Paul of Greece
Paul Παύλος | |
---|---|
King of the Hellenes | |
Reign | 1 April 1947 – 6 March 1964 |
Swearing in | 2 April 1947 |
Predecessor | George II |
Successor | Constantine II |
Prime Ministers | |
Born | Athens, Greece | 14 December 1901
Burial | 12 March 1964 Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace , Greece |
Spouse | |
Issue |
|
Glücksburg | |
Father | Constantine I of Greece |
Mother | Sophia of Prussia |
Signature | |
Military career | |
Allegiance | Kingdom of Greece[a] |
Service/ |
|
Years of service | 1912–1941 Second Lieutenant |
Paul (
Paul was born in
In London, Paul had an affair with his first cousin and his first love,
After World War II's conclusion, George returned per
Early life
Paul was born on 14 December [
Paul grew up in the Presidential Mansion, where his parents resided, and Tatoi Palace, the official residency of the Greek monarch.[2] Paul grew up with five other siblings. When Paul was three years old, his brother, Alexander, almost killed him by accidentally throwing him off a cart that was going full speed into the royal gardens.[3] Paul grew up speaking English to his parents and learned Greek as a second language.[4]
Paul was born as fourth in line to the Greek throne, behind his father and two older two brothers. As a result, Paul did not receive a sophisticated education.[5] He was privately tutored by foreign teachers, Greek university professors, who were chosen by Constantine, and Dr Hoenig, his mother's Pomeranian chaplain. From 1911 to 1914, Paul travelled to the UK to attend summer courses in Eastbourne at Saint Peter's Preparatory School for Young Gentlemen. Paul was said to stand out in more physical subjects, such as woodwork, and in discipline.[6][7]
In 1909, when Paul was seven years old, a group of Greek officers mounted
World War I and aftermath
National Schism
Paul's father, Constantine, ascended to the throne upon the assassination of George I in 1913.[13] Constantine wished to keep Greece neutral during the prelude to World War I, but was in support of the Central Powers, since he was the brother-in-law of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Venizelos, however, was staunchly in support of joining the Allies due to the Ottoman Empire's mistreatment of its Greek population. The disagreement between Constantine and Venizelos quickly resulted in the National Schism, a civil war between the two opposing sides. Per Van der Kiste, possibly due to "being afraid" of Wilhelm II, Constantine continued to refuse to succumb to Venizelos' demands.[14] Constantine was also pressured to oppose Venizelos by Ioannis Metaxas.[15] On 10 June 1917, Charles Jonnart, who acted as the Allies' representative in Greece, ordered Constantine to abdicate.[16] The Allies threatened to invade Greece from a military landing at Piraeus, so Constantine unofficially abdicated.[17][18][19] The Allies did not wish to replace Greece with a republican system, so Venizelos scrambled to find a replacement king. It was finally decided that Paul's older brother, Alexander, though not the eldest son of Constantine, would succeed to the throne, as Constantine's eldest son, George, was also seen as pro-German.[17] Following Jonnart's demands for abdication, Paul and his family, except for Alexander, had evacuated Athens.[20]
Exile to Switzerland
Paul and his family briefly travelled to
Paul continued to join the
At the conclusion of World War I, Greece had made territorial gains in
The following day, Paul sent a letter to the ambassador expressing his refusal to disregard the laws of succession to the crown, which is what would occur if Paul were instated as the monarch. Paul wrote that neither his father, Constantine, nor his older brother, George, had ever renounced their rights to the throne and that therefore, his ascension to the throne would be illegitimate.[31] The Greek throne remained vacant while Greece fought in the Greco-Turkish War, during the Turkish War of Independence. During the 1920 Greek legislative election, fighting broke out between a sector of monarchists, who protested for Constantine's reascension to the throne, and supporters of Venizelos. From 14 November 1920, the monarchists won and it was organised for Constantine to become King of the Hellenes, while Venizelos was replaced with Dimitrios Rallis. Before Venizelos' exit from office, he requested that Paul's grandmother, Olga Constantinovna of Russia, act as regent before Constantine returned.[32]
Return to Greece
On 19 December 1920, Paul and the other Greek royals returned to Greece.
