Paul Wellstone

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Paul Wellstone
Official portrait, c. 2002
United States Senator
from Minnesota
In office
January 3, 1991 – October 25, 2002
Preceded byRudy Boschwitz
Succeeded byDean Barkley
Personal details
Born
Paul David Wellstone

(1944-07-21)July 21, 1944
Washington, D.C., U.S.
DiedOctober 25, 2002(2002-10-25) (aged 58)
Eveleth, Minnesota, U.S.
Cause of deathAirplane crash
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (BA, MA, PhD)
Signature
Paul Wellstone's voice
Wellstone introduces S.422, the Taconite Workers Relief Act of 2001
Recorded March 1, 2001

Paul David Wellstone (July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was an American academic, author, and politician who represented Minnesota in the United States Senate from 1991 until he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, in 2002. A member of the Democratic Party (DFL), Wellstone was a leader of the populist and progressive wings of the party.

Born in

political science. In 1969, Wellstone was hired as a professor at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he taught until his election to the Senate in 1990. In addition, he also worked as a local activist and community organizer in rural Rice County. In 1982, he made his first bid for political office in that year's Minnesota State Auditor race. His campaign was unsuccessful, losing to Republican incumbent Arne Carlson
.

Wellstone challenged two-term Republican incumbent Rudy Boschwitz in the 1990 United States Senate election. Wellstone was widely seen as an underdog and was significantly outspent by Boschwitz. Using his progressive populism and grassroots campaigning tactics, such as his iconic green school bus, Wellstone won in an upset victory that gained him national attention. He was the only challenger in the country that year to defeat an incumbent senator. In his 1996 reelection campaign, he defeated Boschwitz in a rematch. He won the elections with 50.4% and 50.3% of the vote, respectively.

While in the U.S. Senate, Wellstone was a supporter of environmental protection, labor groups, and health care reform. He notably authored the "Wellstone Amendment" for the

Wellstone Action nonprofit organization
(now named Re:Power) in honor of their parents.

Background and education

Wellstone was born in

Yorktown High School, graduating in 1962.[2]

Wellstone attended the

PhD in political science from UNC. His doctoral dissertation on the roots of black militancy was titled Black Militants in the Ghetto: Why They Believe in Violence.[2]

Early career and activism

In August 1969, Wellstone accepted a

day care center. In 1978, he published his first book, How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer, chronicling his work with the organization.[2]

Wellstone was arrested twice during this period for

trespassing during a foreclosure protest at a bank.[5]

Wellstone extended his activism to the Minnesota labor movement. In the summer of 1985, he walked the

Hormel Meat Packing plant in Austin, Minnesota. The Minnesota National Guard was called in during the strike to ensure that Hormel could hire permanent replacement workers.[2]

The trustees of Carleton College briefly fired Wellstone in the late 1970s for his activism and lack of academic publications. After his students held a sit-in, the trustees rehired him and gave him tenure. Wellstone remains the youngest tenured faculty member in Carleton's history.[6]

Early political career

Wellstone first sought public office in 1982. He received the Democratic nomination for

campaign for the presidency in Minnesota. After the primary, he co-chaired Michael Dukakis's campaign in the state.[2]

U.S. Senate campaigns (1990–2002)

Wellstone's campaign bus

In

1990, Wellstone ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Rudy Boschwitz, beginning the race as a serious underdog. He narrowly won the election despite being outspent 7 to 1. Wellstone played off his underdog image with quirky, humorous ads created by political consultant Bill Hillsman, including "Fast Paul"[7] and "Looking for Rudy",[8] a pastiche of the 1989 Michael Moore documentary Roger & Me. Boschwitz was also hurt by a letter his supporters wrote, on campaign stationery, to members of the Minnesota Jewish community days before the election, accusing Wellstone of being a "bad Jew" for marrying a Gentile
and not raising his children in the Jewish faith. (Boschwitz, like Wellstone, is Jewish.) Wellstone's reply, widely broadcast on Minnesota television, was "He has a problem with Christians, then." Boschwitz was the only incumbent U.S. senator not to be reelected that year.

