Pavle Đurišić
Vojvoda Pavle Đurišić | |
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Native name | Павле Ђуришић |
Born | Podgorica, Principality of Montenegro | 9 July 1909
Died | April 1945 (aged 35) Stara Gradiška Concentration Camp, Independent State of Croatia |
Place of burial | Unknown |
Allegiance |
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Service/ | Army |
Years of service | 1927–1945 |
Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
Commands held |
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Battles/wars | |
Awards |
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Pavle Đurišić (
After the
Early life
Pavle Đurišić was born on 9 July 1909 in
In 1927, Đurišić entered the 55th class of the
On 7 April 1939, after the Italian invasion of Albania, Đurišić's company was sent to Plav near the Albanian border to gather intelligence. He established contact with individuals in the Italian protectorate of Albania and obtained intelligence, but the information he obtained was not very useful for the defense of Yugoslavia and he returned to Berane with his company. Contacts Đurišić made during this period would become important a few years later.[5] Đurišić's son Ilija was born in 1940.[2]
World War II
Axis invasion and Italian occupation of Montenegro
In April 1941, Germany, Italy and Hungary invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. Montenegro was captured by the Germans, who soon withdrew, leaving the Italians to occupy it. The Montenegrins quickly developed grievances against the Italians related to the expulsion of Montenegrins from Kosovo and Vojvodina, the influx of refugees from other parts of Yugoslavia, and those fleeing Ustaše terror in the regions along the borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Montenegrins also had grievances against the Italian annexation of important food-producing territory in Kosovo and a salt-producing facility at Ulcinj to Albania, and the economic damage inflicted on many Montenegrins by the temporary removal of Yugoslav banknotes of 500 dinars and above from circulation.[6] By the time of the invasion, Đurišić had been promoted to the rank of kapetan prve klase (captain first class).[7]
Uprising in Montenegro
In mid-July 1941, the
In the early phase of the uprising, the rebels seized control of small towns and villages. Đurišić fought alongside communist insurgents,[11] and led a successful attack on Berane. During the heaviest fighting, he distinguished himself,[12][13] and emerged as one of the main commanders of the uprising.[14] After nearly two days of house-to-house fighting to capture Berane, he was involved in negotiating the surrender of the surviving Italian troops. Following the Italian surrender, he objected to the instructions he received from the communists regarding the handling of Italian prisoners.[15] During the uprising, Đurišić also led fighting against Drljević's forces.[16] Following the Italians' removal from the Lim valley, Đurišić urged rebels to march on Rožaje and Kosovska Mitrovica and attack the Muslims and Albanians there, whom he considered "anational". The leaders of the uprising made it clear they considered such an action unacceptable.[15]
The other main commanders of the uprising included the former VKJ officers Colonel Bajo Stanišić and Major Đorđije Lašić. Within six weeks, a force of 67,000 Italian troops, assisted by Muslim and Albanian irregulars from border areas who provided flank security, regained control of all towns and communication routes in Montenegro. General Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, the Italian military governor of Montenegro, issued orders to crush the revolt but directed his forces to avoid "acts of revenge and useless cruelty". Nevertheless, dozens of villages were burned, hundreds were killed, and between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants were interned during the suppression of the revolt. For a while, the Muslim and Albanian irregulars were permitted to pillage and torch villages.[17] As soon as the Italians launched their offensive, politicians in Berane abandoned their support for the uprising and began criticising it. Former VKJ officers deserted their units and Đurišić left the military committee organising the uprising in the Berane district. The politicians and officers formed their own committees and approached the Italians to express their loyalty and denounce the communists.[18]
A division developed between the uprising's communist leadership and the nationalists who were participating.
Mihailović's instructions
In October 1941, Mihailović appointed Đurišić as his commander for all regular and reserve troops in central and eastern Montenegro and parts of the Sandžak.[24] In early November, the nationalist leaders in Montenegro quickly became aware of the split between the Chetniks and Partisans in Serbia; later that month they sent Đurišić to visit Mihailović. During this visit, Đurišić received verbal orders from Mihailović and was appointed as the commander of all Chetnik detachments in the Sandžak. Lašić was appointed commander of all Chetnik forces in Old Montenegro.[25] Đurišić's appointment was also included as part of instructions dated 20 December 1941 that were received from Mihailović. The instructions included the following objectives:
- the struggle for the liberty of our whole nation under the sceptre of His Majesty King Peter II;
- the creation of a Great Yugoslavia and within it of a Great Serbia which is to be ethnically pure and is to include Serbia [meaning also Macedonia], Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Srijem, the Banat, and Bačka;
- the struggle for the inclusion into Yugoslavia of all still un-liberated Slovene territories under the Italians and Germans (Trieste, Gorizia, Istria and Carinthia) as well as [of areas now under Bulgaria], and northern Albania with Scutari;
- the cleansing of the state territory of all national minorities and anational elements;
- the creation of contiguous frontiers between Serbia and Montenegro, as well as between Serbia and Slovenia by cleansing the Muslim population from the Sandžak and the Muslim and Croat populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[26]
These instructions stated that the objectives of the Partisans meant that there could be no cooperation between them and the Chetniks.
