Patna
Patna
Pataliputra | ||
---|---|---|
Rapid Transit Patna Metro | | |
GDP Nominal (Patna District) | USD $30 billion (2022)[12] | |
Website | patna | |
Patna (English:
One of the
Until the 19th century, it was a major trading and commercial hub in India.[24] After independence there were a few downturns but its economy was still stable.[25] After the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar, it lost its glory.[26] Now trials are made to develop the city.[27] As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Bihar), Nominal GDP of Patna District was estimated at INR 63,176.55 crores in 2011-12.[12][28] As of 2011-12, Patna already recorded per capita gross domestic product of ₹1,08,657, way ahead of many other Indian cities and state capitals.[12][29] Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010.[30] As of 2011-12, the GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,08,657, and its GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business.[31]
Etymology
The name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna (
History
Ancient Era
Traditional Buddhist literature attributes foundation of Patna 490 BCE
Mauryan Empire
Megasthenes, the Indo-Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gave one of the earliest accounts of the city. He wrote that the city was on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra – Hiranyawah) and was 14 kilometres (9 mi) long and 2.82 kilometres (1.75 mi) wide.[44][45] Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday.[46] The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Shungas were followed by the Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas.[47] Some Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues. One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts.[48] When the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian visited the city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice. He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries, the needy, the crippled, and the diseased, could get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases and order them food, drink, and medicines.[49][page needed]
-
Pataliputra as a capital of the Magadha Empire.
-
Pataliputra as a capital ofAshoka the Great.
-
Pataliputra as a capital of Shunga Empire.
Approximate greatest extent of the Shunga Empire (c. 185 BCE).
Gupta and Pala empire
In the years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including the
Mughal Empire
The
Portuguese Empire
As trade grew, settlements of the Portuguese empire expanded to the Bengal Gulf. Since at least 1515, the Portuguese were in Bengal as traders, and later in 1521, an embassy was sent to Gaur to create factories in the region. The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to develop several settlements as Chitagoong e Satgaon.[58] In 1535 the Portuguese were allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass[59] 280 km from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then, several of the products came from Patna, and the Portuguese sent in traders, establishing a factory there in 1580 at least.[60] The products were shipped out down the river until other Portuguese ports as Chittagoon e Satgaoon, and from there to the rest of the empire.
British Empire
During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade.
-
Street in Patna, 1825 (British, active in India)
Indian Independence Movement
People from Patna were greatly involved in the
Post-Independence
Patna remained the capital of
Geography
Topography
Jurisdiction | Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Town | Type | Estimate (2011) | ||||
Patna | Municipal Corporation | 1,684,222 | ||||
Danapur | Nagar Parishad | 182,429 | ||||
Badalpura | Out Growth | 75 | ||||
Danapur Cantonment |
Cantonment Board | 28,723 | ||||
Khagaul | Nagar Parishad | 44,364 | ||||
Nohsa | Census Town | 16,680 | ||||
Pataliputra Housing Colony | Census Town | 3,531 | ||||
Phulwari Sharif | Nagar Parishad | 81,740 | ||||
Saidpura | Census Town | 7,392 | ||||
Patna UA | 2,049,156 | |||||
Patna district | 5,838,465 | |||||
Source:[68][69] |
Patna is on the southern bank of the river Ganges.[70] The total area of Patna is 250 km2 (97 sq mi). The municipal area constitutes 109.218 km2 (42.169 sq mi). The suburban area covers 140.782 km2 (54.356 sq mi). It has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is its confluence of major rivers.[71]
During the
Patna comes under
Climate
Patna has a
The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.
Climate data for Patna Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2013)
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.1 (91.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
41.4 (106.5) |
44.6 (112.3) |
45.6 (114.1) |
46.6 (115.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39.7 (103.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.2 (100.8) |
34.6 (94.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
46.6 (115.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10.2 (0.40) |
12.6 (0.50) |
8.9 (0.35) |
11.9 (0.47) |
48.4 (1.91) |
162.2 (6.39) |
289.1 (11.38) |
266.6 (10.50) |
209.7 (8.26) |
49.7 (1.96) |
5.3 (0.21) |
4.7 (0.19) |
1,077.6 (42.43) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 6.9 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 9.2 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 51.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
67 | 53 | 38 | 33 | 43 | 59 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 69 | 67 | 72 | 61 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 207.7 | 228.8 | 260.4 | 264.0 | 272.8 | 192.0 | 130.2 | 151.9 | 162.0 | 238.7 | 240.0 | 201.5 | 2,550 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.7 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 7.0 |
Average ultraviolet index | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[85][86][87][88] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[89] |
Air pollution
Pollution is a major concern in Patna. According to the
Economy
Since the 17th century, Patna has been a centre of international trade and an agricultural and textile hub, including a major silk and calico market.[citation needed] After gaining independence in 1947, the economy remained relatively stable, including growth in produce and manufacturing of vegetable oil. From the 1980s onwards, the economy experienced fluctuations. When liberalisation came to India in the 1990s, Patna did not attract significant global funds or foreign investment which proved a setback for the economy. Although the city had several fertiliser plants and sugar mills, due to a weakened ecosystem, many companies incurred losses and were eventually forced to close or leave the state.[citation needed]
The economy of Patna has seen sustained growth since 2005, in particular from the
Its largest exports are grain, sugarcane, sesame, and Patna rice, a local medium-grained variety. There are several sugar mills in and around Patna.[101] Patna has been described as an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India.[99]
The major business districts of the city are Bander Bagicha, Exhibition Road, Gandhi Maidan Marg, Frazer Road, Indrapuri and Maurya Lok.
Many manufacturing companies, including Hero Cycles, Britannia Industries, PepsiCo, Sonalika Tractors and UltraTech Cement, have established their manufacturing plants in the Patna metropolitan area. One of the world's largest leather clusters is in Fatuha, in Patna. Patna is also emerging as an information technology hub, including Tata Consultancy Services, which started operations in 2019 at a new Patna facility.[102]
-
State Bank of India- Patna Regional office at East Gandhi Maidan Marg
-
Reserve Bank of India's regional office at South Gandhi Maidan Marg, Patna
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1807–14 | 312,000 | — |
1820 | 100,000 | −67.9% |
1865 | 284,100 | +184.1% |
1872 | 158,000 | −44.4% |
1881 | 170,684 | +8.0% |
1891 | 165,200 | −3.2% |
1901 | 134,785 | −18.4% |
1911 | 136,153 | +1.0% |
1921 | 119,976 | −11.9% |
1931 | 159,690 | +33.1% |
1941 | 196,415 | +23.0% |
1951 | 283,479 | +44.3% |
1961 | 364,594 | +28.6% |
1971 | 475,300 | +30.4% |
1981 | 813,963 | +71.3% |
1991 | 1,099,647 | +35.1% |
2001 | 1,376,950 | +25.2% |
2011 | 1,684,222 | +22.3% |
Note: Huge population decline after 1814 due to the decrease in the river borne trade, persistent unhealthiness and repeated epidemics of plaque. Source: [103][104][105] |
With an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite.[106][107]
According to 2011 census data, Patna city had a population of 1,684,222 (before the expansion of the city limits) within the corporation limits, with 893,399 men and 790,823 women. This was an increase of 22.3 per cent compared to the 2001 figures. 11.32 per cent of the population was under six years of age, with 102,208 boys and 88,288 girls. The overall literacy rate is 83.37%, with the male literacy rate being 87.35% and the female literacy rate being 79.89%. The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1,000 males. The child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys.[108] The urban agglomeration had a population of 2,049,156 of which 1,087,285 are males and 961,871 are females with 82.73% literacy.[109] Patna is the second largest city in eastern India.[110]
Roughly 0.25% of Patna's population lives in slums which makes Patna, the city with the lowest percentage of people living in slums in India.
Religion and language
According to the 2011 census of India, Patna's major religion is Hinduism with 86.39% followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12.27% following it. Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Patna. During the last census report, around 0.01% stated other religions and approximately 0.49% stated no particular religion.[114]
Administration
The Patna sub-division (
Blocks
The Patna Tehsil is divided into 3 Blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). The list of Blocks is as follows:
- Patna
- Sampatchak
- Phulwari Sharif
Government
Civic administration
The civic administration of Patna is run by several government agencies and has overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are:
City officials | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Assumed office | Office | Source | ||
Corporation Mayor | Sita Sahu, BJP |
June 2017 | Maurya Lok | [119] |
Corporation Commissioner | Animesh Kumar Parashar, IAS | November 2021 | Maurya Lok | [120] |
Divisional Commissioner | Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, IAS | October 2019 | Near Golghar, Gandhi Maidan | [121] |
District Magistrate | Dr.Chandrashekhar Singh, IAS | January 2021 | Patna Collectorate | [122] |
Senior Superintendent of Police | Manavjit Singh Dhillon, IPS | January 2022 | South Gandhi Maidan Marg | [123] |
The Patna Municipal Corporation, or PMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 75 wards,[119] which accommodates a population of 1.7 million as per 2011 Census. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC.[124] The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.