Wellstone defeated Boschwitz again in

flag burning, a move some believe backfired. Before that accusation, the race was close, but Wellstone beat Boschwitz by nine points despite again being significantly outspent. Reform Party candidate Dean Barkley
received 7% of the vote.

Wellstone's upset victory in 1990 and reelection in 1996 were also credited to a

veterans community—serving on the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, successfully campaigning for atomic veterans to receive compensation from the federal government, and for increased spending on health care for veterans.[9][10][11]

In 2002, Wellstone campaigned for reelection to a third term despite an earlier campaign pledge to serve only two. His Republican opponent was Norm Coleman, a two-term mayor of St. Paul and former Democrat, who had supported Wellstone's 1996 campaign. Earlier that year Wellstone announced he had a mild form of multiple sclerosis, causing the limp he had believed was an old wrestling injury.

Wellstone was in a line of center-left senators from the

Fritz Hollings told Wellstone, "You remind me of Hubert Humphrey. You talk too much."[12]

Presidential aspirations

Shortly after his reelection to the Senate in 1996, Wellstone began contemplating a run for his party's nomination for

Baltimore. He intended to retrace the steps Robert F. Kennedy took during a similar tour in 1966, and to highlight the fact that conditions had improved slightly for African-Americans since the civil rights movement
, but not much for poor whites despite their dependency on food stamps, government jobs (military) and the massive federal investment in their regions, especially Appalachia.

In 1998, Wellstone formed an

2004 US presidential election.[2]

On January 9, 1999, Wellstone called a press conference at the Minnesota State Capitol at which he said he lacked the stamina necessary for a national campaign, citing chronic back problems he ascribed to an old wrestling injury. His pain was later diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. He thereafter endorsed former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey, the only Democratic candidate to challenge Vice President Al Gore.[2]

Political positions

Official portrait, c. 1990s

Wellstone was known for his work for peace, the environment, labor, and health care; he also joined his wife Sheila to support the rights of victims of

AFL–CIO, the Sierra Club, the American Civil Liberties Union, and People for the American Way
.

In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act.[15] He later asked his supporters to educate him on the issue and by 2001, when he wrote his autobiography, Conscience of a Liberal, Wellstone admitted that he had made a mistake.

Wellstone was one of only eight members of the Senate to vote against repealing the

Glass-Steagall Act in 1999.[16]

After voting against the

congressional authorization for the war in Iraq
on October 11, 2002, amidst a tight election, Wellstone is said to have told his wife, "I just cost myself the election."

In the 2002 campaign, the

Green Party ran a candidate against Wellstone, a move some Greens opposed. The party's 2000 vice-presidential nominee, Winona LaDuke, called Wellstone "a champion of the vast majority of our issues".[17] The Green Party's decision to oppose Wellstone was criticized by some liberals.[18]

Wellstone was the author of the "Wellstone Amendment" to the

National Rifle Association of America, and Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, the Senate Majority Whip.[19][20] On December 10, 2003, the Supreme Court upheld McCain-Feingold's key provisions, including the Wellstone Amendment. Wellstone called McCain-Feingold's protection of "advocacy" groups a "loophole" allowing "special interests" to run last-minute election ads. He pushed an amendment to extend McCain-Feingold's ban on last-minute ads to nonprofits like "the NRA, the Sierra Club, the Christian Coalition, and others." Under the Wellstone Amendment, these organizations could advertise using only money raised under strict "hard money" limits—no more than $5,000 per individual.[21]

In January 2010, in

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the McCain-Feingold Act and removed restrictions on the NRA and others' ability to campaign at election time.

Gulf War

Wellstone voted against authorizing the use of force before the Persian Gulf War on January 12, 1991 (the vote was 52–47 in favor).[22] He also voted against the use of force before the Iraq War on October 11, 2002 (the vote was 77–23 in favor).[23] Wellstone was one of 11 senators to vote against both the 1991 and 2002 resolutions. The others were also all Democrats: Daniel Akaka of Hawaii; Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico; Robert Byrd of West Virginia; Kent Conrad of North Dakota; Daniel Inouye of Hawaii; Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts; Patrick Leahy of Vermont; Carl Levin of Michigan; Barbara Mikulski of Maryland; and Paul Sarbanes of Maryland.

