a New York Times article by Judith M. Kinnard, entitled "Thelma Ryan's Rise: From White Frame to White House" (August 20, 1971).
- ^ a b c d e "Pat Nixon, Former First Lady, Dies at 81". The New York Times. July 23, 1993. p. D22. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ "Pat Nixon Biography". Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viorst, Judith (September 13, 1970). "Pat Nixon Is the Ultimate Good Sport". The New York Times. p. SM13. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
- ^ a b "The Silent Partner". Time. February 29, 1960. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ISBN 1-883318-55-6.
- ^ a b "Patricia Ryan Nixon". The White House. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Thurman, Judith (November 7, 2011). "Pat and Edith: A Fashionable Footnote". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
- ^ a b c Swift (2014), p. 15
- ^ David 1978, p. 41.
- ^ a b Johnson, Erskine (October 6, 1959). "Hollywood Today". Park City Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Steinem, Gloria (October 28, 1968). "In Your Heart You Know He's Nixon". New York. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 48.
- ^ "Diplomat in High Heels: Thelma Ryan Nixon". The New York Times. July 28, 1959. p. 11.
- ^ Marton (2001), p. 173.
- ^ a b c d Sferrazza, "Thelma Catherine (Patricia) Ryan Nixon", p. 353.
- ^ a b c d Anthony (1991), p. 172
- ^ a b c Anthony (1991), p. 173
- ^ "Pat Nixon: Steel and Sorrow". Time. August 19, 2008. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ "The American Presidency". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
- ^ "A Worshiper in the White House". Time. December 6, 1968. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0671657222.
- ^ "Richard Nixon's Checkers Speech". PBS. 2002–2003. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
- Persian lamb by the furrier Sidney Fink of Blum & Fink. Curtis, Charlotte(December 21, 1968). "Fashion Spotlight Turns to New First Family". The New York Times.
- ^ Bender, Marylin (July 28, 1960). "Pat Nixon: A Diplomat in High Heels". The New York Times. p. 31.
- ^ O'Brien & Suteski (2005), p. 234
- ^ a b Eisenhower (1986), pp. 205–206
- ^ a b Eisenhower (1986), pp. 235, 237
- ISBN 0-8078-2905-6.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 236.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 165
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 168.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 254.
- ^ a b "Biography of First Lady Pat Nixon". Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Anthony (1991), p. 177
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 181.
- ^ "Richard Nixon: Statement on Signing the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973". The American Presidency Project. October 1, 1973. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
- ^ a b Burns (2008), p. 125
- ^ a b c Anthony (1991), p. 178
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), pp. 260, 264.
- ^ Reif, Rita (November 30, 1968). "A Decorator for Nixons Gives Julie A Bit of Help". The New York Times.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), pp. 261, 263.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Anthony (1991), p. 188
- ^ a b c d e f g Anthony (1991), p. 187
- ^ David (1978), p. 128.
- ^ a b Nixon, Richard (2013). RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. Simon & Schuster. pp. 502–503.
- ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (July 22, 1999). "Clinton Mistily Recalls Kennedy's White House Visit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan (July 24, 1999). "JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ^ Krebs, Alvin (May 11, 1972). "More on the Wedding". The New York Times.
- ^ "Pat Nixon Hires New Press Aid". Chicago Tribune. October 24, 1969. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ Brower (2015), pp. 155–156.
- ^ a b c Curtis, Charlotte (July 3, 1968). "Pat Nixon: 'Creature Comforts Don't Matter'". The New York Times.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 194.
- ^ "Mrs. Nixon Asserts Jane Fonda Should Bid Hanoi End War". The New York Times. August 9, 1972.
- ^ O'Brien & Suteski (2005), p. 239.
- ^ a b c d Anthony (1991), p. 171
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 185.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 186.
- ^ a b c d e f Anthony (1991), p. 196
- ^ a b Anthony (1991), p. 197
- ^ a b c Anthony (1991), pp. 199–200
- ^ a b Anthony (1991), p. 215
- ^ "Redoing Pat". Time. January 24, 1969. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ Weinman, Martha (September 11, 1960). "First Ladies—In Fashion, Too?". The New York Times.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 192.
- ^ "Pat's Wardrobe Mistress". Time. January 12, 1970. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ Nixon also frequently wore wigs that replicated her short blonde hairstyle, especially on political trips when access to a hairdresser was difficult. Curtis, Charlotte (July 3, 1968). "Pat Nixon: 'Creature Comforts Don't Matter'". The New York Times.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 187.
- ^ a b c Anthony (1991), p. 201
- ^ a b Anthony (1991), p. 203
- ^ Anthony, C. S. (1991), p. 210
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), pp. 409–410.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 214.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 216.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), pp. 417–419.
- ^ a b Anthony (1991), p. 217
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 424.
- ^ "Richard M. Nixon: White House Farewell". The History Place. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 218.
- ^ "Nixon's resignation changed American politics forever". CNN. August 9, 1999. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Eisenhower (1986), p. 453.
- ^ a b Newport, Frank; David W. Moore & Lydia Saad (December 13, 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998". Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- ^ Anthony (1991), p. 167.
- ^ Burns (2008), pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b Burns (2008), pp. 110–111
- ^ Angelo, Bonnie (July 5, 1993). "The Woman in the Cloth Coat". Time. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
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{{cite book}}
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References
- Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1991). First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power; 1961–1990 (Volume II). New York: William Morrow and Co.
- Brower, Kate Andersen (2015). The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-230519-0.
- Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3.
- Bush, Barbara (1994). A Memoir. New York: Scribner.
- David, Lester (1978). The Lonely Lady of San Clemente: The Story of Pat Nixon. Crowell. ISBN 0-690-01688-3.
- ISBN 0-671-24424-8.
- ISBN 0-375-40106-7.
- O'Brien, Cormac; Suteski, Monika (2005). Secret Lives of the First Ladies: What Your Teachers Never Told You About the Women of the White House. Quirk Books. ISBN 1-59474-014-3.
- Swift, Will (2014). Pat and Dick: The Nixons, An Intimate Portrait of a Marriage. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7694-5.
- ISBN 0-684-86809-1.
Further reading
- Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (2001). "Thelma Catherine (Patricia) Ryan Nixon". In Gould, Lewis L. (ed.). American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
- ISBN 0-679-43439-9.