Upon their return to Greece, Paul wished to resume his naval training and joined the Hellenic Naval Academy, taking up residence in the academy's boarding school, located in Piraeus. Paul studied and trained there for two years and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in 1922. Paul served for several months on a Greek cruiser, the Elli.[36] Despite Greece's involvement in the Turkish War of Independence, Paul never fought in a battle, but participated in the evacuation of Greek and Armenian refugees from Smyrnan shores following the burning of Smyrna by Turkish troops. Turkey later defeated Greece and their allies, who had been suffering since the fall of Smyrna in August 1922.[37]
Crown Prince
Abdication of father
Republican propaganda began gaining speed and was being produced by supporters of Venizelos, who was no longer serving in office. On 11 September 1922, a precinct of the army, led by colonels
With his brother remaining childless, Paul was officially declared the Crown Prince of Greece. However, the birth of a child between George and his wife, Elisabeth of Romania, would remove Paul from his first-in-line position to the throne. With greater roles as Crown Prince, Paul greater divided his time between serving as a lieutenant in the navy and completing his royal duties in Athens, where he attempted to assist George and Elisabeth in their roles of positively representing the monarchy, which had been facing backlash for almost the past decade.[2] Paul and George's father, Constantine, died in exile on 11 January 1923. The government refused to give Constantine a state funeral and Paul was placed in charge of organising his funeral in Italy.[41]
The Greek royal family further suffered damage to its reputation when Paul was involved in a car accident, which resulted in the death of a member of the public.[4] George was forced to pay a large sum of money as compensation for the victim's family by using the royal family's funds, which had already been greatly depleted because of the Greco-Turkish war.[2]
Second Hellenic Republic
In the 1923 Greek legislative election, Venizelos and his party won victory in the Greek parliament and were to assume government at the commencing of the following year. Gonatas, who was serving as prime minister, called for the Greek royal family's evacuation of the country while Venizelos and the victorious Liberal Party prepared to assume government. George succumbed to political pressure, but refused to abdicate. Tatoi told the press that George and the royal family would be taking an official visit to Romania to visit Elisabeth's family, however they were going into exile. George and Elisabeth left the country first, followed by Paul and other members of the royal family on 19 December 1923, residing in Bucharest.[42][43]
Two months after Venizelos' government was proclaimed, the Kingdom of Greece was replaced by the Second Hellenic Republic on 25 March 1924, Greece's national independence day.[44] Two and a half weeks later, the democratically conducted 1924 Greek republic referendum occurred, confirming the abolition of the monarchy and officially removed George as Greece's head of state and Paul as the Crown Prince of Greece. The Greek royal family became stateless, however Paul was granted a Danish passport from his cousin, Christian X of Denmark.[45]
In Bucharest, where the royal family remained, Paul was welcomed by his sister, Princess Helen, who was unhappily married to the future Carol II of Romania. Not too long after arriving in Romania, Paul departed to stay with his mother and sisters, Duchess Irene of Aosta and Princess Katherine, at the Viva Bobolina in Fiesole. Whilst there, Paul took piano lessons with a retired Italian concert artist.[46][47]
After living in Tuscany, Paul drove his
After working for Armstrong Siddeley for ten months, Paul departed Coventry and arrived in London, moving into a flat near Victoria Station. Paul joined the Royal Air Force Club of Piccadilly and the Artists' Rifles Association Club of Raven Street. Concurrently, he attended hunts and regattas organised by the aristocracy, whilst continuing to learn the piano with his friend, Lieutenant-Colonel F. Alan Parker.[50] Paul would frequently visit his friend, who worked as a doctor at St Thomas' Hospital. After attending and overlooking several surgeries, Paul discovered that he was interested in the operations of hospitals and other medical centres.[50]
