Patriarchate
Patriarchate (
In the rest of the history of Christianity, a few other patriarchates were gradually recognised by any of these above ancient episcopal sees. With time, eventually some of them fell due to military occupations following the Islamic conquests of the Middle East and North Africa, and became titular or honorary patriarchates with no actual institutional jurisdiction on the original site.
History
As Christianity expanded in the
With the Imperial Capital having moved to Byzantium in 330, the re-named city of Constantinople became increasingly important in church affairs of the Greek East. The See of Constantinople was granted Archiepiscopal status prior to a council held in the city in 381, which ranked it second in honour after Rome. Archbishop Atticus would do much to expand the jurisdictional reach of the See in the early 5th century.[5] Following the Council of Ephesus in 431, Bishop Juvenal of Jerusalem began to exert jurisdictional oversight across all three provinces of Roman Palestine, seeking to make Jerusalem into a Metropolitan See, but Cyril of Alexandria and Pope Leo I opposed the separation of Jerusalem from suffrage to Cæsarea and, more broadly, Antioch.[6] Juvenal went as far as to claim Metropolitan authority over Roman Arabia and Phoenicia. At the Council of Chalcedon negotiations with Archbishop Maximus of Antioch resulted in approval of oversight over all of Palestine but no further. The attendees of the council, which included the bishops of Palestine, thus consented to the establishment of the Metropolitinate of Jerusalem. The extent of the oversight granted to the jurisdiction at Chalcedon was both a significant expansion on the precedent established at Nicea and was supra-Metropolitan in scale alongside Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch.[7] In light of this, a century later Emperor Justinian would recognise Jerusalem as one of five Patriarchates.
The East-West Schism of 1054 split the Latin Church's see of Rome from the Byzantine patriarchates of the East, thus forming the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The four Eastern Orthodox patriarchates (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem), along with their Latin Catholic counterpart in the West, Rome, are distinguished as "senior" (
Catholic Church
There are seven current patriarchates within the Catholic Church. Six are patriarchates of Eastern Catholic Churches:[8] Alexandria (Coptic), Antioch (Maronite, Melkite, Syriac), Baghdad (Chaldean), and Cilicia (Armenian). The pope is effectively patriarch of the Latin Church, even if the title "Patriarch of the West" is no longer used.
There are also four major archbishops, who operate as patriarch of their autonomous church, but for historical or procedural reasons are not recognized as a full patriarch. The main difference being that a patriarch's election is communicated to the pope, as a sign of communion between equals, but a major archbishop's election must be approved by the pope.
In addition, there are four titular patriarchates - diocesan bishops whose dioceses have been given the honorific title of patriarchate for various historical reasons, but are not heads of autonomous churches sui iuris. These include the
Some of the Eastern Catholic patriarchates are active on the same territories. Damascus is the seat of the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Part of a series on the |
Eastern Orthodox Church |
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Overview |
Nine of the current autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the four ancient churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem mentioned above, are organized as patriarchates. In chronological order of establishment, the other five are: Bulgarian Patriarchate (the oldest one following the Pentarchy), Georgian Patriarchate, Serbian Patriarchate, Moscow Patriarchate and Romanian Patriarchate.
The
A patriarchate has
Oriental Orthodoxy
There are several patriarchates within
Church of the East
Patriarch of the Church of the East is the head of the Church of the East. Today, there are three rival patriarchs:
- Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Catholicos Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East
- Chaldean Catholic patriarch of Baghdad (of the Catholic church)
Protestantism
The head of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church is also called a Patriarch. [12][13]
Apostolic Catholic Church
The Patriarch of the Apostolic Catholic Church is called a Patriarch.
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1911). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11.
see - II.THE THREE PATRIARCHS
- ^ ISBN 978-1-6667-4063-9.
- ^ Hoare, F. R. (1954-01-01). The Western Fathers (1st ed.). Sheed & Ward. pp. xvi–xvii.
- ^ Venables 1911 cites Socr. vii. 25, 28, 37.
- ^ "St. Pachomius Library". www.voskrese.info. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
- ISBN 978-0-88141-086-0.
- ^ In his motu proprio [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum_lt.html Ad Purpuratorum Patrum of 11 February 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed that Eastern Catholic Patriarchs who became cardinals would be ranked as Cardinal Bishops, not Cardinal Priests, as had previously been the case, and that they would yield precedence only to the six Cardinal Bishops who hold the titles of the suburbicarian sees.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012, pp. 3-5
- ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ^ Stammer, Larry (21 October 2000). "Armenians Called by 1 Faith, But 2 Churches". California Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Úřad ústřední rady (Office of the Central Council), Czechoslovak Hussite Church
- ^ Patriarcha, Czechoslovak Hussite Church
Sources
- ISBN 9780881410860.
- Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- ISBN 9780881411348.
- ISBN 9788872103364.
- Pheidas, Blasios I. (2005). "Papal Primacy and Patriarchal Pentarchy in the Orthodox Tradition". The Petrine Ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in Dialogue. New York: The Newman Press. ISBN 9780809143344.
- ISBN 9780521313100.
External links
- Fortescue, Adrian (1911). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11.