Paul Revere
Paul Revere | |
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Born | (O.S.: December 21, 1734) | January 1, 1735
Died | May 10, 1818 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. | (aged 83)
Occupation(s) | Silversmith, colonial militia officer |
Political party | Federalist |
Spouses |
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Children |
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Parent |
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Signature | |
Paul Revere (
At age 41, Revere was a prosperous, established and prominent Boston silversmith. He had helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military. Revere later served as a Massachusetts militia officer, though his service ended after the Penobscot Expedition, one of the most disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary War, for which he was absolved of blame.
Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith trade. He used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. In 1800, he became the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels.
Early life and education
Revere was born in the
Revere's father died in 1754, when Paul was legally too young to officially be the master of the family silver shop.
1765–1774: the gathering storm of revolution
Revere's business began to suffer when the British economy entered a recession in the years following the Seven Years' War, and declined further when the Stamp Act of 1765 resulted in a further downturn in the Massachusetts economy.[17] Business was so poor that an attempt was made to seize his property in late 1765.[18] To help make ends meet he even took up dentistry, a skill set he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend's house.[19] One client was Joseph Warren, a local physician and political opposition leader with whom Revere formed a close friendship.[20][21] Revere and Warren, in addition to having common political views, were also both active in the same local Masonic lodges.[22]
Although Revere was not one of the "
In 1770 Revere purchased a house, now a museum on North Square in Boston's North End. The house provided space for his growing family while he continued to maintain his shop at nearby Clark's Wharf.[29] Sarah died in 1773, and on October 10 of that year, Revere married Rachel Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three of whom died young.[30]
In November 1773 the merchant ship Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor carrying the first shipment of tea made under the terms of the
From December 1773 to November 1775, Revere served as a courier for the Boston
In 1774, the military governor of Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage, dissolved the provincial assembly on orders from Great Britain. Governor Gage also closed the port of Boston and all over the city forced private citizens to quarter (provide lodging for) soldiers in their homes.[N 2]
During this time, Revere and a group of 30 "mechanics" began meeting in secret at his favorite haunt, the Green Dragon, to coordinate the gathering and dissemination of intelligence by "watching the Movements of British Soldiers".[37] Around this time Revere regularly contributed politically charged engravings to the recently founded Patriot monthly, Royal American Magazine.[38]
He rode to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in December 1774 upon rumors of an impending landing of British troops there, a journey known in history as the Portsmouth Alarm.[39] Although the rumors were false, his ride sparked a rebel success by provoking locals to raid Fort William and Mary, defended by just six soldiers, for its gunpowder supply.[40]
"Midnight Ride"
War years
Because Boston was besieged after the battles of Lexington and Concord, Revere could not return to the city, which was now firmly in British hands. He boarded in Watertown, where he was eventually joined by Rachel and most of his children (Paul Jr., then 15, remained in Boston to mind the family properties).[41] After he was denied a commission in the Continental Army, he tried to find other ways to be useful to the rebel cause. He was retained by the provincial congress as a courier, and he printed local currency which the congress used to pay the troops around Boston.[42]
Since there was a desperate shortage of gunpowder, the provincial congress decided in November 1775 to send him to
Revere's friend and compatriot Joseph Warren was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775.[49] Because soldiers killed in battle were often buried in mass graves without ceremony, Warren's grave was unmarked. On March 21, 1776, several days after the British army left Boston, Revere, Warren's brothers, and a few friends went to the battlefield and found a grave containing two bodies.[50] After being buried for nine months, Warren's face was unrecognizable, but Revere was able to identify Warren's body because he had placed a false tooth in Warren's mouth, and recognized the wire he had used for fastening it. Warren was given a proper funeral and reburied in a marked grave.[51]
Militia service
Upon returning to Boston in 1776, Revere was commissioned a
In August 1778 Revere's regiment served in a combined Franco-American expedition whose objective was to capture the British base at Newport, Rhode Island.[57] His regiment was responsible for erecting and maintaining artillery batteries on Aquidneck Island.[58] The attempt was abandoned by the French when their fleet was scattered in a storm, and Revere's regiment returned to Boston before the British sortied from Newport to force the Battle of Rhode Island.[59]
Penobscot disaster
