Tutelary deity
A tutelary (
In
Ancient Greece
Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or daimonion:
You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me … . This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician.[2]
The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens.
Ancient Rome
Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to
Each town or city had one or more tutelary deities, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege.
The
The Roman ritual of
A town in the
Tutelary deities were also attached to sites of a much smaller scale, such as storerooms, crossroads, and granaries. Each Roman home had a set of protective deities: the
The Lares Compitales were the tutelary gods of a neighborhood (
Austronesian
- Atua
- Hanitu
- Hyang
- Kaitiaki
- Kawas (mythology)
- Tiki
Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism has Yidam as a tutelary deity. Dakini is the patron of those who seek knowledge.
Chinese folk religion
Chinese folk religion, both past and present, includes myriad tutelary deities. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Lord Guan is the patron of military personnel and police, while Mazu is the patron of fishermen and sailors.
- Tudigong (Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity.
- Chenghuangshen (City God) is the guardian deity of individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times.
Christianity
A similar concept in Christianity would be the patron saint example of archangels "Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, etc."[24][25] or to a lesser extent, the guardian angel.
Germanic
- Fylgja
- Hamingja
- Landdisir
- Landvættir
- Vættir
Hinduism
In
- Kuladevis include:
- Porwad)
- Mahalakshmi
- Kal Bhairava is the protector of Ujjain
- Murugan is the protector of Kurinji (Hills).
- Padmanabhaswamy (Travancore)
Indonesian folk religion
Influenced by the religion of Islam, Indonesian people believe in jinn, particularly on the island of Java. Those jinn who adhere to the religion of Islam are generally benevolent, however, non-Muslim jinn are considered to be mischievous. Some of them guard graves. If a pilgrim approaching the grave has evil intentions, they would cause severe illness or even death.[26]
Korean shamanism
In
Meitei
In Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Manipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among which Lam Lais are the most predominant ones.[27][28][29]
Native American
- Tonás, tutelary animal spirit among the Zapotec.
- Totems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals.
Philippine folk religion
In Philippine animism, Diwata or Lambana are deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians.
- Mt. Makiling.
- Maria Cacao and Maria Sinukuan.
Shinto
In Shinto, the spirits, or kami, which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped.
Slavic Europe
Some tutelary deities are known to exist in Slavic Europe, a more prominent example being that of the Leshy.[30]
Thai religion
- Thai provincial capitals have tutelary city pillars and palladiums. The guardian spirit of a house is known as Chao Thi (เจ้าที่) or Phra Phum (พระภูมิ). Almost every traditional household in Thailand has a miniature shrine housing this tutelary deity, known as a spirit house.
Vietnamese folk religion
In Vietnamese folk religion, Thành hoàng are gods who protect and bring good things to the village.
See also
- Dvarapala
- Ethnic religion
- Eudaemon (mythology)
- Guardian angel
- Hiisi
- Liminal deity
- Nagual
- National god
- Neoshamanism
- Patron saint
- Uay
References
- ^ Riffard, Pierre A. (2008). Nouveau dictionnaire de l'ésotérisme. Paris, FR: Payot. pp. 114–115, 136–137.
- ^ Plato. Apology of Socrates. 40 b.
- ^ Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Beliefs", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 279.
- ^ Gradel, Ittai (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. Oxford University Press. pp. 104–105.
- ISBN 9789004175037.
- ^ Gradel, Ittai (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
- ^ Bernstein, Frank. "Complex Rituals: Games and processions in republican Rome". A Companion to Roman Religion. pp. 231 ff.
- ^ de Martino, Marcello (2011). L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma. Un riesame dell' affaire Sorano. Settimo Sigillo.
- ^ Rüpke, Jörg (2007). Religion of the Romans. Polity Press. pp. 132–133. (originally published in German 2001)
- ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. pp. 23–24.
- ^ Forsythe, Gary (2006) [2005]. A Critical History of Early Rome: From prehistory to the first Punic War. University of California Press. p. 128.
- ^ Rüpke. Religion of the Romans. p. 132. who cites Macrobius. Saturnalia. 3.9.
- ISBN 978-9004101371..
- ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. pp. 126–127.
- ^ Ando, Clifford (2007). "Exporting Roman religion". A Companion to Roman Religion. Blackwell. p. 441.
- ^ Lipka. Roman Gods. p. 123. who cites Lucretius. De rerum natura. 2.606–609.
- ^ Derks, Ton (1998). Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The transformation of religious ideas and values in Roman Gaul. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 100, 105, 108–109.
Local elites … were well aware of the mythological tales connected with the various Roman gods, and in the choice of a tutelary god for their civitas or pagus opted deliberately for a deity who, in all his aspects, was most in keeping with their own perception of the world.
- ^ Warrior, Valerie M. (2006). Roman Religion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29.
- ^ Martial. Epigrams. 10.92. cited by Warrior. Roman Religion. pp. 29–30.
- ^ Rickman, Geoffrey (1971). Roman Granaries and Store Buildings. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35, 52, 57, 313–314.
- ^ Gradel. Emperor Worship and Roman Religion. p. 11.
- ISBN 9780521077026. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-03-30. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- guild associationsreferred to by Cicero (In Pisonem 8) that was extended to suppress the Compitalia.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Esdras (Ezra)". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Thessalonians 4:16 – New Revised Standard Version". Bible Gateway. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
- ^ Woodward, Mark. Java, Indonesia and Islam. Deutschland, Springer Netherlands, 2010.p. 87
- ^ Banerji, Projesh (1956). Dance of India. Kitabistan.
- ^ Playne, Somerset (1917). Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa: Their History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company.
- ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur (1981). Man in India. A.K. Bose.
- )