Paul's family discovered an affair between him and Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia, who was much younger than he, but he claimed that he had fallen in love. Nina was the elder daughter of Paul's aunt, Maria, and Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia, making her Paul's first cousin. However, Nina rejected his later marriage proposal, choosing instead to marry Prince Paul Aleksandrovich Chavchavadze in 1922.[51] Thereupon, Paul became reportedly demotivated in finding a spouse due to his mother's disapproval of his marrying a commoner, insisting that he marry someone of blue blood. This was because Paul's brother, Alexander, had married a commoner Aspasia Manos and the birth of their child took years to be legitimized.[52] Paul's mother soon landed in England and convinced Paul that he was reducing the family's chances of being restored. Paul became pressured as the responsibility of continuing the family's lineage increased due to George and Elisabeth's sterility. However, Paul held off from finding himself a relationship.[49][53]
In Spring 1930 Paul met Captain Frederick Wessel, a wealthy annuitant of Danish origin. Wessel invited him on his planned cruise through the
While illegally travelling through Greece, Paul visited his former residences, Mon Repos, the former royal palace in Athens, and Tatoi.[57] While at Tatoi, an old servant recognized him and allowed him to come inside to see the palace's rooms.[58] To the disapproval of Wessel, Paul was able to talk to members of the media about the restoration of the monarchy and learned that many Greeks were now opposing the republic due to its instability.[57] However, Paul managed to keep his identity hidden and only few people he spoke to recognized him.[56]
The following year, Paul's mother was diagnosed with cancer. He went to Italy to help her, but was unaware that she had been moved to Germany. Paul went to Germany and his mother, whose condition had worsened, died in Frankfurt on 13 January 1932 while with her children.[59] Paul soon became closer to his three sisters and established a home with Helen, who had bought the Bobolina villa after divorcing Carol II of Romania.[59]
Restoration of the monarchy
The Second Hellenic Republic had tired most Greeks out, with, in only eleven years, 23 governments, 13 coup d'états and one dictatorship. Each government lasted on average on six months, while a coup was either attempted or organized every 42 weeks. The majority of Greeks were now opposed to the republic, and many called for the return of the monarchy. However, monarchists were divided over who should take up the Greek throne. Most supported George's restoration, however there were large minorities that wished for the king to be a different person, such as Prince George, Duke of Kent.[60][61][62] The Greek army finally deposed Prime Minister Panagis Tsaldaris and President Alexandros Zaimis on 10 October 1935, and replaced them with the Minister of War, Georgios Kondylis, who had been a supporter of Venizelos during the National Schism.[63] Despite this, Kondylis disapproved of the republic and publicly claimed while in office that it had brought anarchy to the country. Kondylis' government proclaimed that the Kingdom of Greece had been restored, and he became the regent of Greece while George travelled from England to take back the crown. Before doing so, George, supported by Paul and other members of the family, ordered that a referendum be hosted to confirm his return.[64]
The
Paul became overwhelmed with his royal duties upon George's almost immediate neglect of his role within Greece. Historian John Van der Kiste describes George as having become a "suspicious and taciturn man" who had little interest in showing affinity and becoming close with his younger brother, Paul. Both living at Tatoi, their interactions became awkward and their relationship distanced, while both had little affection for one another.[71][72] Paul frequently acted as the unofficial regent for Greece and often represented George at events, such as at the repatriation of their parents' bodies to the Tatoi burial grounds and at Venizelos' funeral in 1936. Additionally, Paul resumed his duties within the navy, further overworking him. His royal duties restricted him from working out at sea, however he worked to develop and modernise the Scouts of Greece, which he became the president of during the 1920s.[73][74]
On 4 August 1936, while George continued to neglect his role, General Metaxas overthrew the democratically elected government with a dictatorship.