As Patna's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and other elected members of the PMC. The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an
In October 2016, the Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages the development of a new airport at Bihta.[133][134] As of August 2015, the area of Patna city (along with its urban agglomeration) is 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).[4] Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of the city that has been passed ever, after the last plan was approved for 1961-1981.[135] Patna master plan covers six urban local bodies - Patna Municipal Corporation, Danapur Nagar Parishad, Phulwarisharif Nagar Parishad, Khagaul Nagar Parishad, Maner Nagar Panchayat and Fatuha Nagar Parishad.[136] The new master plan proposed to increase the area of Patna city to 1,167 square kilometres (451 sq mi) to transform it as a metropolitan city.[137] 5 satellite towns have also been proposed in the master plan at Bihta, Naubatpur, Punpun, Fatuha and Khusrupur.
Patna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[138] With the grade of a Smart City, Patna will have highly up-to-date and radical provisions like uninterrupted electric supply, first-rate traffic and transport system, superior health care and many other prime utilities. Under this scheme, the city will use digital technology that will act as the integral mechanism of the aforesaid facilities and thereby further elevate the lifestyle of the citizens. A special purpose vehicle company named the Patna Smart City Limited has been formed to implement the smart city projects. On 22 November 2017, Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL of Spain was chosen as the project management consultant.[139]
Politics
As the seat of the
City representatives (Legislators) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | Constituency | Source | |
Ravi Shankar Prasad, MP | BJP | Patna Sahib |
[145] | |
Ram Kripal Yadav, MP | BJP | Pataliputra |
[146] | |
Sanjiv Chaurasiya, MLA | BJP | Digha |
[147] | |
Nitin Naveen, MLA | BJP | Bankipur |
[147] | |
Nand Kishore Yadav, MLA | BJP | Patna Sahib |
[147] | |
Arun Kumar Sinha, MLA | BJP | Kumhrar |
[147] | |
Rama Nand Yadav, MLA | RJD | Fatuha |
[148] | |
Ritlal Yadav, MLA | RJD | Danapur |
[147] | |
Gopal Ravidas, MLA | CPI-ML(L) | Phulwari |
[149] | |
Bhai Virendra, MLA | RJD | Maner |
[150] |
Utility services
Groundwater fulfills the basic needs of the people,
As of 2011, the city's electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita, even though the actual demand is much higher.[157] Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited[158] managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board).[159] The city forms the Patna Electric Supply Undertaking (PESU)[160] Circle, which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East (consists Kankarbagh, Patna City, Gulzarbagh, Bankipore, Rajendra Nagar Divisions) and Patna West (Consists Danapur, New Capital, Pataliputra, Gardanibagh, Dak Bungalow divisions).[161][162]
Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via
Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the
Patna was the second Indian city, after
Transport
Roads
Patna is about 100 km south of national
Air transport
Patna Airport known as
Railways
Patna is served by several railway stations within. The
The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including
Patna is 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) East from
Metro
The
Culture
Patna's native language is Magahi or
The name Magahi is directly derived from the name Magadhi Prakrit, and educated speakers of Magahi prefer to call it "Magadhi" rather than "Magahi".[215]
Patna has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic[216] and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";[217][218] others are in various stages of decay.[219] Established in 1917 as the Bihar's first museum, the Patna Museum (पटना संग्रहालय) houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art.[220] The Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library and Sinha Library are historic public libraries of Patna.[221][222]
Several theatres are in or near the central part of the city, including the
The Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam, some times also called Company style, is an offshoot of the well-known Mughal Miniature school of painting, which flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to the mid-20th centuries.[225] The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and who found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from the Mughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes, in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian daily life, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes.[226] The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.[226]
Bihar Government is promoting its art and culture through Madhubani arts to educate people about Bihar's rich cultural diversity.[227]