Collaboration with the Italians against the Partisans in Montenegro
In January 1942, Đurišić met with representatives of Generale di brigata (Brigadier) Silvio Bonini, the commander of the Italian
In January, a Chetnik force led by Lašić conducted successful operations against the Partisans in the Andrijevica district, but Lašić suffered a severe head wound during the fighting. Lašić's wounding meant Đurišić soon became the most prominent and important Chetnik commander in Montenegro.[36] By 5 January, Đurišić assumed command over the Berane district and established seven Chetnik detachments in the area. Soon after, a district political committee with responsibility for organising propaganda and finding recruits was formed.[35] Đurišić soon gained control of all anti-communist militia groups in the Berane district, totalling 500 men, and two smaller groups from Kolašin and Bijelo Polje totalling 120 men. On 13 January, after a week of preparation, he launched attacks on two Partisan battalions operating in the Berane district. After four days of fighting, Đurišić succeeded in almost completely clearing the district of Partisans with the help of Italian troops and Muslim militias.[37] By 24 January, Đurišić's forces captured the remaining Partisan-held village in the district, killing 15 Partisans and executing 27 who had been captured. This effectively eliminated the remaining Partisan presence in Berane.[36]
By March, Đurišić had demonstrated to the Italians that he was uncompromising towards the Partisans and that his detachments were expanding beyond the division's area of responsibility. An agreement was negotiated between Đurišić and General Biroli, the military governor and commander of Italian troops in Montenegro. This agreement, signed by Đurišić, is also related to the area of operations of the 19th Infantry Division Venezia. The Italians agreed to supply Đurišić and his troops with arms, food, and wages. The agreement obliged Đurišić to:[38]
- lead the fight against the communists and their supporters;
- maintain contact with the Italian military authorities, so that his actions were carried out in accordance with Italian instructions. North of Lijeva Rijeka, Đurišić agreed to clear his actions with Bonini, and south of Lijeva Rijeka he was to coordinate with Biroli;
- maintain order and guarantee the safety of roads in his area of operations;
- never attack Italian troops and limit his activities to fighting against the communists;
- return all arms provided by the Italians, except for those needed to maintain order, after the destruction of the communists.
Despite his possession of Mihailović's instructions, Đurišić initially had minimal influence on the non-communist elements of the Montenegrin resistance and was unable to develop an effective strategy against the Italians or Partisans in the months after his return to Montenegro. In early 1942, his Chetnik detachment became more active against local Muslims, especially in eastern Montenegro and the Sandžak.[39] The Partisans occupied Kolašin in January and February 1942, and turned against all real and potential opposition; they killed about 300 people and threw their corpses into pits they called the "dogs' cemetery". Because of this and other examples of communist terror, some Montenegrins turned against the Partisans. On 23 February, Đurišić captured Kolašin and held it as a Chetnik bastion until May 1943.[40] Chetnik terror against political opponents intensified following Đurišić's capture of Kolašin on 23 February. Captured Partisans and sympathisers were typically killed on the spot, including 17 wounded Partisans captured in the village of Lipovo.[41] Show trials were staged in March and April for some of the town's prominent citizens, whom the Chetniks considered opponents, and many known or suspected communists were sentenced to death and executed.[42] Đurišić established a Chetnik prison in Kolašin, in which 2,000 people were incarcerated and tortured. At least 74 prisoners were shot at Breza near Kolašin.[43] In late April 1943, 313 inmates of Kolašin Chetnik prison were handed to Italians; 27 of these were executed during an Italian mass execution of 180 hostages on 25 June 1943.[44]
In May 1942, Đurišić attacked and defeated the last significant Partisan detachment in Montenegro.[45] In June 1942, he collaborated with the Ustaše in Foča in south-eastern Bosnia.[46] After being forced out of Serbia by the Germans, Mihailović arrived in Montenegro as the Italians and Chetniks were fighting the Partisans. Mihailović was accompanied by his staff and a British Special Operations Executive (SOE) liaison officer. He eventually established his base in the village of Gornje Lipovo, a few miles from Đurišić's headquarters at Kolašin. Mihailović and his staff had few troops and relied on Đurišić for protection. Soon after Mihailović arrived in Montenegro, Đurišić told Mihailović's SOE liaison officer that he was available to act independently and in defiance of Mihailović. Đurišić and the other Chetnik commanders in Montenegro nominally recognised Mihailović as their supreme commander but they rarely obeyed him.[47]