Other key military action votes

Wellstone supported requests for military action by President

Yugoslavia (1999). On July 1, 1994, during the 100-day Rwandan genocide from April 6 to mid-July 1994, Wellstone authored an amendment to the 1995 defense appropriations bill.[24]

Death

On October 25, 2002, Wellstone, along with seven others, died in an airplane crash in northeastern Minnesota, at 10:22 a.m. He was 58 years old. The other victims were his wife, Sheila; one of his three children, Marcia; the two pilots Richard Conry and Michael Guess;[25] and campaign staffers Mary McEvoy, Tom Lapic and Will McLaughlin.[26] Autopsy reports determined that five of the passengers likely died instantly upon impact, while three others—McLaughlin, McEvoy, and Lapic—showed signs of smoke inhalation from the ensuing fire.[27][28] The airplane was en route to Eveleth, where Wellstone was to attend the funeral of Martin Rukavina, a steelworker whose son Tom Rukavina served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. Wellstone decided to go to the funeral instead of a Minneapolis rally and fundraiser attended by Mondale and fellow Senator Ted Kennedy. He was to debate Norm Coleman in Duluth, Minnesota, that night.

Paul and Sheila Wellstone memorial, Lakewood Cemetery, Minneapolis, Minnesota

The Beechcraft King Air A100 airplane crashed into dense forest about two miles from the Eveleth airport, while operating under instrument flight rules. It had no flight data recorders. Autopsy toxicology results on both pilots were negative for drug or alcohol use. Icing, though widely reported on in following days, was considered and eventually rejected as a significant factor in the crash. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) judged that while cloud cover might have prevented the flight crew from seeing the airport, icing did not affect the plane's performance during its descent.[29]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which initially sent agents to help recover debris, investigated possible foul play in the crash. After a few days, it determined that the crash was accidental, but only after following several criminal leads involving death threats. Wellstone had been receiving death threats since he took office; the FBI tapped his phone to locate the callers. Documents about the FBI's involvement in investigating Wellstone's death were not publicly released until October 2010.[30] Government documents also indicated that the FBI had been following Wellstone before he became a senator, and included records dating as far back as his arrest at a 1970 antiwar protest.[31]

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) later determined that the likely cause of the accident was "the flight crew's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, which led to an aerodynamic stall from which they did not recover."[32] The final two radar readings detected the airplane traveling at or just below its predicted stall speed given conditions at the time of the accident.[32] Aviation experts speculated the pilots might have lost situational awareness because they were lost and looking for the airport.[33] They had been off course for several minutes and "clicked on" the runway lights,[32] something not usually done in good visibility.[citation needed] There was a problem with the airport's VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) navigational beacon. According to Minnesota Public Radio:

The day after the crash, FAA pilots tested the VOR. The inspection pilots reported to the NTSB that when they flew the approach without their automatic pilot engaged, the VOR repeatedly brought them about a mile south of the airport. In one written statement an FAA pilot told the NTSB that the signal guided him 1 to 2 miles left or south of the runway. That's the same direction Wellstone's plane was heading when it crashed.[33]

The Paul Wellstone Memorial and Historic Site near Eveleth, Minnesota.

Other pilots at the charter company told NTSB that pilot Richard Conry and first officer (co-pilot) Michael Guess had both displayed below-average flying skills. Conry had a well-known tendency to allow copilots to take over all aircraft functions as if they were the sole pilot. After the crash, three copilots told of occasions on which they had to take control of the aircraft away from Conry.[32] After one of those incidents, three days before the crash, the copilot (not Guess) had urged Conry to retire.[28] In a post-accident interview, Conry's longtime friend and fellow aviator Timothy Cooney said that he had last spoken to Conry in June 2001 and had expressed concerns about difficulties he had flying King Airs as late as April of that year, 18 months before the accident.[34] Significant discrepancies were also found in the captain's flight logs in the course of the post-accident investigation, indicating he had probably greatly exaggerated his flying experience, most of which had been accrued before a 9–10 year hiatus from flying due to a fraud conviction and poor eyesight.[32] He underwent LASIK surgery, but it had improved his vision to only 20/50 or 20/30.[35] FAA regulations required Conry to wear corrective lenses,[36] but his wife and Cooney said Conry did not wear lenses after the surgery.[37] The coroner who examined his body was unable to determine whether Conry was wearing contact lenses at the time of the crash.[38]