The British in June 1779 established a new base on Penobscot Bay in present-day Maine (which was then part of Massachusetts).[60] Massachusetts authorities called out the militia, pressed into service available shipping, and organized a major expedition to dislodge the British.[61] The expedition was a complete fiasco: its land and naval commanders squabbled over control of the expedition, and could not agree on strategy or tactics. The arrival of British reinforcements led to the destruction of the entire Massachusetts fleet.[62] Revere commanded the artillery units for the expedition, and was responsible for organizing the artillery train.[63] He participated in the taking of Bank's Island, from which artillery batteries could reach the British ships anchored before Fort George. He next oversaw the transport of the guns from Bank's Island to a new position on the heights of the Bagaduce Peninsula that commanded the fort.[64] Although Revere was in favor of storming the fort, Brigadier General Solomon Lovell opted for a siege instead. After further disagreements on how to proceed between Lovell and fleet commander Dudley Saltonstall, Lovell decided to return to the transports on August 12, a decision supported by Revere.[65]
Late the next day British sails were spotted. A mad scramble ensued, and on the 14th the fleet was in retreat heading up the Penobscot River. Revere and his men were put ashore with their stores, and their transports destroyed. At one point Brigadier General Peleg Wadsworth ordered Revere to send his barge in an attempt to recover a ship drifting toward the enemy position. Revere at first resisted, but eventually complied, and Wadsworth told him to expect formal charges over the affair.[66] The incident separated Revere from his men. Moving overland, he eventually managed to regroup most of his troops, and returned to Boston on August 26. A variety of charges were made against Revere, some of which were exaggerated assignments of blame[67] made by enemies he had made in his command at Castle William. The initial hearings on the matter in September 1779 were inconclusive, but he was asked to resign his post.[67] He repeatedly sought a full court-martial to clear his name, but it was not until February 1782 that a court martial heard the issue, exonerating him.[68][69]
Business and social connections
During the Revolutionary War, Revere continued his efforts to move upwards in society into the gentry. After his failed efforts to become a military officer he attempted to become a merchant, but was hindered by a number of factors: while he was a fairly well-off member of the artisan class, he did not have the resources to afford the goods he would have sold as a merchant, nor were lenders in England willing to lend him the required startup capital. Other American merchants of the time were able to continue their business with colleagues in England. However, Revere's inexperience as a merchant meant that he had not yet established such relationships and was not able to communicate as effectively on unfamiliar matters. Another factor preventing Revere's success as a merchant was the economic climate of the time period after the war known as the
While Revere struggled as a merchant, his success as a silversmith enabled him to pursue and leverage more advanced technological developments for the purposes of mass production. For example, rolling mills greatly improved the productivity of his silver shop and enabled his business to move further away from manufacturing high-end customized products in order to focus instead on the production of a more standardized set of goods.[71] In the 18th century, the standard of living continuously improved in America, as genteel goods became increasingly available to the masses.[72] Revere responded particularly well to this trend because his business was not solely manufacturing custom, high end purchases. Smaller products like teaspoons and buckles accounted for the majority of his work, allowing him to build a broad customer base.[73]
Revere's increased efficiency left financial and human resources available for the exploration of other products, which was essential to overcoming the fluctuating post-war economic climate.[74] In addition to increasing production, the flatting mill enabled Revere to move towards a more managerial position.[75]
Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics
After the war, Revere became interested in metal work beyond gold and silver. By 1788 he had invested some of the profits from his growing silverworking trade to construct a large furnace, which would allow him to work with larger quantities of metals at higher temperatures. He soon opened an iron foundry in Boston's North End that produced utilitarian cast iron items such as stove backs, fireplace tools, and sash-window weights, marketed to a broad segment of Boston's population. [76] Many of Revere's business practices changed when he expanded his practice into ironworking, because he transitioned from just being an artisan to also being an entrepreneur and a manager. In order to make this transition successfully, Revere had to invest substantial quantities of capital and time in his foundry.[77]
Technological practices
The quasi-industrialization of his practice set Revere apart from his competition. "Revere's rapid foundry success resulted from fortuitous timing, innate technical aptitude, thorough research, and the casting experience he gained from silverworking."[78] This technical proficiency allowed Revere to optimize his work and adapt to a new technological and entrepreneurial model. Revere's location also benefited his endeavors. Revere was entering the field of iron casting in a time when New England cities were becoming centers of industry. The nature of technological advancement was such that many skilled entrepreneurs in a number of fields worked together, in what is known by Nathan Rosenberg as technological convergence, by which a number of companies work together on challenges in order to spur advances.[79] By accessing the knowledge of other nearby metal workers, Revere was able to successfully explore and master new technologies throughout his career.