Some well known dishes of Bihari cuisine include sattu paratha (
Street foods such as samosa,[229] chaat, jalebi, litti chokha, phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce), South Indian and Chinese cuisine are favourite among Patnaites.[230] Taj Hotel Patna is under construction at Budh Marg Lodipur.[231]
Bihari Women have traditionally worn cotton
-
People Celebrating Chhath Festival the 2nd Day at Morning a tribute to the rising holy God Sun
Tourism
Patna is home to many
The
In 2015, the Bihar government has built a state-of-the-art art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately ₹530 crores[248] on a site of 13.9 acres at Bailey Road.[249] 5 firms were shortlisted for the architectural design,[250] of which the Japanese firm Maki and Associates was chosen. It is now completed and opened for all.[251] Completed in May 2018, the Sabhyata Dwar was built with Mauryan-style architecture. It was opened to the general public in December 2018.[252]
In 2014, the Bihar government laid the foundation of
is in Jawaharlal Nehru Marg. It has more than 3,000 varieties of plants and includes several theme parks, a restaurant, and a boat trip zone.Education
Schools in Patna are either government-run schools or private schools. The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. A number of Bengali medium schools also thrive in Patna.[254] Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.[255] A 2012 survey found 1,574 schools: of these, 78% were private unaided schools (most of them at an affordable cost), 21% were government schools and 1% were private aided.[256]
Under the
Patna has important government educational institutions like
Sports
As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Patna and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[264] There are several sports grounds across the city. The Bihar Cricket Association, which regulates cricket in Bihar,[265] is based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, basketball, football, badminton, and table tennis, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.
The Patna Golf Club was established on 21 March 1916, and is one of the oldest golf courses in India. It has 18 holes in a historic setting in and around Bailey Road, a 165-acre (67 ha) course.[269][270]
Patna hosted the
Other famous sports complexes of Patna are Bihar Military Police's Mithilesh Stadium,[275] East Central Railway zone's indoor stadium at Digha[276] etc.
-
A game of cricket in progress
-
Kankarbagh Indoor Stadium at Patliputra Sports Complex during Pro Kabaddi League match
Media
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[277] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar.[278][279]
Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered
Many national media agencies, including the
Patna has several AM and FM radio stations, including many state-owned channels. The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned All India Radio's Vividh Bharati, and FM 105. The All India Radio, Patna (officially Akashvani Patna Kendra) was established in 1948.[285]
Patna is served by several private channels.
Private FM stations
No. | Name | Frequency | Language |
---|---|---|---|
01 | Radio Mirchi | 98.3 FM | Hindi |
02 | Radio City | 91.1 FM | Hindi |
03 | Big FM |
95.0 FM | Hindi & Bhojpuri |
04 | Red FM |
93.5 FM | Hindi |
Notable people
See also
References
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... the greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians, where the streams of the Erannoboas and the Ganga unite,—the Ganga being the greatest of all rivers. The Erannoboas are perhaps the third largest of Indian rivers, though greater than the greatest rivers elsewhere. Still, it is smaller than the Ganga, where it falls into it. Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates....
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Further reading
- Lewis Sydney Steward O'Malley, ed. (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company. p. 256. ISBN 9788172681210.
- Surendra Gopal, ed. (1982). Patna in the 19th Century: A Socio-cultural Profile. Naya Prokash. p. 120. ISBN 9780836409338.
- Robert Montgomery Martin, ed. (1838). Behar (Patna city) and Shahabad, Volume 1 of The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India. W. H. Allen and Co. p. 256.
- William Tayler, ed. (1858). The Patna crisis; or, Three months at Patna: during the insurrection of 1857. J. Nisbet. p. 96.
- J. D. Beglar, Sir Alexander Cunningham, ed. (1878). Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir, and Bhagalpur: The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum, and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan, and Hughli : in 1872–73 Volume 8 of Archaeological Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 213.
- Walter Kelly Firminger, ed. (1909). The Diaries of Three Surgeons of Patna – 1763. The Calcutta Historical Society.
- Nas Margens do Hindustão : o estado da India e a expansão mongol ca.1570-1640. Por Jorge Flores
- Thakur, Baleshwar (1980). "Urban Settlemnts in Eastern India".