In June following Chetnik capture of Nova Varoš, dispute happened between Chetnik major Miloš Glišić and Italian to whom town should belong. Glišić didn't want to give control of the town to Italians and was ready to fight them for the town. Chetnik High command representative Ostojić and Đurišić were for peaceful transition of control to Italians.[48] Đurišić, who was in argument with Glišić, made an agreement with General Esposito that Glišić's troops leave Sandžak completely and that Đurišić's troops secure right flank of Drina river, job which Glišić's men did up to this point.[49] Majority of Glišić's troops were forced to flee the region and Glišić will soon be arrested by Gestapo, leaving Đurišić as main Chetnik commander in the region.[50]
On 24 July 1942, Blažo Đukanović, senior commander of all Chetnik forces in Montenegro,[51] signed a comprehensive agreement with Biroli which officially organised and recognised three Chetnik "flying detachments" as Italian auxiliary troops for use against the Partisans. These detachments were supplied, armed, and paid by the Italians; they included 4,500 Chetniks, 1,500 of whom were under the command of Đurišić. The Chetniks became an important part of the Italian occupation regime in Montenegro.[52] The existing "Montenegrin Chetnik committee", which was led by the Brigadier General Đukanović and to which Đurišić was aligned,[53] was recognised by the Italians as the "Nationalist Committee of Montenegro", whose only political aims were to combat the communists and others opposed to the Italian occupation, and "maintain law and order". Arrangements were to be made by mutual understanding for pay, rations, weaponry, and aid to the families of Chetniks.[52]
During the rest of 1942, Italian operations in conjunction with their Chetnik auxiliaries forced the remaining Partisans out of Montenegro,[54] after which the Italians used the Chetnik auxiliaries to police the countryside.[55] For most of this time, Đurišić operated fairly independently in northern Montenegro; he was described as "a law unto himself".[56] In December 1942, Chetniks from Montenegro and the Sandžak met at a conference in the village of Šahovići near Bijelo Polje. The conference was dominated by Đurišić; its resolutions expressed extremism and intolerance, and its agenda focused on restoring the pre-war status quo in Yugoslavia implemented in its initial stages by a Chetnik dictatorship. It also laid claim to parts of the territory of Yugoslavia's neighbours.[57] At this conference, Mihailović was represented by Major Zaharije Ostojić, his chief of staff,[58] who had previously been encouraged by Mihailović to wage a campaign of terror against the Muslim population living along the borders of Montenegro and the Sandžak.[59] One outcome of the conference was the decision to destroy the Muslim villages in the Čajniče district of Bosnia.[60]
Case White and cleansing actions
In December 1942, concerned about the possibility of Allied forces landing in the Balkans, the Germans began planning an anti-Partisan offensive in Bosnia and Herzegovina codenamed "
As Italian auxiliaries, Đurišić's detachment was so dependent on the Italians for arms and transport that it had not left Montenegro until 18 January 1943, two days before the first phase of Case White was to begin.[63] On 3 January 1943, Ostojić issued orders to "cleanse" the Čajniče district of Ustaše–Muslim organisations. According to the historian Radoje Pajović, Ostojić produced a detailed plan that avoided specifying what was to be done with the district's Muslim population. Instead, these instructions were to be given orally to the responsible commanders. Delays in the movement of Chetnik forces into Bosnia to participate in Case White alongside the Italians enabled the Chetnik Supreme Command to expand the planned "cleansing" operation to include the Pljevlja district in the Sandžak and the Foča district of Bosnia. A combined Chetnik force of 6,000 divided into four detachments and commanded by Vojislav Lukačević, Andrija Vesković, Zdravko Kasalović and Bajo Nikić was assembled. Mihailović ordered all four detachments to be placed under the overall command of Đurišić.[64]
In early February 1943, during their advance north-west into Herzegovina in preparation for their involvement in Case White, the combined Chetnik force killed large numbers of Muslims in the area of Pljevlja, Foča and Čajniče. In a report to Mihailović dated 13 February 1943, Đurišić wrote that his Chetniks had killed about 1,200 Muslim combatants and about 8,000 women, children and the elderly, and destroyed all property except livestock, grain and hay, which they seized.[65][66] Đurišić reported that:[67]
The operations were executed exactly according to orders. [...] All the commanders and units carried out their tasks satisfactorily. [...] All Muslim villages in the three above mentioned districts are entirely burnt, so that not one of the houses remained undamaged. All property has been destroyed except cattle, corn and hay. In certain places the collection of fodder and food has been ordered so that we can set up warehouses for reserved food for the units which have remained on the terrain in order to purge it and to search the wooded areas as well as establish and strengthen the organization on the liberated territory. During operations complete annihilation of the Muslim population was undertaken, regardless of sex and age.
— Pavle Đurišić
About 500 Muslims, mostly women, children and the elderly, were killed in Goražde in March, and several women were raped.[68] An estimated 10,000 people were killed in the anti-Muslim operations commanded by Đurišić between January and February 1943. The casualty rate would have been higher if many Muslims had not already fled the area—most to Sarajevo—when the February action began.[65] Chetnik casualties during the operations were reported as 36 killed and 58 wounded.[69] The orders for the "cleansing" operation stated that the Chetniks should kill all Muslim fighters, communists and Ustaše, but that they should not kill women and children. According to Pajović, these instructions were included to ensure there was no written evidence for the killing of non-combatants. On 8 February, one Chetnik commander made a notation on his copy of written orders issued by Đurišić that the detachments had received additional orders to kill all Muslims they encountered. On 10 February, the commander of the Pljevlja Chetnik Brigade told one of his battalion commanders that he was to kill everyone in accordance with the orders of their highest commanders.[70] According to Tomasevich, despite Chetnik claims that this and previous "cleansing actions" were countermeasures against aggressive Muslim activities, all circumstances point to it being Đurišić's partial achievement of Mihailović's previous directive to clear the Sandžak of Muslims.[65]
By the end of February 1943, Đurišić's Chetniks were resisting Partisan attempts to move east from the
Capture
The Germans followed up Case White with a further offensive, codenamed "Case Black", whose objectives were the "disarming of all Chetniks and the destruction of all Partisans in Montenegro and Sandžak",[75] to secure important bauxite, lead, and chromium mines. According to Tomasevich, the main reasons for the offensive were the threat of an Allied landing in the Balkans and the need to eliminate resistance groups that could assist the Allies.[75] In early May 1943, the Germans entered the Sandžak and eastern Montenegro area. Đurišić withdrew to Kolašin with about 500 fighters and joined forces with Serbian Chetniks commanded by Dragutin Keserović.[76]
On 10 May 1943, Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Heinz, commander of the 4th Regiment of the Brandenburg Division, met Đurišić at Kolašin with the intent of engaging him to help the Germans against the Partisans. Đurišić said he was willing to do this, and once the Partisans were defeated he said he would be ready to fight alongside the Germans on the Russian Front. During the meeting, Đurišić told Heinz that Mihailović had left Kolašin at the end of 1942 and that he refused to accept Mihailović's current policy. Đurišić said Mihailović had been distracted by propaganda and was over-rated, and described him as "an unsteady visionary wandering through the land".[77] Đurišić also stressed that Josip Broz Tito and his Partisans were the only serious enemy. On 11 May 1943, Heinz submitted a proposal to General der Infanterie (Lieutenant General) Rudolf Lüters, the German Commanding General in Croatia, regarding the Chetniks who had been "legalised" by the Italians. He suggested the Germans also "legalise" Đurišić's Chetniks and use them to disarm "non-legalised" Chetniks groups. Heinz also proposed that after the Partisans had been destroyed, the Germans "legalise" only weak detachments of Đurišić's Chetniks. Subsequent events indicate Heinz's approach to Đurišić may not have been authorised by his superiors and that his suggestions were not acted upon.[78]
On 14 May 1943, a forward detachment of the German
Release and return to Montenegro
In September 1943, the Italians capitulated and the Germans occupied Montenegro, establishing an area command (German: Feldkommandantur 1040) under
Collaboration with the Germans against the Partisans in Montenegro
Winter and spring of 1944
In February 1944, Nedić sent the 2nd Battalion of the 5th Regiment of the SDK to Montenegro to supplement Đurišić's forces.[93] In the first half of 1944, the Germans in Montenegro and the Sandžak organised offensives against the Partisans, largely relying on forces under the command of Lašić and Đurišić. Because of the weakness of their own forces, the Germans contributed by commanding and supplying the troops involved and providing smaller mobile armoured units with heavy weapons. The Chetnik leaders provided most of the troops. In February and March, the Germans and numerous Chetnik units undertook a series of operations codenamed Bora, Baumblüte and Vorfrühling around Podgorica.[94]
When the Partisan 2nd Proletarian and
This reversal consolidated the poor German–Chetnik position in Montenegro; their forces in the south were completely isolated from those in the north.[94] Chetnik forces and their allies suffered heavy casualties; the 2nd Battalion of the 5th Regiment of the SDK was reduced from 893 men to 350.[96][97]
Summer 1944
In mid-May 1944, Đurišić visited Belgrade and asked Nedić, Neubacher, and
The German
