Tutelary deity

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Patron deity
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A tutelary (

spirit
who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of "tutelary" expresses the concept of safety and thus of guardianship.

In

familiar spirit of European folklore.[1]

Ancient Greece

Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or daimonion:

You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me … . This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician.[2]

The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens.

Ancient Rome

The mural crown of Cybele represents the walls of the city she protects

Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to

goddess Victory as his tutelary by holding public games (ludi) in her honor.[7]

Each town or city had one or more tutelary deities, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege.

Jupiter, and Minerva were also tutelaries of Rome.[10]

The

Praeneste was Fortuna, whose oracle was renowned.[13]

The Roman ritual of

evocatio was premised on the belief that a town could be made vulnerable to military defeat if the power of its tutelary deity were diverted outside the city, perhaps by the offer of superior cult at Rome.[14][15] The depiction of some goddesses such as the Magna Mater (Great Mother, or Cybele) as "tower-crowned" represents their capacity to preserve the city.[16]

A town in the

Rheims), the tutelary was Mars Camulus.[17]

Lararium depicting tutelary deities of the house: the ancestral Genius (center) flanked by two Lares, with a guardian serpent below

Tutelary deities were also attached to sites of a much smaller scale, such as storerooms, crossroads, and granaries. Each Roman home had a set of protective deities: the

architecture of a granary (horreum) featured niches for images of the tutelary deities, who might include the genius loci or guardian spirit of the site, Hercules, Silvanus, Fortuna Conservatrix ("Fortuna the Preserver") and in the Greek East Aphrodite and Agathe Tyche.[20]

The Lares Compitales were the tutelary gods of a neighborhood (

vicus), each of which had a compitum (shrine) devoted to these.[21][22] Their annual public festival was the Compitalia. During the Republic, the cult of local or neighborhood tutelaries sometimes became rallying points for political and social unrest.[23]

Austronesian

Buddhism

Chinese folk religion

Stone doors of a tomb of the period of the Northern Dynasties to Tʻang Dynasty, excavated in Ching-pien County of the city of Yü-lin, Shensi Province. It shows two figures with tridents as the guardian deities of the tomb.

Chinese folk religion, both past and present, includes myriad tutelary deities. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Lord Guan is the patron of military personnel and police, while Mazu is the patron of fishermen and sailors.

  • Tudigong (Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity.
  • Chenghuangshen (City God) is the guardian deity of individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times.

Christianity

A similar concept in Christianity would be the patron saint example of archangels "Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, etc."[24][25] or to a lesser extent, the guardian angel.

Germanic

Hinduism

In

ishta-devata, while family tutelary deities are known as Kuladevata. Gramadevata are guardian deities of villages. Devas can also be seen as tutelary. Shiva is patron of yogis
and renunciants. City goddesses include:

Kuladevis include:

Indonesian folk religion

Influenced by the religion of Islam, Indonesian people believe in jinn, particularly on the island of Java. Those jinn who adhere to the religion of Islam are generally benevolent, however, non-Muslim jinn are considered to be mischievous. Some of them guard graves. If a pilgrim approaching the grave has evil intentions, they would cause severe illness or even death.[26]

Korean shamanism

In

Seonangshin is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the Seonangdang
.

Meitei

In Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Manipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among which Lam Lais are the most predominant ones.[27][28][29]

Native American

  • Tonás, tutelary animal spirit among the Zapotec.
  • Totems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals.

Philippine folk religion

In Philippine animism, Diwata or Lambana are deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians.

Shinto

In Shinto, the spirits, or kami, which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped.

Slavic Europe

Some tutelary deities are known to exist in Slavic Europe, a more prominent example being that of the Leshy.[30]

Thai religion

A Thai spirit house for the Chao Thi in front of a car dealership in Bangkok
  • Thai provincial capitals have tutelary city pillars and palladiums. The guardian spirit of a house is known as Chao Thi (เจ้าที่) or Phra Phum (พระภูมิ). Almost every traditional household in Thailand has a miniature shrine housing this tutelary deity, known as a spirit house.

Vietnamese folk religion

In Vietnamese folk religion, Thành hoàng are gods who protect and bring good things to the village.

See also

References

  1. ^ Riffard, Pierre A. (2008). Nouveau dictionnaire de l'ésotérisme. Paris, FR: Payot. pp. 114–115, 136–137.
  2. ^ Plato. Apology of Socrates. 40 b.
  3. ^ Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Beliefs", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 279.
  4. ^ Gradel, Ittai (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. Oxford University Press. pp. 104–105.
  5. .
  6. ^ Gradel, Ittai (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
  7. ^ Bernstein, Frank. "Complex Rituals: Games and processions in republican Rome". A Companion to Roman Religion. pp. 231 ff.
  8. ^ de Martino, Marcello (2011). L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma. Un riesame dell' affaire Sorano. Settimo Sigillo.
  9. ^ Rüpke, Jörg (2007). Religion of the Romans. Polity Press. pp. 132–133. (originally published in German 2001)
  10. ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. pp. 23–24.
  11. ^ Forsythe, Gary (2006) [2005]. A Critical History of Early Rome: From prehistory to the first Punic War. University of California Press. p. 128.
  12. ^ Rüpke. Religion of the Romans. p. 132. who cites Macrobius. Saturnalia. 3.9.
  13. ..
  14. ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. pp. 126–127.
  15. ^ Ando, Clifford (2007). "Exporting Roman religion". A Companion to Roman Religion. Blackwell. p. 441.
  16. ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. p. 123. who cites Lucretius. De rerum natura. 2.606–609.
  17. ^ Derks, Ton (1998). Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The transformation of religious ideas and values in Roman Gaul. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 100, 105, 108–109. Local elites … were well aware of the mythological tales connected with the various Roman gods, and in the choice of a tutelary god for their civitas or pagus opted deliberately for a deity who, in all his aspects, was most in keeping with their own perception of the world.
  18. ^ Warrior, Valerie M. (2006). Roman Religion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29.
  19. ^ Martial. Epigrams. 10.92. cited by Warrior. Roman Religion. pp. 29–30.
  20. ^ Rickman, Geoffrey (1971). Roman Granaries and Store Buildings. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35, 52, 57, 313–314.
  21. ^ Gradel. Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. p. 11.
  22. from the original on 2022-03-30. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
  23. guild associations
    referred to by Cicero (In Pisonem 8) that was extended to suppress the Compitalia.
  24. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Esdras (Ezra)". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  25. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Thessalonians 4:16 – New Revised Standard Version". Bible Gateway. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  26. ^ Woodward, Mark. Java, Indonesia and Islam. Deutschland, Springer Netherlands, 2010.p. 87
  27. ^ Banerji, Projesh (1956). Dance of India. Kitabistan.
  28. ^ Playne, Somerset (1917). Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa: Their History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company.
  29. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur (1981). Man in India. A.K. Bose.
  30. OCLC 774276733.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )