Patriarchate of Aquileia
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The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an
History
From bishopric to patriarchate
Ancient tradition asserts that the see was founded by
In the course of the
In time, part of western
Emperor
Meanwhile, by the end of the next decade, the
Split with Grado
Various efforts of the popes at Rome and the exarchs at Ravenna, both peaceful and otherwise, met with persistent refusal to renew the bonds of unity until the election of Candidianus (606 or 607) as Metropolitan of Aquileia (in Grado). Weary of fifty years' schism, those of his suffragans whose sees lay within the empire joined him in submission to Rome; his mainland suffragans among the Lombards persisted in the schism. They went further and elected in Aquileia itself, patriarch John the Abbot (606 or 607) so that henceforth there were two little patriarchates in northern Italy, the insular patriarchate of Aquileia in Grado and the mainland patriarchate of Old Aquileia, residing in the fortress of Cormons.
With the death of King
In 628, the patriarchs of Old-Aquileia transferred their residence to Cormons. Patriarch Callistus moved the patriarchal residence to Cividale del Friuli (Forum Julii) in 737 and it remained there until the thirteenth century when it was moved again, this time to Udine in 1223.
In the last decade of the 8th century, the creation of a new metropolitan see at
Nevertheless, the
Expansion and collapse
German feudal influence was henceforth more and more tangible in the ecclesiastical affairs of Old-Aquileia. In 1011 one of its patriarchs, John IV, surrounded by thirty bishops, consecrated the new cathedral of
In 1047, the Patriarch Eberhard, a German, assisted at the Roman synod of that year, in which it was declared that Aquileia was inferior in honour only to Rome, Ravenna, and Milan. In 1063, however,
Temporal power
In 1077, the patriarch
In the early 13th century, particularly under Wolfger von Erla (1204–1218) and Berthold (1218–1251), the Patriarchate had a flourishing industry and commerce, favoured by a good road network, as well as a notable cultural activity. Damaged by earthquakes and other calamities, and reduced to a few hundred inhabitants, Aquileia was nearly abandoned in the 14th century. The capital of the state was moved first to Cividale and then, from 1238, to Udine, in central Friuli, which had been a favourite residence of the patriarch since the 13th century and soon became a large city.
However, late in the century, the Patriarchate had to face the increasing power of the Republic of Venice, as well as the inner strifes between its vassals, and also became entangled in the endless wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines. A recovery occurred during the rule of Bertrand (1334–1350), a successful administrator and military leader. He was killed in 1350 in a plot, at the age of ninety.
Since the transfer of the patriarchal residence to Udine the Venetians had never lived in peace with the patriarchate, of whose imperial favour and tendencies they were jealous. In the 15th century the state also suffered a series of inner strifes between Cividale and Udine. In 1411 this turned into a war which was to mark the end of the Patriarchate, Cividale having received support from most of the Friulian communes, the
followed.In 1445, after the defeated patriarch
Under Domenico Grimani (cardinal since 1497), Austrian Friuli was added to the territory of the patriarchate whose jurisdiction thus extended over some Austrian dioceses. In 1623 provost of Aquileia Albert Pessler, on behalf of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, requested establishment of the Bishopric of Gorizia and removing the Austrian dioceses from jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.[9]
Extinction
The 109th and last Patriarch of Aquileia was Daniel Dolfin, coadjutor since 1714 of his predecessor, Dionigio Dolfin, his successor since 1734, and a cardinal since 1747.
The Venetian claim to the nomination of the Patriarch of Aquileia had been met by a counter-claim on the part of Austria since the end of the fifteenth century when Austrian dioceses came to be included within the jurisdiction of the patriarchate.
Finally,
This decision was not satisfactory to Venice, and in 1751 with the 6 July bull Injunctio Nobis, the Pope divided the patriarchate into two archdioceses; one at Udine, with Venetian Friuli for its territory, the other at Gorizia, with jurisdiction over Austrian Friuli. Of the ancient patriarchate, once so proud and influential, there remained but the parish church of Aquileia. It was made immediately subject to the Apostolic See and to its rector was granted the right of using episcopal insignia seven times in the year.
Titular see
In 1968,
See also
- Aquileian rite
- List of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia
- Titular Archbishop of Aquileia
- I libri dei Patriarchi
Notes and references
- ^ Meyendorff 1989, p. 310-314.
- ^ Sotinel 2007, p. 85-120.
- ^ G. C. Menis, History of Friuli, pp. 109–110, G. E. A. P. Pordenone 1988.
- ^ G. C. Menis, History of Friuli, pp. 142–143, G. E. A. P. Pordenone 1988.
- ^ Everett, Nicholas. Paulinus, The Carolgingians and Famosissima Aquileia, 145.
- '^ Friulian Biographical Dictionary
- ^ G. C. Menis, History of Friuli, p. 207, Pordenone 1988
- ^ G. C. Menis, History of Friuli, p. 251, Pordenone 1988.
- ^ Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor. Državna Štamparija. 1925. p. 35.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 1968 (Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana 1968), p. 553
Sources
- Krahwinkler, Harald (2005). "Patriarch Fortunatus of Grado and the Placitum of Riziano" (PDF). Acta Histriae. 13 (1): 63–78.
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- Minotto, A. S. (ed.) (1870). Documenta ad Forumjulii patriarchatum Aquileiensem Tergestum Istriam Goritiam Vol. 1. (in Latin). Venice: typis Joh. Cecchini, 1870. [Volume 1 of Acta et diplomata e r. tabulario veneto / studio et opera A. S. Minotto]
- Nicovich, John Mark (2009). "The poverty of the Patriarchate of Grado and the Byzantine-Venetian Treaty of 1082". Mediterranean Historical Review. 24 (1): 1–16. S2CID 153843834.
- Price, Richard M. (2007). "The Three Chapters Controversy and the Council of Chalcedon". The Crisis of the Oikoumene: The Three Chapters and the Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-century Mediterranean. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 17–37. ISBN 9782503515205.
- Shahan, Thomas Joseph (1907). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- Sotinel, Claire (2007). "The Three Chapters and the Transformations of Italy". The Crisis of the Oikoumene: The Three Chapters and the Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-century Mediterranean. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 85–120. ISBN 9782503515205.
- Vicelja-Matijašić, Marina (2005). "Byzantium and Istria: Some Aspects of Byzantine Presence in Istria" (PDF). Acta Histriae. 13 (1): 185–204.