Paul Painlevé
Paul Painlevé | |
---|---|
Lucien Lacaze | |
Succeeded by | Georges Clemenceau |
President of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 9 June 1924 – 21 April 1925 | |
Preceded by | Raoul Péret |
Succeeded by | Édouard Herriot |
Personal details | |
Born | 5 December 1863 Paris |
Died | 29 October 1933 Paris | (aged 69)
Political party | PRS |
Paul Painlevé (French: [pɔl pɛ̃ləve]; 5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French mathematician and statesman. He served twice as Prime Minister of the Third Republic: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925. His entry into politics came in 1906 after a professorship at the Sorbonne that began in 1892.
His first term as prime minister lasted only nine weeks but dealt with weighty issues, such as the Russian Revolution, the American entry into the war, the failure of the
Biography
Early life
Painlevé was born in Paris.
He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Marguerite died during the birth of their son Jean Painlevé in the following year.[3]
Painlevé's mathematical work on
Mathematical work
Some
In 1895 he gave a series of lectures at Stockholm University on differential equations, at the end stating the Painlevé conjecture about singularities of the n-body problem.[9] In the same year he published work on the Painlevé paradox, an apparent contradiction in simple models of friction.[10]
In the 1920s, Painlevé briefly turned his attention to the new theory of gravitation,
Early political career
Between 1915 and 1917, Painlevé served as French Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. In December 1915, he requested a scientific exchange agreement between France and Britain, resulting in Anglo-French collaboration that ultimately led to the parallel development by Paul Langevin in France and Robert Boyle in Britain of the first active sonar.[12]
First period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's
On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to
On 7 September 1917, Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government.[3]
Painlevé was a leading voice at the
Second period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing Bloc National. By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with Édouard Herriot, a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the Cartel des Gauches. Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of the Chamber of Deputies. Though Painlevé ran for President of France in 1924 he was defeated by Gaston Doumergue. Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the Dawes Plan and agreed to evacuate the Ruhr. However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the franc and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on 17 April. Unfortunately, he was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on 21 November.[3][13][16]
Later political career
Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Though Briand was defeated by Raymond Poincaré in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Poincaré stabilised the franc with a return to the gold standard, but ultimately acceded power to Briand.[3] During his tenure as Minister of War, Painlevé was instrumental in the creation of the Maginot Line. This line of military fortifications along France's Eastern border was largely designed by Painlevé, yet named for André Maginot, owing to Maginot's championing of public support and funding.[citation needed] Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929.[3]
From 1925 to 1933, Painlevé represented France in the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (he replaced Henri Bergson and was himself replaced by Édouard Herriot).[17]
Though he was proposed for President of France in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international air force to enforce global peace. On the fall of the government in January 1933, his political career ended.[3]
Painlevé died in Paris in October of the same year.[13] On 4 November, after a eulogy by Prime Minister Albert Sarraut, he was interred in the Panthéon.[18]
Honours
- Painlevé was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1918.[19]
- The aircraft carrier Painlevé was named in his honour.[20]
- The asteroid 953 Painleva was named in his honour.[21]
- The Laboratoire Paul Painlevé (fr), a French mathematics research lab, is named in his honour.
- Maurice Ravel dedicated the second of his Trois Chansons to him in 1915.
Composition of governments
Painlevé's First Government, 12 September – 16 November 1917
- Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of War
- Alexandre Ribot – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Louis Loucheur – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing
- Théodore Steeg – Minister of the Interior
- Louis Lucien Klotz– Minister of Finance
- André Renard – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
- Raoul Péret – Minister of Justice
- Charles Chaumet – Minister of Marine
- Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
- Fernand David – Minister of Agriculture
- Maurice Long – Minister of General Supply
- René Besnard – Minister of Colonies
- Albert Claveille – Minister of Public Works and Transport
- Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
- Louis Barthou – Minister of State
- Léon Bourgeois – Minister of State
- Paul Doumer – Minister of State
- Jean Dupuy – Minister of State
Changes
- 27 September 1917 – Henry Franklin-Bouillon entered the ministry as Minister of State.