Despite his growing distance from his brother, Paul was bearing the responsibility of providing an heir to the Greek throne. Greece followed
Earlier in 1927 while visiting his mother in Austria, Paul had met
When Paul returned to Greece, his engagement was met with mixed reception. Many Greeks had turned against the royal family when George consented to the Metaxas dictatorship due to his lack of interest in his role.[75] Many citizens were also worried of the cost of the Crown Prince's wedding due to the effects of the Great Depression, and protests against taxpayer money being spent of glamorous royal events were held across the country. Paul lacked a personal residence and therefore relied on public expenditure to fund his wedding.[82] Furthermore, the choice of a German bride concerned many Greeks as they feared that the dynasty would become less Greek, reinforced by the family's Danish and German roots. The public was also scared of backlash from the former Allies of World War I, especially since Constantine I's marriage to a German princess had caused the National Schism within the country.[82] Metaxas, however, approved of Paul’s marriage to Frederica because he hoped that it would strengthen ties between Greece and the fascist Nazi regime in Germany,[83] led by Adolf Hitler, who wanted to use the marriage to spread influence in Greece. Hitler also planned to include Nazi symbols, flags and anthems at the couple's 1938 wedding.[84] George wished to distance Greece from the dynasty's German origins and was thus opposed to their marriage. Frederica, being Hanoverian, was a close relative of the British family and had to ask permission from George VI to marry Paul, a Greek Orthodox prince.[84]
Frederica had not arrived yet in Greece when the
In early January 1938, Frederica and her parents arrived in Greece through the country's border with
The Greek government’s wedding present to Paul was the Psychiko Palace, a villa in Psychiko, a district of Athens. The palace was built by a wealthy Greek magnate and was made up of two floors, a small garden and a balcony that faced the streets. It was redecorated by his sister, Irene, before Paul and Frederica moved in. The government gave Frederica a small farm in Polydendri, near the town of Larissa in Thessaly.[86] Frederica soon became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter on 2 November 1938 at Psychiko Palace. Paul and Frederica wish to name their daughter, the future Queen Sofía of Spain, Olga, but Greek naming tradition required them to name the child Sofía after Paul's mother. On 2 June 1940, Frederica gave birth to an heir, the future Constantine II.[89]
World War II
While Frederica was pregnant and giving birth to her three children, the last of which was
On 28 October 1940, Mussolini sent Metaxas an ultimatum and demanded that he accepted within three hours while placing Italian troops in
Metaxas died on 29 January 1941. George refused to establish a
Fearful of their impending arrests, Paul, George, other members of the royal family and some government officials agreed to flee the mainland and land in Crete on 9 April.
In Alexandria, the Greek diaspora of Egypt welcomed Paul, George and members of the royal family with accommodation, clothing and money.[106] The Axis government established in occupied Greece worried Farouk of Egypt, who had many pro-Italian ministers. Paul and the rest of the Greek royals were forced to find refuge in another nation. George VI denied them access into the United Kingdom as he opposed Frederica's entry into the country, worried that a descendant of Wilhelm II would cause a revolt against the British monarchy, which had German roots.[107][108] After mediations, it was decided that Paul and George would stay in London, with other members of the family moving to South Africa, a British colony. Paul placed his wife and two young children in Cape Town and under the protection of Prime Minister Jan Smuts,[109][110] before leaving for London. While there, Paul is unable to return for the birth of his third child, Irene, on 11 May 1942.[107][111]
Per Hourmouzios, Paul felt sidelined from business and combat with his brother taking over any real duties left. Following many requests, Paul managed to gain authority to go to
Greece was slowly liberated through 1944 and most Greek exiles had the opportunity to return home, however Paul and his family were forced to stay in Egypt due to the rise of republican opposition in Greece following the war. Under the guidance of
Reign
Accession
Paul succeeded to the throne on 1 April 1947 upon the death of his childless elder brother, George II, during the Greek Civil War. Paul and his family left their villa in Psychiko and moved into Tatoi after major work had been done to restore the place. The family continuously moved between Tatoi and Psychiko due to building disruptions until 1949 when they moved in permanently.[122] Paul and Frederica spoke English to each other and to their children despite being fluent in the Greek language.[123] Paul frequently read, told stories and listened to classical music in the presence of his daughters,[124] who later attended a boarding school in Salem to complete their education. The two girls were influenced by the teachings of Kurt Hahn, a Judo-German teacher whose ideas were commonly found as principles in royal families of German origin. Meanwhile, the new Crown Prince, Constantine, was sent by Paul and Frederica to the Anavryta Experimental Lyceum in Marousi.[125][126]
Starting in 1947, Paul and Frederica took their children to Falken, Austria, for a skiing holiday every winter, and to Petalis in the summer, where the family was lent yachts.