Coworkers described Guess as having had to be consistently reminded to keep his hand on the throttle and maintain airspeed during approaches.[32] He had two previous piloting jobs, one with Skydive Hutchinson as a pilot (1988–1989), and another with Northwest Airlines as a trainee instructor (1999), and was dismissed from both for lack of ability.[39] Conry's widow told the NTSB that her husband told her "the other pilots thought Guess was not a good pilot."[40]

Aftermath

Flowers adorn Wellstone's desk in the U.S. Senate chamber, October 28, 2002

Don Hazen, executive editor of AlterNet, wrote of the death, "Progressives across the land are in shock as the person many think of as the conscience of the Senate is gone."[41] Wellstone died just 11 days before his potential reelection in a crucial race to maintain Democratic control of the Senate. Campaigning was halted by all sides. Minnesota law required that his name be stricken from the ballot, to be replaced by a candidate chosen by the party. The DFL selected former Vice President Walter Mondale.

The memorial service for Wellstone and the other victims of the crash was held in Williams Arena at the University of Minnesota and broadcast live on national TV.[42] The lengthy service was dotted with political speeches, open advocacy on political issues, and a giant beach ball batted around the crowd in the style of a beach party. Many high-profile politicians attended the memorial, including former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Al Gore, and more than half the U.S. Senate. The White House offered to send Vice President Dick Cheney to the service, but the Wellstone family declined.[43]

Some criticized the service for having an inappropriate tone[44][45] and resembling a "pep rally"[46] or "partisan foot-stomp".[47] Wellstone campaign manager Jeff Blodgett noted after the event that it had not been scripted and apologized to people who were offended or surprised.[44] In his 2003 book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, Al Franken wrote that "reasonable people of good will were genuinely offended" but argued that conservative media figures exploited outrage at the event for political gain. At the time of writing, Franken was a comedian and liberal commentator. Five years later, in 2008, Franken was elected to the Senate seat once held by Wellstone.

Minnesota Governor

Independence Party of Minnesota, to serve the remaining two months of Wellstone's term; he had run against Wellstone in 1996.[49]
Coleman received 49.5 percent of the vote to defeat Mondale and win Wellstone's seat. In 2008, he was narrowly defeated (by 312 votes) in his bid for reelection by Franken, in a three-way race that included Barkley.

Legacy

Paul and Sheila Wellstone's grave markers; Marcia's can also be seen, on the far right.

The

AFL–CIO has created the AFL–CIO Senator Paul Wellstone Award for supporters of the rights of labor unions. Presidential candidate Howard Dean and California state senator John Burton both received the first award in January 2003. In 2004, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill dedicated the Paul and Sheila Wellstone Memorial Garden as a tribute to the couple, both graduates of the university. Also in 2004, Mason Jennings
released "The Ballad of Paul and Sheila," a song memorializing the Wellstones, on his album Use Your Voice.