Collaboration between Đurišić's forces and the Germans continued into late 1944.[83] On 13 July 1944, Radio Belgrade praised Đurišić "for his services to the Axis cause".[23] The 8th Regiment of the CDK was nearly destroyed in August by the 7th Montenegro Youth Brigade "Budo Tomović" during Operation Rübezahl.[106] The CDK suffered heavy losses in the fighting, and the Germans ordered its re-formation on 21 September 1944.[107] Đurišić and his forces conducted reprisals against the population in Pljevlja, Prijepolje, Priboj, and Nova Varoš.[92] The Chetniks also raided villages to intimidate and eradicate Partisan sympathisers, notably at Bjelopavlići, where 48 communists were executed.[108]
Đurišić remained in Montenegro until the end of Operation Rübezahl in late August 1944, after which he returned to the Sandžak. Following Operation Rübezahl, the presence of Partisan and German forces in northern Montenegro and the Sandžak was reduced and the focus of operations shifted to Serbia. Remaining Partisan units quickly re-established domination over temporarily lost territories and the German 181st Infantry Division ordered its three battalions that remained isolated in the Pljevlja area to break through Partisan-held territory and reunite with the rest of the division at Mateševo. This plan, codenamed Nordsturm, relied on the substantial participation of Đurišić's units. It fitted well with Đurišić's general orientation to move towards the coast, where an Allied landing was expected.[109] Nordsturm began on 31 August. Đurišić and the Germans made progress at first, capturing Kolašin and Berane, but the towns were quickly retaken by the Partisans, who went on the counterattack and proceeded to capture a string of towns in northern and western Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina.[110][111][112]
Đurišić maintained contact with Lukačević, who at that time had begun to attack the Germans in Herzegovina with his own forces. Đurišić considered the possibility of joining Lukačević in fighting the Germans in anticipation of an Allied landing.[113] However, because Lukačević was quickly defeated and no Allied landing occurred, Đurišić remained tied to the Germans. German intelligence closely tracked Đurišić's communications and movements, and German commands continued to make use of his forces. The Germans counted Đurišić's Chetniks as part of Army Group E in a survey of available forces dated 16 November 1944. In the survey, German forces in Montenegro at that time were estimated at 47,000 soldiers, including Đurišić's 10,000 Chetniks.[114] On 21 October 1944, the Partisans took the Grahovo garrison after a five-day battle.[115] On 6 November, the Partisans surrounded Cetinje, which was defended by the Germans, remaining Italian fascist Blackshirts, and about 600 Chetniks.[116] On 8 November, the Germans and Chetniks in Cetinje were reinforced with a formation of 800–1,000 Chetniks led by Đurišić, which eventually succeeded in breaking through the Partisan blockade.[117]
On 11 October 1944, at the suggestion of von Weichs, Wilhelm Keiper, the German Plenipotentiary General in Montenegro, awarded Đurišić the Iron Cross (2nd Class) in the name of the Führer and the German High Command for fighting against the Partisans.[b]
Withdrawal from Montenegro and death
On 14 November, the German
Đurišić's forces proceeded to north-eastern Bosnia to join Mihailović.
To reach Bihać, Đurišić made a safe-conduct agreement with elements of the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and with the Montenegrin separatist Drljević. The details of the agreement are not known, but it is thought he and his troops intended to cross the Sava river into Slavonia where they would join Drljević as the Montenegrin National Army, of which Đurišić was the operational commander. Đurišić apparently tried to outsmart them and sent only his sick and wounded troops across the river, keeping his fit troops south of the river. He began moving his command westwards; harassed by the NDH troops and Partisans, Đurišić's forces reached the Vrbas river north of Banja Luka in late March. Between 30 March and 8 April, the combined Chetnik force was defeated by a strong NDH force armed with German-supplied tanks, in the Battle of Lijevče Field.[135] This was probably the largest combat action between NDH forces and the Chetniks in the previous two years.[136]
After this defeat and the defection of one of his sub-units to Drljević, Đurišić was forced to negotiate directly with the leaders of the NDH forces about the further movement of his Chetniks towards Slovenia. This appears to have been a trap; he was attacked and captured by the NDH on his way to the meeting. Events after his capture are unclear, but Đurišić, Vasić, Ostojić, and Baćović were subsequently killed along with others, including some Serbian Orthodox priests.[131] According to Pajović, the Ustaše executed Đurišić in late April 1945 at the Jasenovac concentration camp.[46] Đurišić and 31 other Chetnik officers were most likely killed at the main camp site, whereas the rest of the captured Chetniks – around 100 – were executed at the Stara Gradiška sub-camp.[137] The website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site says Đurišić was killed at the camp by the Ustaše in 1945.[4] The location of Đurišić's grave, if any, is unknown.
