Patellogastropoda
True limpets Temporal range:
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Images of true limpets, shell and live individuals of three species | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986 |
Superfamilies and families | |
See text |
The Patellogastropoda, common name true
The clade Patellogastropoda is deemed
Taxonomy
Patellogastropoda was proposed by David R. Lindberg, 1986, as an order, and was later included in the subclass Eogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1996.[5]
2005 taxonomy
Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 designated Patellogastropoda, true limpets, as a clade, rather than as a taxon, but within included superfamilies and families as listed below. Families that are exclusively fossil are indicated with a dagger †:
- Superfamily Patelloidea
- Family Patellidae
- Superfamily Nacelloidea
- Family Nacellidae
- Superfamily Lottioidea
- Superfamily Neolepetopsoidea
- Family Neolepetopsidae
- † Family Daminilidae
- † Family Lepetopsidae
With the exception of calling Patellogastropoda a clade rather than an order, as was previously the case in Ponder and Lindberg, 1997 the taxon has not changed much, differing more in the arrangement of its content rather than in the overall composition. Bouchet and Rocroi omitted Ponder and Lindberg's suborders, and added in the superfamily Neolepetopsoidea.
2007 taxonomy
Nakano & Ozawa (2007)
A
Patellogastropoda |
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Note that the family
Actual taxonomy based on data by Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[3] with placement of the three remaining families (Neolepetopsidae, Daminilidae, Lepetopsidae) into Lottioidea is like this:
- superfamily Eoacmaeoidea
- family Eoacmaeidae
- family
- superfamily Patelloidea
- family Patellidae
- superfamily Lottioidea
- family Nacellidae
- family Lepetidae
- family Pectinodontidae
- family Lottiidae
- family Neolepetopsidae
- † family Daminilidae
- † family Lepetopsidae
In 2007, two years following Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Tomoyuki Nakano and Tomowo Ozawa referred to the order Patellogastropoda.[3]
Description
Patellogastropoda have flattened, cone-shaped shells, and the majority of species are commonly found adhering strongly to rocks or other hard substrates. Many limpet shells are covered in microscopic growths of green marine algae, which can make them even harder to see, as they can closely resemble the rock surface itself.
The substance making up the teeth in the
Many limpets create a home "scar" on the rock to which they always return between tides, the scar provides excellent protection from predators as well as helping to prevent dehydration during low tides. They adhere to the substratum via the adhesion/ suction of the stiffened foot against the rock surface to which it bonds each time with a layer of pedal mucus.[10]
The majority of limpet species have shells that are less than 3 in (8 cm) in maximum length and many are much smaller.
Anatomy
The true limpets have an internal structure much like that of other members of Mollusca. Their diffuse nervous system is oriented around three principal pairs of
Between these papillae and the heart lies the neural "visceral twist", a nervous condition called
The digestive gland and interweaving intestine occupy most of the visceral mass behind the head. At the posterior ventral end is the large gonad organ which, when ripe, bursts and empties its gametes into the right kidney from which they are then expelled directly into the surrounding water. One theory of the function of the osphradia is to sense the release of such gametes by other nearby patellogastropods, triggering a corresponding release in any proximate opposite-sex animals of the same species (see diagram for additional anatomic information).
Distribution
Representatives of the true limpets are common inhabitants of rocky shores of all oceans, from tropic to polar regions.[12]
Habitat
Some true limpets live throughout the
They attach themselves to the substrate using pedal
When true limpets are fully clamped down, it is impossible to remove them from the rock using brute force alone, and the limpet will allow itself to be destroyed rather than stop clinging to its rock. This survival strategy has led to the limpet being used as a metaphor for obstinacy or stubbornness.
Life habits
Feeding
Most limpets feed by grazing on algae which grows on the rock (or other surfaces) where they live. They scrape up films of algae with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Limpets move by rippling the muscles of their foot in a wave-like motion.
In some parts of the world, certain smaller species of true limpet are specialized to live on seagrasses and graze on the microscopic algae which grow there. Other species live on, and graze directly on, the stipes (stalks) of brown algae (kelp).
Homing behaviour
Some species of limpets return to the same spot on the rock known as a "home scar" just before the tide recedes.[15] In such species, the shape of their shell often grows to precisely match the contours of the rock surrounding the scar. This behaviour presumably allows them to form a better seal to the rock and may help protect them from both predation and desiccation.
It is still unclear how limpets find their way back to the same spot each time, but it is thought that they follow pheromones in the mucus left as they move. Other species, notably Lottia gigantea seem to "garden" a patch of algae around their home scar.[16] They are one of the few invertebrates to exhibit territoriality and will aggressively push other organisms out of this patch by ramming with their shell, thereby allowing their patch of algae to grow for their own grazing.
Predators and other risks
Limpets are preyed upon by a variety of organisms including
Limpets can be long lived, with tagged specimens surviving for more than 10 years. If the limpet lives on bare rock, it grows at a slower rate but can live for up to 20 years.[citation needed]
Limpets found on exposed shores, which have fewer rock pools than sheltered shores and are thus in less frequent contact with water, have a greater risk of desiccation due to the effects of increased sunlight, water evaporation and the increased wind speed. To avoid drying out they will clamp to the rock they inhabit, minimizing water-loss from the rim around their base. As this occurs chemicals are released that promote the vertical growth of the limpet's shell.
Reproduction
Spawning occurs once a year, usually during winter, and is triggered by rough seas which disperse the eggs and sperm. Larvae float around for a couple of weeks before settling onto a hard substrate.[15]
Human use
Larger limpet species are, or were historically, cooked and eaten in many different parts of the world. For example, in
References
- .
- ISSN 0076-2997.
- ^ .
- .
- ^ "Pina -Gastropoda". Archived from the original on 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ a b Gofas, S. (2010). Patellogastropoda. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382158 on 2010-04-01
- ^ S2CID 53526153.
- ^ "Unassuming aquatic snail possesses the strongest teeth on Earth | Science Recorder". Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2015-02-18. Science recorder, Unassuming aquatic snail possesses the strongest teeth on Earth]
- ^ N. W. Runham, P. R. Thornton, D. A. Shaw, R. C. Wayte The mineralization and hardness of the radular teeth of the limpet Patella vulgata L.; Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 15. August 1969, Volume 99, Issue 4, pp 608-626
- ISBN 978-1-77007-086-8.
- ISBN 978-81-7141-898-5.
- ISSN 1055-7903.
- S2CID 86122448.
- . Neolepetopsidae is on the page 490.
- ^ a b "Fact files: Common limpet". BBC Science & Nature - Sea life. BBC. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- .
- ^ Catharine Lo (photos by Monte Costa). "On the Rocks". Hana Hou! Vol. 9, No. 6. December 2006 / January 2007.