Labor practices
One of the biggest changes for Revere in his new business was organization of labor. In his earlier days, Revere primarily utilized the
Manufacturing: church bells, cannon, and copper products
After mastering the iron casting process and realizing substantial profits from this new product line, Revere identified a burgeoning market for church bells in the religious revival known as the
In 1794, Revere decided to take the next step in the evolution of his business, expanding his bronze casting work by learning to cast cannon for the federal government, state governments, and private clients. Although the government often had trouble paying him on time, its large orders inspired him to deepen his contracting and seek additional product lines of interest to the military.[82]
By 1795, a growing percentage of his foundry's business came from a new product, copper bolts, spikes, and other fittings that he sold to merchants and the Boston naval yard for ship construction. In 1801, Revere became a pioneer in the production of rolled copper, opening North America's first copper mill south of Boston in Canton. Copper from the Revere Copper Company was used to cover the original wooden dome of the Massachusetts State House in 1802. His copper and brass works eventually grew, through sale and corporate merger, into a large corporation, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.[83]
Steps towards standardized production
During his earlier days as an artisan, especially when working with silver products, Revere produced "bespoke" or customized goods. As he shifted to ironworking, he found the need to produce more standardized products, because this made production cheaper.[84] To achieve the beginnings of standardization, Revere used identical molds for casting, especially in the fabrication of mass-produced items such as stoves, ovens, frames, and chimney backs.[85] However, Revere did not totally embrace uniform production. For example, his bells and cannons were all unique products: these large objects required extensive fine-tuning and customization, and the small number of bells and cannon minimized the potential benefits of standardizing them.[86] In addition, even the products that he made in large quantities could not be truly standardized due to technological and skill limitations. His products were rarely (if ever) identical, but his processes were well systematized. "He came to realize that the foundry oven melded the characteristics of tools and machines: it required skilled labor and could be used in a flexible manner to produce different products, but an expert could produce consistent output by following a standard set of production practices."[78]
Freemasonry
Revere was a Freemason as a member of Lodge St. Andrews, No.81, in Boston, Massachusetts. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston with the number 4 under and the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was sometime after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, November 30, 1756, and before May 15, 1769, when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland membership register as the Lodge Secretary. Joseph Warren and William Palfrey are also recorded, on the same page, as members of the Lodge as being Master and Senior Warden respectively. (see image)[87][88]
He subsequently became the
Politics and final years
Revere remained politically active throughout his life. His business plans in the late 1780s were often stymied by a shortage of adequate money in circulation. Alexander Hamilton's national policies regarding banks and industrialization exactly matched his dreams, and he became an ardent Federalist committed to building a robust economy and a powerful nation. Of particular interest to Revere was the question of protective tariffs; he and his son sent a petition to Congress in 1808 asking for protection for his sheet copper business.[91] He continued to participate in local discussions of political issues even after his retirement in 1811, and in 1814 circulated a petition offering the government the services of Boston's artisans in protecting Boston during the War of 1812.[92] Revere died on May 10, 1818, at the age of 83, at his home on Charter Street in Boston.[93] He is buried in the Granary Burying Ground on Tremont Street.[94][95]
Legacy
After Revere's death, the family business was taken over by his oldest surviving son, Joseph Warren Revere.[96] The copper works founded in 1801 continues today as the Revere Copper Company, with manufacturing divisions in Rome, New York, and New Bedford, Massachusetts.[97]
Revere's original silverware, engravings, and other works are highly regarded today, and can be found on display in museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[98] and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[99] The Revere Bell, presented in 1843 to the Church of St. Andrew in Singapore by his daughter, Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, wife of American consul Joseph Balestier, is now displayed in the National Museum of Singapore. This is the only bell cast by the Revere foundry that is outside the United States. For a time, it was displayed behind velvet ropes in the foyer of the United States Embassy in Singapore.[100]
The communities of Revere, Massachusetts,[101] and Revere, Minnesota,[102] bear his name, as do Revere Beach[101] in Revere, Massachusetts; Revere Avenue in The Bronx, New York City;[103] Paul Revere Road in Arlington, Massachusetts;[104] and Paul Revere Apartments[105] in Seattle.
A 25-cent 1958 U.S. postage stamp in the Liberty Series honors Paul Revere, featuring the portrait by Gilbert Stuart. He also appears on the $5,000 Series EE U.S. Savings Bond.[106] Ryan Reynolds released a Mint Mobile commercial that features Avery Revere, a direct descent of Paul Revere.[107]
Paul Revere Mall is a corridor located in Boston's North End behind Old North Church. It features the Equestrian statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus Edwin Dallin.