Both the NDH forces and Drljević had reasons for ensnaring Đurišić. The NDH forces were motivated by Đurišić's terror attacks against the Muslim population in Sandžak and south-eastern Bosnia. Drljević opposed Đurišić's support of a union of Serbia and Montenegro, which was counter to Drljević's separatism.[131]
Aftermath
Some of Đurišić's troops escaped and travelled west. Some were killed by Partisan forces, who were to the south of their intended withdrawal route west to Slovenia.[138] Đurišić's wife and child, as well as wives of two other officers, were captured by the Partisans after the remnants of Đurišić's column were defeated.[139] The majority, left without a leader, were integrated into Drljević's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew towards the Austrian border.[133] Portions of both groups were later captured in Slovenia by the Partisans. About 1,000 of Đurišić's Chetniks crossed into Austria but were forced to return to Yugoslavia,[132] where some were killed by the Partisans near the Yugoslav–Austrian border. Most were taken to southern Slovenia, where they were killed and their bodies thrown into deep abysses in the Kočevski Rog area.[140]
According to Tomasevich, the killing of the Montenegrin Chetniks by the Partisans at Kočevski Rog was an "act of mass terror and brutal political surgery" similar to that carried out by the Chetniks earlier in the war. It was partly an act of revenge for the mass terror carried out by the Chetniks against the Partisans and pro-Partisan segments of the population and partly to stop the Chetniks from continuing an armed struggle against the communists, perhaps with Western assistance.[141] Less than a quarter of the force that began with Đurišić in Montenegro, and other Chetniks who joined him during the journey north and west, survived. A few weeks later, Drljević, who had fled to Austria, was discovered by followers of Đurišić and killed.[131] Đurišić was one of the most able Yugoslav Chetnik leaders;[133] his fighting skills were respected by his allies and opponents.[142][143]
Commemoration controversy
The Serbian diaspora in the United States set up a monument dedicated to Đurišić at the Serbian cemetery in Libertyville, Illinois. The management and players of the football club Red Star Belgrade visited it on 23 May 2010.[144]
In May 2002, plans for a "Montenegrin Ravna Gora" memorial complex to be located near Berane were prepared. The complex was to be dedicated to Đurišić, who spent some of his youth in Berane and established his wartime headquarters there.[145] In June 2003, the Montenegrin Minister of Culture Vesna Kilibarda banned the construction of the monument, saying the Ministry of Culture had not received an application to erect it.[146] The Association of War Veterans of the National Liberation Army (SUBNOR) objected to the construction of the monument, saying Đurišić was a war criminal who was responsible for the deaths of many colleagues of the veterans association and 7,000 Muslims.[147]
The Muslim Association of Montenegro condemned the construction and stated, "this is an attempt to rehabilitate him and it is a great insult to the children of the innocent victims and the Muslim people in Montenegro".[148] On 4 July 2002, the Montenegrin government forbade the unveiling of the monument, stating that it "caused public concern, encouraged division among the citizens of Montenegro, and incited national and religious hatred and intolerance".[149] A press release from the committee in charge of the monument's construction said the actions taken by the government were "absolutely illegal and inappropriate".[150] On 7 July, the police removed the stand that had been prepared for the monument.[151][152]
In 2011, the Montenegrin Serb political party New Serb Democracy (NOVA) renewed efforts to build a monument; they stated that Đurišić and other royal Yugoslav officers were "leaders of the 13 July uprising" and they "continued their struggle to liberate the country under the leadership of King Peter and the Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia".[153]
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b c Dimitrijević 2019, pp. 41, 45.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 167.
- ^ a b Jasenovac Memorial Site 2014.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, p. 12.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 138–140.
- ^ a b c Pajović 1987, p. 18.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975, p. 209.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, p. 76.
- ^ Morrison 2009, p. 56.
- ^ Caccamo & Monzali 2008, p. 186.
- ^ Đilas 1980, p. 150.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 75.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, p. 21.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 11.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 140–142.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 75–78.
- ^ Karchmar 1987, p. 386.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b c Maclean 1957, p. 210.
- ^ a b c Milazzo 1975, p. 46.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 209–210.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975, p. 170.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 28.
- ^ Karchmar 1987, p. 397.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 179.
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 145.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Terzić 2004, pp. 209–214.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 33.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 47.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 104–106.
- ^ Bojović 1987, p. 90.
- ^ Bojović 1987, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Bojović 1987, p. 15.
- ^ Bojović 1987, pp. 157–160.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 82.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 109–113.
- ^ Živković 2017, p. 731-732.
- ^ Živković 2017, p. 745-746.
- ^ Živković 2017, p. 748-749.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 142.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, pp. 210–212.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 85.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 106.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 109.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 112.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 171.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 109.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 59.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, pp. 113–116.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 258.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 59–60.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, p. 97.
- ^ Judah 2000, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Hoare 2006, pp. 331–332.
- ^ a b Cohen 1996, p. 45.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 60.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 239.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 135.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, pp. 135–136.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, p. 251.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 144.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 252.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, pp. 252–253.
- ^ Roberts 1987, p. 124.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 255.
- ^ Roberts 1987, p. 125.
- ^ Fleming 2002, p. 142.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975, pp. 349–351.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 195.
- ^ Fleming 2002, p. 144.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 147.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 349–350.
- ^ Karchmar 1987, p. 434.
- ^ a b c d Tomasevich 1975, p. 350.
- ^ a b Pajović 1987, p. 76.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 76–77.
- ^ a b Schmider 2002, p. 369.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 464–466.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 466.