- 23 October 1917 – Louis Barthou succeeded Ribot as Minister of Foreign Affairs
Painlevé's Second Ministry, 17 April – 29 October 1925
- Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of War
- Aristide Briand – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Abraham Schrameck – Minister of the Interior
- Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance
- Antoine Durafour – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
- Théodore Steeg – Minister of Justice
- Émile Borel – Minister of Marine
- Anatole de Monzie – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
- Louis Antériou – Minister of Pensions
- Jean Durand – Minister of Agriculture
- Orly André-Hesse – Minister of Colonies
- Pierre Laval – Minister of Public Works
- Charles Chaumet – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Changes
- 11 October 1925 – Anatole de Monzie succeeded Steeg as Minister of Justice. Yvon Delbos succeeded Monzie as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October – 28 November 1925
- Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of Finance
- Aristide Briand – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Édouard Daladier – Minister of War
- Abraham Schrameck – Minister of the Interior
- Georges Bonnet – Minister of Budget
- Antoine Durafour – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
- Camille Chautemps – Minister of Justice
- Émile Borel – Minister of Marine
- Yvon Delbos – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
- Louis Antériou – Minister of Pensions
- Jean Durand – Minister of Agriculture
- Léon Perrier – Minister of Colonies
- Anatole de Monazie – Minister of Public Works
- Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Works
- Sur les lignes singulières des fonctions analytiques - 1887/On singular lines of analytic functions.
- Mémoire sur les équations différentielles du premier ordre - 1892/Memory on first order differential equations.
- Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles, A. Hermann (Paris), 1897/A course on analytic theory of differential equations.
- Leçons sur les fonctions de variables réelles et les développements en séries de polynômes - 1905/A course on real variable functions and polynomial development series.
- Cours de mécanique et machines (Paris), 1907/A course on mechanics and machines.
- Cours de mécanique et machines 2 (Paris), 1908/A course on mechanics and machines 2.
- Leçons sur les fonctions définies par les équations différentielles du premier ordre, Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1908/A course on functions defined by first order differential equations.
- L'aéroplane, Lille, 1909/Aeroplane.
- Cours de mécanique et machines (Paris), 1909/A course on mechanics and machines.
- L'aviation, Paris, Felix Alcan, 1910/Aviation.
- Les axiomes de la mécanique, examen critique; Note sur la propagation de la lumière - 1922/Mechanics axioms, a critical study; Notes on light spread.
- Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles, Hermann, Paris, 1897/A course on analytical theory of differential equations.
- Trois mémoires de Painlevé sur la relativité (1921-1922)/Painlevé's three memories on relativity.
See also
- List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s
References
- .
- S2CID 146245219.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Paul Painlevé", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Painlevé, P. (1897). Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles. Paris: Libraire Scientifique à Hermann.
- ^ Ablowitz, M. J. and Clarkson, P.A. (1991) Solitons, nonlinear evolution equations and inverse scattering. Cambridge University Press
- ^ Wu, T. T.; B. M. McCoy; C. A. Tracy; E. Barouch (1976). "Spin-spin correlation functions for the two-dimensional Ising model: Exact theory in the scaling region". Physical Review B. 13 (1): 316–374. .
- ^ Jimbo, Michio; Tetsuji Miwa; Yasuko Môri; Mikio Sato (April 1980). "Density matrix of an impenetrable Bose gas and the fifth Painlevé transcendent". Physica D. 1 (1): 80–158. .
- ^
Tracy, C. A.; H. Widom (1997). "On Exact Solutions to the Cylindrical Poisson-Boltzmann Equation with Applications to Polyelectrolytes". Physica A. 244 (1–4): 402–413. S2CID 5785882.
- S2CID 121592005.
- ^ Painlevé, Paul (1895). "Sur le lois frottement de glissemment". C. R. Acad. Sci. 121: 112–115.
- ^ Harry Graf Kessler. "Berlin. 20. February 1925. Freitag" [Diary entry for Berlin 25 February 1925]. Projekt Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020.
- ISBN 3-540-87661-8, page 13
- ^ a b c d "Paul Painlevé" in Encyclopædia Britannica
- ISBN 978-0312220822.
- ISBN 0-7126-8040-3.
- ^ "Édouard Herriot" in Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Grandjean, Martin (2018). Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period] (phdthesis) (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.
- ^ "Painlevé To Be Buried in Pantheon Today". The New York Times. 4 November 1933. p. 13. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-57488-664-1.
- ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
Further reading
- Dutton, David (1981). "Paul Painlevé and the end of the sacred union in Wartime France". Journal of Strategic Studies. 4 (1): 46–59. .
- Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2011). "Paul Painlevé and Franco-British Relations in 1917". Contemporary British History. 25 (1): 5–27. S2CID 144569843.