In popular culture
In episode 8 of the 2nd season of the US TV show The West Wing (1999–2006), Paul Revere is named as the manufacturer of president Bartlet's knife-set he presents to Charlie, his personal aide.
Revere appears in the 2012 video game
Sylvester Stallone voiced Revere in the animated series Liberty's Kids.
Descendants
- Joseph Warren Revere, son
- Maria Revere Balestier, daughter
- Joseph Warren Revere, grandson; artist, Navy officer, and Union Army general
- Paul Revere, great-grandson; Morristown lawyer
- Paul Revere Jr. (3rd great-grandson)[110]
- Paul Revere III (4th great-grandson)[110]
- Pauline Revere Thayer, daughter of Paul Revere III
- Avery Revere (4th great-granddaughter)[110]
See also
- Israel Bissell, who rode to Philadelphia with news of the battles of Lexington and Concord
- Sybil Ludington, who is said to have performed a similar ride in New York
- Jack Jouett, rode to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of a British raid
- Revere Bells, one of Revere's highest-profile products
- Revere Copper Company, the business founded by Paul Revere and later managed by his son and grandsons
- Johnny Tremain, 1943 children's novel by Esther Forbes set in Boston prior to and during the outbreak of the Revolution
Notes
- ^ Revere's date of birth is confused by the conversion between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, which offsets the date by 11 days, and by the fact that only his baptism, not his actual birth was recorded. While his baptism was recorded on December 22, adjusting for the conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars changes the date to January 1.[1][2]
- Third Amendment of the Bill of Rights.
Citations
- ^ Gill 1891, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Fischer 1994, p. 297.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 7.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 7–9.
- ^ Paul Revere Memorial Association (1988). Paul Revere: Artisan, Businessman, and Patriot--the Man Behind the Myth. Paul Revere Memorial Association. p. 21.
- ^ "Paul Revere's Ancestry". Paul Revere House.
- ^ Fischer 1994, p. 9.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 14–16.
- ^ a b Miller 2010, p. 21.
- ^ "Our Change Ringing Bells | The Old North Church". November 26, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ "Bell Ringer's Agreement" (PDF). The Old North Church. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 25, 103.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 21.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 33.
- ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 15, 297.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Fischer 1994, p. 20.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 104.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 55.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 117.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 67.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 43.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Goss 1891, pp. 1:112–115.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 36, 42.
- ^ a b Fischer 1994, p. 22.
- ^ Fischer 1994, p. 24 and note 53.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Forbes 1999, pp. 485–487.
- ^ Goss 1891, p. 1:119.
- ^ Alexander 2002, p. 120.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 163.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 165.
- ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 27, 54, Appendix C.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 101.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 181.
- ^ Goss 1891, pp. 1:83–100.
- ^ New Hampshire's role in the Revolutionary War, WMUR-TV
- ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 52–57.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 115.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 201–208.
- ^ "Early Paper Money of America, Massachusetts, 1776 October 18". Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ Jordan, Louis, Massachusetts Currency, October 18, 1776-Codfish, Colonial Currency, University of Notre Dame, Department of Special Collections, retrieved June 8, 2021
- ^ a b Martello 2010, p. 62.
- ^ Gettemy 1905, p. 169.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 214.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 208.
- ^ Ketchum 1999, p. 195.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 215.
- ^ a b c Martello 2010, p. 80.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 217.
- ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 148–151.
- ^ Drake 1899, p. 128.
- ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Forbes 1999, p. 343.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 132.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 133.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 220.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Triber 1998, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 224–225.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 229.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 136.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 234–236.
- ^ a b Triber 1998, pp. 136–138.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Triber 1998, p. 139.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 94.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 107–110.
- ^ Federhen 2010, p. 153.
- ^ Federhen 2010, p. 154.
- ^ Falino 2001, p. 77.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 111–114.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 151–155.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 137.
- ^ a b Martello 2010, p. 154.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 252.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 276, 146.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 168–171.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 179–184.
- ^ Martello 2010, pp. 331–332.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 155.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 141.
- ^ Martello 2010, p. 301.
- ^ Registration Book No.1 (1736–1797), Grand Lodge of Scotland. Pp. 127 and 188.
- ISBN 978-1-84604-049-8.
- ^ "Paul Revere Grand Master". www.mwsite.org. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
- Slate.com, January 6, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015
- ^ Stanwood, Edward. American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century. pg. 117
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 257.