- ^ Cohen 1996, p. 57.
- ^ Pajović 1987, p. 78.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 441.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 351.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 222.
- ^ Dimitrijević 2014, pp. 450–452.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 476.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 480.
- ^ Đurišić 1973, pp. 139–151.
- ^ Dimitrijević 2014, p. 452.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 483.
- ^ Pajović 1977, pp. 505–506.
- ^ Đurišić 1973, pp. 163–172.
- ^ Military Intelligence Division, War Department 1944, p. 254.
- ^ Royal Air Force 1944, pp. 64 & 72.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 509.
- ^ United States National Archives, Record Group 242, Microfilm series T311, Roll 184, frames 000386–7, Army Group E High Command, A Survey of the Numerical Strength of the Subordinated Units on 16 November 1944
- ^ Đurišić 1997, p. 157.
- ^ Đurišić 1997, p. 173.
- ^ Đurišić 1997, p. 176.
- ^ Pajović 1987, pp. 11 & 78.
- ^ Funke & Rhotert 1999, p. 52.
- ^ Cohen 1997, p. 34.
- ^ Minić 1993, p. 149.
- ^ Ličina 1977, p. 253.
- ^ National Archives, Washington D.C., microcopy T-501, roll 256, frames 509, 867; Records of German Field Commands: Rear Areas, Occupied Territories and Others. Microfilm Publication T-501. 363 rolls. (GG 38, 57 and T176/roll 25, cited in Cohen 1996, pp. 45, 174
- ^ Đurišić 1997, p. 207.
- ^ Đurišić 1997, p. 218.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 42.
- ^ Military Intelligence Division, War Department 1944, pp. 203, 206, 209, 249, 251, 261, 266 & 267.
- ^ Royal Air Force 1944, p. 49.
- ^ Vojnoistorijski institut 1956, pp. 738–739.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d Tomasevich 1975, pp. 447–448.
- ^ a b Milazzo 1975, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Thomas & Mikulan 1995, p. 23.
- ^ Radanović 2016, pp. 481–482.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 446–448.
- ^ Barić 2011, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Radanović 2016, p. 493.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 776.
- ^ Radanović 2016, pp. 491–492.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 774.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 765–766.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 111.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 315.
- ^ Gudžević 2010.
- ^ Prijović 2002.
- ^ B92 11 June 2003.
- ^ Sekulović 2003.
- ^ BBC 7 July 2003.
- ^ B92 4 July 2003.
- ^ Prijović 2003.
- ^ B92 7 July 2003.
- ^ BBC 20 June 2003.
- ^ Vijesti 13 August 2011.
References
Books
- Barić, Nikica (2011). "Relations between the Chetniks and the Authorities of the Independent State of Croatia, 1942–1945". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 175–200. ISBN 978-0-230-27830-1.
- Bojović, Jovan R., ed. (1987). Kolašinski četnički zatvor, 1942–1943: Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa održanog u Kolašinu 14. i 15. maja 1984 [Kolašin Chetnik Prison 1942–1943, Proceedings from the Scientific Conference in Kolašin on 14 and 15 May 1984] (in Serbo-Croatian). OCLC 605992247.
- Caccamo, Francesco; Monzali, Luciano (2008). L'occupazione italiana della Iugoslavia, 1941–1943 [The Italian Occupation of Yugoslavia, 1941–1943] (in Italian). Florence, Italy: Le Lettere. ISBN 978-88-6087-113-8.
- Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-760-7.
- Cohen, Philip J. (1997). The World War II and Contemporary Chetniks: Their Historico-Political Continuity and Implications for Stability in the Balkans. Zagreb, Croatia: CERES. ISBN 978-953-6108-44-2.
- Dimitrijević, Bojan B. (2014). Vojska Nedićeve Srbije: Oružane snage srpske vlade, 1941–1945 [The Army of Nedić's Serbia: The Armed Forces of the Serbian Government, 1941–1945] (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia: Službeni Glasnik. ISBN 978-86-519-1811-0.
- Dimitrijević, Bojan (2019). Golgota Četnika [Golgotha of Chetniks] (in Serbian). Vukotić Media doo. ISBN 978-86-89613-99-5.
- ISBN 978-0-15-694712-1.
- Đurišić, Mitar (1973). Sedma Crnogorska Omladinska Brigada "Budo Tomović" [Seventh Montenegrin Youth Brigade "Budo Tomović"] (in Serbian). Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Vojnoizdavački zavod. OCLC 22103728.
- Đurišić, Mitar (1997). Primorska operativna grupa [Littoral Operational Group] (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro: Vojnoistorijski institut. OCLC 40762457.
- ISBN 978-0-9619364-9-5.
