Patriarch

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The highest-ranking

The word is derived from Greek πατριάρχης (patriarchēs),^[2] meaning "chief or father of a family",^[3] a compound of πατριά (patria),^[4] meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (archein),^[5] meaning "to rule".^[3][6][7][8]

Originally, a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family.^[9] The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed patriarchy. Historically, a patriarch has often been the logical choice to act as ethnarch of the community identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different creed (such as Christians within the Ottoman Empire). The term developed an ecclesiastical meaning within Christianity. The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a Christian patriarch is termed a patriarchate.

In the Catholic Church, the bishop who is head of a particular autonomous church, known in canon law as a church sui iuris, is ordinarily a patriarch, though this responsibility can be entrusted to a major archbishop, metropolitan, or other prelate for a number of reasons.^[11]

Since the Council of Nicaea, the bishop of Rome has been recognized as the first among patriarchs.^[12] That council designated three bishops with this 'supra-Metropolitan' title: Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. In the Pentarchy formulated by Justinian I (527–565), the emperor assigned as a patriarchate to the Bishop of Rome the whole of Christianized Europe (including almost all of modern Greece), except for the region of Thrace, the areas near Constantinople, and along the coast of the Black Sea. He included in this patriarchate also the western part of North Africa. The jurisdictions of the other patriarchates extended over Roman Asia, and the rest of Africa. Justinian's system was given formal ecclesiastical recognition by the Quinisext Council of 692, which the see of Rome has, however, not recognized.

There were at the time bishops of other apostolic sees that operated with patriarchal authority beyond the borders of the Roman Empire, such as the

Today, the patriarchal heads of Catholic autonomous churches are:^[13]

• The
  Patriarch of Rome (Pope), as head of the Latin Church^[14]
• The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Pope) and head of the Coptic Catholic Church, recognised 1824
• The Maronite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East and head of the Maronite Church, recognised 685
• The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of Alexandria and of Jerusalem, head of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church; in his case, Antioch is the actual and sole patriarchate, Alexandria and Jerusalem are just titular (once residential) patriarchates vested in his see.
• The
  Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East and head of the Syriac Catholic Church
• The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Baghdad and head of the Chaldean Catholic Church, recognised 1553
• The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia and head of the Armenian Catholic Church, recognised 1742

Four more of the

• The
  Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
  , established 1099.
• The
  Patriarch of the East Indies, a titular patriarchal see, united to Goa and Daman
  , established 1886.
• The Patriarch of Lisbon, established 1716.
• The Patriarch of Venice, established 1451.

Historical Latin patriarchates

• The Patriarch of Aquileia – with rival line of succession moved to Grado – dissolved in 1752.
• The Patriarch of Grado – in 1451 merged with the Bishopric of Castello and Venice to form the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Venice (later a residential Patriarchate itself).
• The
  Patriarch of the West Indies
  – a titular patriarchal see, vacant since 1963.
• The
  Latin Patriarch of Antioch
  – title abolished in 1964.
• The titular
  Latin Patriarch of Alexandria
  – title abolished in 1964.
• The
  Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
  – title abolished in 1964.
• The Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia – 1555 to 1663, never effective, only held by Iberian Jesuits

Patriarch as title ad personam

The pope can confer the rank of patriarch without any see, upon an individual archbishop, as happened on 24 February 1676 to

"Patriarch of the West"

In theological and other scholarly literature of the

• The five ancient Patriarchates, the Pentarchy, listed in order of preeminence ranked by the Quinisext Council in 692:

• The five junior Patriarchates created after the consolidation of the Pentarchy, in chronological order of their recognition as Patriarchates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople:

Patriarchs outside the Eastern Orthodox Communion

Oriental Orthodox Churches

Church of the East

It refers to

• Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East
  .
• Catholicos-Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East
  (since 1964)

Other Christian denominations

The title of "Patriarch" is assumed also by the leaders of certain

Hussite

• The Patriarch of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church mainly in the Czech Republic and also some parts of Slovakia.^[1]

Independent Catholic

• The Patriarch of the Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch.^[27]
• The Patriarch Juan Almario E.M. Calampiano of the Apostolic Catholic Church in the Philippines.
• The Patriarch of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church in Brazil (Not officially used, but described in a similarly holy level).
• Patriarch Dr. +John Paul Hozvicka "Servant of Christ Jesus of the Catholic Faith" United States
• The Patriarch of the Venezuelan Catholic Apostolic Church in Venezuela.

Independent Eastern Catholic

• The Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine.

Independent Eastern Orthodox

• The Patriarch of the American Orthodox Catholic Church.

Independent Oriental Orthodox

• The Patriarch of the British Orthodox Church.

Protestant

• The Patriarch of the International Communion of the Charismatic Episcopal Church.

Latter Day Saint movement

In the

Manichaeism

The term patriarch has also been used for the leader of the extinct Manichaean religion, initially based at Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) and later at Samarkand.

See also

• List of current patriarchs
• Lists of Patriarchs
• Catholicos
• Patriarchate
• Patriarchy
• Matriarchy
• List of Bishops and Archbishops
• Major archbishop
• List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow
• Rishama in Mandaeism

References