Near the site of the plane crash, a memorial to the Wellstones was dedicated on September 25, 2005. His distinctive green bus was present, as well as hundreds of supporters and loved ones. The six-acre site, off Bodas Road near Eveleth, is a tribute to Wellstone's life and career, and to his family members and staff who lost their lives in the crash. The memorial is about three-quarters of a mile from the crash site, which is on private land. It is divided into three parts: the Legacy Trail, the Commemorative Circle, and the Crash Site Narrative Space.[50]

Paul and Sheila Wellstone were buried at

Wellstone Action, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, trains citizens and potential candidates with a progressive agenda.[52][53][54][55]

In 2007, former

Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, which requires equal coverage of mental and physical illnesses when policies include both types of coverage; both testified about the bill before a House subcommittee in July 2007.[56] David said of his father, "Although he was passionate on many issues, there was not another issue that surpassed this in terms of his passion."[56] Because Paul Wellstone's brother had had mental illness, Wellstone had fought for changes in mental health and insurance laws when he reached the Senate.[56] The St. Paul branch of the Emily Program eating disorder clinic has a Wellstone Room in its adult inpatient unit. The room is dedicated to Paul and Sheila Wellstone for their work on treating eating disorders.[57]

On March 5, 2008, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 1424, the Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2007, by a vote of 268–148. It was sponsored by Representatives Patrick Kennedy and Jim Ramstad, both of whom are recovering alcoholics. The narrower Senate bill S. 558, passed earlier, was introduced by Kennedy's father, Senator Edward Kennedy, Pete Domenici, and Mike Enzi.[58]

Electoral history

1996 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic
 Paul Wellstone (inc.) 1,098,430 50.32% −0.12%
Republican
 Rudy Boschwitz 901,194 41.28% −6.53%
Reform Dean Barkley 152,328 6.98% n/a
Majority 197,236 9.04%
1990 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic
 Paul Wellstone 911,999 50.44% +9%
Republican
 Rudy Boschwitz (inc.) 864,375 47.81% −10%
Majority 47,624 2.63%
1982 Minnesota State Auditor
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican
 Arne Carlson 932,925 54.81% +3.0%
Democratic
 Paul Wellstone 769,254 45.19% −1.5%
Majority 10%