During Paul's early reign, there was tension between certain members of the Greek royal family. Paul and his cousin, Peter, maintained a strained relationship after the royal family accused him of entering a misalliance by marrying Irina Ovtchinnikova, a divorced Russian commoner.[130] Paul's aunt, Princess Alice of Battenberg, who was the mother of Prince Philip, regularly engaged in disagreements with Frederica, who she thought was clumsy and scared of her sister-in-law, Elena Vladimirovna of Russia.[131]
Greek Civil War and Cyprus problem
Paul's contraction of typhoid fever immobilised him for several weeks and caused fears for his health, concurrent to the ongoing Greek Civil War, in which
On 15 October 1949, the communist forces retreated, which caused large celebrations within the army, also due to higher tensions in Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations, which slowed support for the Greek communists.[134][135] By the end of the civil war, around 158,000 people had been killed and approximately 100,000 to 200,000 civil war refugees were deported by Eastern Bloc nations. Thousands of Churches, schools, factories and homes were destroyed or incapable of functioning.[136] In response to these damages, Paul and Frederica created the Her Majesty's Fund foundation in 1947 with the aim of giving financial aid to victims of the civil war.[137]
In June 1952, Paul and Frederica made an official state visit to Turkey in order to ease
During his visit to the United Kingdom in 1952, Paul walked behind the coffin of George VI during
In order to promote the then barely developed tourism on the
Earlier in 1948, the government of the United Kingdom announced its intentions to constitutionally reform their colony in Cyprus, an island inhabited by Greeks. Despite Greek visits to the United Kingdom, links with Britain became strained over Cyprus, where the majority Greek population favored union with Greece, which Britain, as the colonial power, would not endorse. The idea of a union between Greece and Cyprus became known as
Greco-British relations were further strained when Archbishop Makarios III was greeted in Athens in 1953 and again in 1954.[156] This lead the British government to declare that enosis was "unthinkable" and drafted a new constitution for Cyprus.[157] Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Papagos submitted a document outlining the issues of the Cyprus problem to the United Nations, while EOKA and General Georgios Grivas led an independence movement.[158] The British government invited Greek and Turkish delegates to London for mediation talks on 29 August 1955. The talks only resulted in stiffed relations between Greece, Turkey and Britain. Paul and Greece's reputation in Turkey was then damaged with the Istanbul pogrom.[159]
After the British government arrested Archbishop Makarios III and deported him to the Seychelles, anti-British sentiment in Greece grew as displayed through protests in some of Greece's largest cities. The Greek ambassador to London was subsequently dismissed from office. Paul made known his frustration with the situation and made speeches to the United Nations, calling for enosis.[160] Archbishop Makarios III was released on 28 March 1957 as a result of pressure from American President Dwight D. Eisenhower, while there were numerous accounts of terrorism in Cyprus being appointed.[161] The Turkish government then proposed Taksim, which would divide Cyprus between Greece and Turkey, however both Greece and Paul opposed this idea. As violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots grew, the United Kingdom suggested that Cyprus become a shared Anglo-Greco-Turkish condominium, but Archbishop Makarios III and Paul rejected this as it went against the wishes of the Greek and Greek Cypriot population.[144] On 10 September 1958, Paul made another speech, while in Switzerland, again declaring his support for enosis.[162] In the United Kingdom, the press accused Paul of supporting the terrorism conducted by Greek Cypriot nationalists. On 5 February 1959, the London and Zürich Agreements established the resumption of real negotiations between Greece and Turkey, to the delight of Paul. Eventually, Cyprus became an independent state in 1960.[163]
Economic miracle and growing authoritarianism
Greece was one of the first nations to benefit from the
Although written out as a constitutional monarchy, critics of Greece's politics claimed that the country contained traits of an authoritarian monarchy.[168] The Greek constitution of 1952 granted extensive powers to the king, more than that of other European monarchs. Throughout Europe, Paul was subject to accusations of limiting democracy by the media, though both Van der Kriste and Hourmouzios state that many of these reports were exaggerated.[169][170] The media used Paul's quick political stance to the Cyprus problem, his travel to Britain in 1963 despite the prime minister's recommendation and his close links with higher ranking staff in the Greek army as examples of these accusations. The cost of the monarchy was also questioned, and Paul and Frederica were accused of spending public funds for their own personal holidays and expensive lifestyle, while having a lack of worry for the Greek public. The couple were also accused of taking money from Her Majesty's Fund for their own personal use.[171][169][170] One of the greatest critics of the monarchy was the leader of the opposition, Georgios Papandreou. Papandreou made the words in one of his speeches – "The king reigns, but does not govern" – his personal motto and boycotted several royal events.[172]
Later reign
On 2 June 1958, Crown Prince Constantine turned 18 and thus commenced his royal duties. Constantine often shadowed Paul, who taught him the role of being the monarch. Paul was also very weary of the struggles he and his brother faced and wished to teach Constantine ways of avoiding the types of issues they experienced.