- Funke, Hajo; Rhotert, Alexander (1999). Unter unseren Augen: Ethnische Reinheit: die Politik des Regime Milosevic und die Rolle des Westens [Before Our Eyes: Ethnic Purity: The Politics of the Milošević Regime and the Role of the West] (in German). Berlin, Germany: Verlag Hans Schiler. ISBN 978-3-86093-219-3.
- ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.
- ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Karchmar, Lucien (1987). Draža Mihailović and the Rise of the Četnik Movement, 1941–1945. New York City: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8240-8027-3.
- Ličina, Đorđe (1977). Tragom plave lisice [Tracing the Blue Fox] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Yugoslavia: Centar za Informacije i Publicitet. OCLC 6844262.
- OCLC 328091.
- ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
- Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1589-8.
- Military Intelligence Division, War Department (1944). A Chronology, World War II (NOV 1944) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Military Intelligence Division, War Department.
- ISBN 978-86-82295-01-3.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
- Morrison, Kenneth (2009). Montenegro: A Modern History. London, United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-710-8.
- Pajović, Radoje (1977). Kontrarevolucija u Crnoj Gori: Četnički i federalistički pokret, 1941–1945 [The Counter-revolution in Montenegro: The Chetnik and Federalist Movements, 1941–1945] (in Serbo-Croatian). Cetinje, Yugoslavia: Obod. OCLC 5351995.
- Pajović, Radoje (1987). Pavle Đurišić (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb, Yugoslavia: Centar za informacije i publicitet. ISBN 978-86-7125-006-1.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
- Radanović, Milan (2016). Kazna i zločin: snage kolaboracije u Srbiji: odgovornost za ratne zločine (1941–1944) i vojni gubici (1944–1945) [Punishment and Crime: Collaboration Forces in Serbia: Responsibility for War Crimes (1941-1944) and Military Losses (1944-1945)] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade, Serbia: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. ISBN 978-86-88745-16-1.
- ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-0773-0.
- Schmider, Klaus (2002). Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien, 1941–1944 [Partisan Warfare in Yugoslavia, 1941–1944] (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8132-0794-1.
- Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45. New York City: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-473-2.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
- Vojnoistorijski institut (1956). Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda [Collection of Documents and Statistics About the National Liberation War of the Yugoslav People]. Vol. III/8. Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Vojnoistorijski institut. OCLC 21539169.
Journals
- Royal Air Force (October–December 1944). "The Balkan Theatre: Greece and Yugoslavia". RAF Mediterranean Review (9). Egypt: Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces: 55–82. OCLC 221698204. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- Terzić, Milan (2004). "Falsifikat ili ne? Instrukcija Draže Mihailovića od 20. decembra 1941. Đorđu Lašiću i Pavlu Đurišiću" [Forgery or not? Draža Mihailović's Instructions of 20 December 1941 to Đorđe Lašić and Pavle Đurišić]. Vojno-istorijski glasnik (in Serbian). 2004 (1–2). Vojnoistorijski institut vojske SCG: 209–214. ISSN 0042-8442. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- Živković, Milutin D. (2017). Санџак 1941–1943 [Sandžak 1941–1943] (Doctoral) (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: University of Belgrade. OCLC 1242119546.
Websites
- "Ministarka kulture zabranila podizanje spomenika Đurišiću" [Minister for Culture bans raising of monument to Đurišić]. B92 (in Serbo-Croatian). 11 June 2003.
- "Zabranjen skup za otkrivanje spomenika Đurišiću" [Gathering for unveiling of Đurišić's monument banned]. B92 (in Serbo-Croatian). 4 July 2003.
- "Policija srušila postolje za spomenik Đurišiću" [Police destroy base for monument to Đurišić]. B92 (in Serbo-Croatian). 7 July 2003.
- "Montenegro: Muslims condemn plan to unveil monument to WWII warlord". BBC. 20 June 2003.
- "Montenegrin police destroy base for monument to controversial WWII leader". BBC. 7 July 2003.
- Gudžević, Sinan (18 June 2010). "Na kapi zvezda, u glavi kokarda". e-Novine (in Serbo-Croatian). Archived from the original on 15 December 2012.
- Jasenovac Memorial Site (2014). "List of Individual Victims of Jasenovac Concentration Camp". Jasenovac Memorial Site. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
- Prijović, Zvonko (7 May 2002). "Crnogorska Ravna gora". Glas javnosti (in Serbo-Croatian).
- Prijović, Zvonko (13 June 2003). "Neće biti obeležja Pavlu Đurišiću". Glas javnosti (in Serbo-Croatian).
- Sekulović, Milutin (10 June 2003). "Partizanski komandant, pa – vojvoda". Večernje novosti (in Serbo-Croatian).
- "NOVA predlaže da država podigne spomenik Pavlu Đurišiću". Vijesti (in Serbo-Croatian). 13 August 2011. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
External links
- Media related to Pavle Đurišić at Wikimedia Commons
- Literature by and about Pavle Đurišić in the German National Library catalogue