See also

Citations

  1. ISBN 978-0-8166-2663-2
    . Wexelstein wellstone.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sen. Paul Wellstone | StarTribune.com". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  3. ^ "www.unc.edu/depts/polisci/news_items/alumni_news/2002/wellstone2.html". Unc.edu. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  4. ^ "www.unc.edu/depts/polisci/news_items/alumni_news/2002/wellstone.html". Unc.edu. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  5. ^ a b "From protester to senator, FBI tracked Paul Wellstone - the Wellstone Files".
  6. ISBN 0-472-03119-8
  7. ^ "Paul Wellstone TV Ad "Fast Paul"". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  8. ^ "North Woods Advertising – "Looking for Rudy" – Paul Wellstone for U.S. Senate (MN)". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  9. ^ A. Schneider, Mark Kuhn. "Sen. Paul Wellstone, 1944–2002". Npr.org. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  10. ^ "OMB Approves Benefits for Vets Suffering from Radiogenic Cancers". Archived from the original on August 27, 2001. Retrieved August 27, 2001.
  11. ^ "Wellstone Welcomes White House Announcement on Increased Funding for Vets Health Care, But Says "We Must Do Better"". Commondreams.org. July 26, 1999. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  12. ^ "Paul Wellstone was a true mensch and Christ-like soul". Findarticles.com. November 15, 2002. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  13. ^ "About Us | Wellstone Action!". Wellstone.org. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  14. ^ "Immigration-Reduction Grades | NumbersUSA – For Lower Immigration Levels". Grades.betterimmigration.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  15. ^ "1996 Roll Call for H.R. 3396". Senate.gov. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  16. ^ Congressional roll-call: S.900 as reported by conferees: Financial Services Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 354, November 4, 1999, Clerk of the Senate. Sortable unofficial table: On Agreeing to the Conference Report, S.900 Gramm-Bliley-Leach Act, roll call 354, 106th Congress, 1st session Votes Database at The Washington Post, retrieved on October 9, 2008
  17. ^ "Talking Politics|Green around the gills". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  18. ^ Marc Cooper (June 7, 2002). "Red Over Green Party Moves". The Nation. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  19. ^ Von Drehle, David (December 11, 2003). "McCain-Feingold Ruling Angers Activists on Both Left and Right". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.[dead link]
  20. ^ Annie Feidt (March 27, 2001). "Critics say Wellstone's finance reform amendment may violate freedom of speech rights" (audio). Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  21. ^ Mickey Kaus (April 4, 2002). "Wellstone's Folly". slate. The Slate Group. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  22. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  23. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  24. ^ "Congress.org". Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  25. ^ "Pilot skill at issue in senator's fatal flight – Chicago Tribune". chicagotribune.com. February 22, 2003. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  26. ^ "MPR: Three crash victims remembered". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  27. ^ Lewandowski, Beth (February 21, 2003). "Pilot in Wellstone crash considered canceling flight". CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Pioneer Press|02/22/2003|Pilot wanted to cancel Wellstone's fatal flight". August 31, 2003. Archived from the original on December 24, 2004. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  29. ^ NTSB. "NTSB Press Release". Ntsb.gov. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  30. ^ Chappell, Bill (October 25, 2010). "Files Reveal FBI Tracked Wellstone Early; Aided Inquiry Into 2002 Crash : The Two-Way". NPR. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  31. ^ Baran, Madeleine (October 25, 2010). "From protester to senator, FBI tracked Paul Wellstone|The Wellstone Files|Minnesota Public Radio News". Minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  32. ^ a b c d e f "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  33. ^ a b "MPR: Four months later, questions remain in Wellstone crash probe". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  34. ^ Interview Summaries, pp. 18, 21.
  35. ^ Human Performance Specialist Report, p.10
  36. ^ Human Performance Specialist Report, p. 8
  37. ^ Interview Summaries, pp. 19, 24
  38. ^ Human Performance Specialist Report, p.26
  39. ^ Kennedy, Tony (February 22, 2003). "Wellstone's pilot balked at flying on morning of crash". StarTribune.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  40. ^ Interview Summaries page 26
  41. ^ AlterNet / By Don Hazen (October 25, 2002). "Paul Wellstone Dies in Tragic Plane Crash". AlterNet. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  42. ^ "Paul Wellstone funeral". YouTube. October 29, 2002.
  43. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi (October 29, 2002). "At Request of Wellstones, Cheney Will Not Attend Memorial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  44. ^ a b c Radio, Minnesota Public. "MPR: Wellstone staff apologizes for memorial service rhetoric". news.minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  45. ^ Noonan, Peggy. "'No Class': What Paul Wellstone might have thought of the memorial rally." The Wall Street Journal November 1, 2002.
  46. ISSN 1091-2339
    . Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  47. ^ Collins, Dan (November 6, 2002). "Mondale's Senate Bid Falls Short". CBS News. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  48. ^ Jones, Tim (November 5, 2002). "Ventura pokes Senate". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  49. ^ Sternberg, Bob von (October 27, 2008)Dean Barkley: As a "viable alternative," he's a force that matters StarTribune. "In the waning days of the administration, Ventura appointed Barkley to serve out the final weeks of Wellstone's Senate term after Wellstone died in a plane crash."
  50. ^ "Wellstone Memorial". Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  51. ^ "Origins of the Custom of Putting Stones on Graves When Visiting the Cemetery". Jewish-funerals.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  52. ^ "Politics the Wellstone Way". University of Minnesota Press. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
  53. ^ "Training Programs". Wellstone Action. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
  54. ^ "Wellstone Action Network". Wellstone Action. Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
  55. ^ Horrigan, Marie (October 17, 2006). "Minn. Roundup: Walz a Legit Barrier to Gutknecht in 1st District". CQPolitics.com. New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
  56. ^ a b c d "Former first lady joins fight for mental health coverage". Associated Press. July 11, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  57. ^ "St. Paul - Anna Westin House for Adults". Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  58. ^ "House approval is historic moment for Wellstone's addiction and treatment crusade". Startribune.com. March 5, 2008. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.

General and cited references

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Wellstone.
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Minnesota State Auditor
1982 		Succeeded by
John Dooley
Preceded by
U.S. Senator from Minnesota
(Class 2)
1990, 1996, 2002
 Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Minnesota
1991–2002
Served alongside: David Durenberger, Rod Grams, Mark Dayton 		Succeeded by
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