In early 1963, Frederica was invited to attend
On 22 May 1963, left-wing minister of parliament Grigoris Lambrakis was hit by a motorcycle in Thessaloniki and was killed. A later investigation discovered that the accident was a political attack and high ranking government officials, who were closely associated with Paul and the monarchy, had been involved in its organisation. Although Paul's reputation was not as badly affected directly, Karamanlis' party, the National Radical Union, who was the monarchy's greatest supporter, was weakened in the public eye.[179][180] Paul visited London two months later, which resulted in Karamanlis' resignation and Paul's greatest critic, Papandreou, formed government with his party following the 1964 Greek legislative election.[181][182]
Death
For the last ten years of his life, Paul suffered from multiple health issues. He suffered from vision-related issues, so in 1959, he had an operation for a cataract, and in 1963 an emergency operation for appendicitis. However, later in January 1964, Paul was diagnosed with stomach cancer. Signs of his cancer began showing following his weakness after a trip to the United Kingdom. Paul fainted during the inauguration speech of Papandreou, which took place in February. Surgeons soon operated on a stomach ulcer, but discovered that the cancer had grown substantially and ruled out any opportunity for recovery. Paul soon became medically restricted to Tatoi, where Frederica took care of him, while Constantine urgently travelled to Tinos to bring a holy icon. On 6 March 1964, at 16:12 pm,[183] after another surgery, Paul died at the age of 62.[184]
Paul's funeral was held on 11 March 1964 and was attended by his family, as well as
In popular culture
Film and documentaries
Paul appears in various films and documentaries:
- In 2010, the role of Paul was portrayed by Spanish actor Roberto Álvarez in the television film Sofía, dedicated to the Paul's eldest daughter.[190]
- His life is the focus of Pavlos: No Ordinary King, directed by Níkos Polítis (2014).[191]
- Alongside his wife, he is the subject of the episode "Paul and Frederika" in the documentary series The Lovers of the Century by Frédéric Mitterrand (1993).
- He can also be seen in the Danish series En kongelig Familie (in English: A Royal family, directed by Anna Lerche and Marcus Mandal (2003).[192]
Numismatics
Various coins featuring Paul were issued by the national bank of Greece:
- A third installment of drachma coins was issued by the Greece between 1954 and 1965, and featured Paul.[193][194]
- A 30 drachmas silver coin was released in 1963 to commemorate the centenary of the Greek monarchy, depicting the portraits of George I, Constantine I, Alexander, George II, and Paul.[193][195]
Philately
Various stamps featuring Paul were issued by the Hellenic Post:
- A series of three stamps printed in 1938, on the occasion of Paul's marriage to Frederica.
- A series of four stamps issued in 1952, commemorating Paul's 50th birthay.
- Four stamps showing the sovereign alone or accompanied by his wife and son, in the Kings of Greece A and B series printed in 1956 and 1957.
- Five stamps from the Centenary of the Hellenic Monarchy series issued in 1963, depicting the five monarchs of the House of Glücksburg.
- Ten stamps released after the king's death in 1964.[196]
Honours
- Grand Star of the Order of Merit of Austria, 1956[197]
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant of Denmark, 1927[198]
- Necklace of the Order of the Seal of Solomon of Ethiopia, 1959[199]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour of France, 1956[200]
- Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1935)[69][201]
- Knight Grand Cross in the Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of Italy, 1952[202]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Charles of Monaco, 1947[203]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I of the Kingdom of Romania[198]
- Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece of the Bourbons of Spain, 1961[204]
- Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn of Thailand, 1963[205]
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross Royal Victorian Order, 1937
- Honorary Admiral Royal Navy, Feb 1953[206]
- Commander-in-Chief of the Legion of Merit of the United States, 1953[207]
- Stranger Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, 1963
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of West Germany, 1954
- Order of the Yugoslav Star of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1954[208]
Marriage and issue
On 9 January 1938, Paul married Princess Frederica of Hanover, his first cousin once removed through Frederick III, German Emperor, and Victoria, Princess Royal, and second cousin through Christian IX of Denmark, in Athens. They had three children.