- ^ Miller 2010, p. 258.
- ^ "Five Historic Cemeteries to Visit in Boston". October 21, 2016.
- ^ PRMA 1988, p. 33.
- ^ Miller 2010, pp. 255, 260.
- ^ "About the Revere Copper Company". Revere Copper Company. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ "Boston Museum of Fine Arts Search for Paul Revere". Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
- ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art Search for Paul Revere". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
- ^ Patricia L. Herbold (May 18, 2006). Revere Bell Ceremony: Remarks by Ambassador Patricia L. Herbold (Speech). National Museum of Singapore: US Embassy in Singapore. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014.
- ^ a b Schmidt 2002, p. 7.
- ^ Upham 1920, p. 451.
- ^ McNamara 1978.
- ^ "Patriot's Day Events". National Lancers Foundation. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
- ^ "Paul Revere Apartments". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ^ "U.S. Savings Bond Images". United States Treasury. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
- ^ Reynolds, Ryan. "Mint Mobile Commercial". Twitter.com. Mint Mobile. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Kelly, Andy (April 3, 2019). "Assassin's Creed 3 Remastered is a slightly better version of a troubled game". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ June 4, James Hibberd Updated; EDT, 2014 at 05:01 PM. "History's 'Sons of Liberty' miniseries casts Dean Norris, Ben Barnes, Henry Thomas". EW.com. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c MacQuarrie, Brian. "Through his descendants, the legacy of Paul Revere gallops on". bostonglobe.com. Brain MacQuarrie. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
Bibliography
- Alexander, John (2002). Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2114-8.
- Boatner, Mark Mayo III (1975) [1964]. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Library of Military History. New York: David McKay. ISBN 978-0-618-00194-1.
- Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign: April 1775 – March 1776. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. ISBN 978-0-585-23453-3.
- Drake, Samuel Adams (1899). Historic Mansions and Highways Around Boston. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 128. OCLC 1838072.
- Falino, Jeannine (2001). "The Pride Which Pervades thro every Class": The Customers of Paul Revere. Boston, Massachusetts: University Press of Virginia.
- Federhen, Deborah (1988). From Artisan to Entrepreneur: Paul Revere's Silver Shop Operation. Boston, Massachusetts: Paul Revere Memorial Association.
- ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This work is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of the Revere's ride and the battles at Lexington and Concord.
- ISBN 978-0-618-00194-1.
- OCLC 1375230.
- Goss, Elbridge Henry (1891). The Life of Colonel Paul Revere. Boston: J. G. Cupples. )
- Ketchum, Robert (1999) [1974]. Decisive Day: The Battle For Bunker Hill. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-6099-7.
- Martello, Robert (2010). Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- McDonald, Forrest; McDonald, Ellen (April 1980). "The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790". The William and Mary Quarterly. Third. 37 (2): 179–199. JSTOR 1919495.
- McNamara, John (1978). History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names, Borough of the Bronx, New York City. Fleischmanns, New York: Harbor Hill Books.
- Miller, Joel J. (2010). The Revolutionary Paul Revere. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-59555-074-3.
- Murrin, John M.; et al. (2002) [1996]. Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877. Florence, Kentucky: Wadsworth–Thomson Learning.
- Paul Revere, Artisan, Businessman and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). 1988.
- Revere, Paul (1961). Paul Revere's Three Accounts of His Famous Ride. Introduction by Edmund Morgan. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-9619999-0-2.
- Ruland, Richard; Bradbury, Malcolm (1991). From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking.
- Schmidt, Leah A (2002). Revere Beach. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1030-9.
- Steblecki, Edith J. (1985). Paul Revere and Freemasonry. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). OCLC 17485269.
- Triber, Jayne (1998). A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, Massachusetts: ISBN 978-1-55849-139-7.
- United States, National Archives and Records Service. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. National Archives and Records Administration, General Services Administration.
- Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. OCLC 34232868.
- Waters, Deborah Dependahl (2013). A Handsome Cupboard of Plate: Early American Silver in the Cahn Collection. Cambridge, England: ISBN 978-1-898565-11-6.
External links
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Paul Revere Heritage Project
- The Paul Revere House
- Original copper engravings and other documents in collections of the Massachusetts State Archives
- Revere Rolling Mill – about the endangered original Revere copper works site in Canton, MA
- Booknotes interview with David Hackett Fischer on Paul Revere's Ride, July 17, 1994.
- Works by or about Paul Revere at Internet Archive
- Works by Paul Revere at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)