Name | Birth | Death | Marriage | Children | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Queen Sofía of Spain | 2 November 1938 | 14 May 1962 | Juan Carlos I | ||
Constantine II of Greece | 2 June 1940 | 10 January 2023 (aged 82) | 18 September 1964 | Anne-Marie of Denmark
|
|
Princess Irene | 11 May 1942 |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Paul of Greece | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
Notes
Citations
- ^ Heald, Tim. The Duke: Portrait of Prince Philip.
- ^ a b c Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 95.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 62.
- ^ a b Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 94.
- ^ a b c Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Gelardi 2006, p. 193.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 20–22.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 69.
- ^ Bertin 1982, p. 178.
- ^ Gelardi 2006, p. 158.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 24.
- ^ Vacalopoulos 1975, p. 218.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 89–101.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 88.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 106.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 1994, p. 107.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 183.
- ^ Vickers 2000, pp. 122 and 148.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Bertin 1982, p. 218.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 90.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 33.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 117.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Driault & Lhéritier 1926, pp. 382–384.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 125.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 42.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 126.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 132–135.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 49–51.
- ^ a b Palmer & Greece 1990, p. 65.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 137.
- ^ Vickers 2000, p. 162.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 137–139.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Palmer & Greece 1990, p. 67.
- ^ Bertin 1982, p. 238.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 143.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 144.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 58.
- ^ a b c Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 58–60.
- ^ a b c d e f Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 96.
- ^ a b Hourmouzios 1972, p. 60.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, pp. 96 and 337.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, pp. 180, 402 and 238.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 148–149.
- ^ a b Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 63–67.
- ^ a b Hourmouzios 1972, p. 63.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 64.
- ^ a b Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Vickers 2000, p. 263.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Palmer & Greece 1990, p. 71.
- ^ a b Vacalopoulos 1975, p. 256.
- ^ a b c Van der Kiste 1994, p. 153.
- ^ "GREECE: By the Grace of God". Time. 18 November 1935. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ Vickers 2000, pp. 264–265.
- ^ Palmer & Greece 1990, pp. 71–73.
- ^ a b Vickers 2000, p. 265.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 1994, p. 154.
- ^ Palmer & Greece 1990, p. 73.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, p. 81.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 157.
- ^ a b Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 109.
- ^ Hourmouzios 1972, pp. 81–83.
- ^ Palmer & Greece 1990, p. 74.
- ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 158.
- ^ a b Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 100.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 99.
- ^ Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, p. 102.
- ^ a b Mateos Sáinz de Medrano 2004, pp. 102-103 and 107.
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References
- Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.
- Buckley, Christopher (1984). Greece and Crete 1941. London: P. Efstathiadis & Sons S.A. ISBN 9-6022-60416.
- ISBN 0-241-12549-9
- Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press.
- Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2009). Greece and the English. British Diplomacy and the Kings of Greece. London: Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1-84511-821-1.
- Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.
- ISBN 0312324243.
- Hourmouzios, Stelio (1972). No Ordinary Crown. A Biography of King Paul of the Hellenes. Weidenfeld & N. ISBN 0-297-99408-5.
- Mateos Sáinz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.
- ISBN 978-0-2978-3060-3.
- ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.
- Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes. Dover, N.H: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-0525-5.
- Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.
- Woodhouse, C.M. (1998). Modern Greece: A Short History. Kent: Mackays of Chatham.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-413-69680-4
- Vanderbilt, Arthur (2014). Best-Kept Boy in the World: The Life and Loves of Denny Fouts. Magnus Books
- Wishart, Michael (1977). High Diver. Blond and Briggs
- Μιχάλης Φύλλας, «Στιγμές από την ιστορία της σύγχρονης Ελληνικής θεολογίας. Ο βασιλιάς Παύλος και η «Ένωση Ελλήνων Θεολόγων», Σύναξη, τχ.156, (Οκτώβριος-Δεκέμβριος 2020), σελ.85-88.[2]