Pazmiño
The Pazmiño family | |
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Quito, Ecuador. | |
Connected families | Paz y Miño, Pasmiño, Pazminio, Pazimiño, Paziminio, Pasiminio, Pasminio, Pasimiño, Pazymiño, Pazmino, Paz y Mino, Paz-y-Mino, Pasmino, Pazimino, Pasimino, Pazymino. |
Distinctions | Extremaduran hidalgo (nobility). |
[1] Originally a Sephardi Jewish family from Llerena, Spain that converted to Catholicism in the 15th century, relocating to colonial Ecuador, and assimilating as members of the Hispanic population |
Pazmiño (Spanish:
The surname is carried by the descendants of members of a family of
In the early 16th century, during the first decades of Spanish colonization of South America, the family relocated to colonial Ecuador, along with other Sephardi Jewish converts to Catholicism whose real ethnicity was obscured and hidden from the colonial authorities.
In the last couple of centuries, persons of this lineage have since migrated out of Ecuador into neighboring countries, particularly Colombia, but also Peru. Some have ventured further afield around Latin America, including Chile and Panama. Others yet have more recently migrated to the United States and Australia.
Over the last decade, however, the greatest number have crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Spain in what could be described as a reverse migration of descendants of anusim, some five centuries after their forebears first established themselves in the New World. To this day, the bulk of persons of this lineage—whether Pazmiño or those carrying variants of the surname—are found mainly in Ecuador, and traditionally in the Sierra region of the country.
History
Spain
Llerena, Spain | |
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Coordinates: 38°14′21″N 6°01′07″W / 38.23917°N 6.01861°W |
Sancho de Paz, a native of Llerena born around 1445, was a
Llerena and surrounding areas in Extremadura served as areas of refuge for those Jews who fled the
Sancho de Paz's sons, Pedro de Paz Miño (also found as Pedro de Miño y Paz, Pedro de Miño de Paz), born around 1475, and Cristóbal, born around 1485, are the ancestral trunk and founders of the Pazmiño clan. They migrated to the Royal Audience of Quito, where they, along with their children (among them, Sancho, Rodrigo, Cristóbal) and their numerous grandchildren (among them Diego, Hernando, Cristóbal, Pedro, Ana, and Isabel) served in the capacity of both
Royal Audience of Quito
Sancho de Paz Miño y García, born around 1505, grandson of Sancho de Paz, was a conquistador of the
Sancho de Paz Miño y García and other members of the family were among the founders of Baeza,[8]: 97 today the main regional town of Quijos Canton, in Napo Province, Ecuador. By 1566 he was already serving as Alcalde Ordinario of that settlement.[5]: 153
Because of problems owing to his Jewish lineage,
By 1584, years after his death, his allotment in Baeza was so scarce that his children were left in extreme poverty. Such was the situation that in 1586, as claimed and asserted by various witnesses at the time, his eldest son Cristóbal pleaded with the colonial authorities in Quito for higher rate of rent income and increased land allotment.[6]: 83
Branching
Soon after establishing themselves in the Royal Audience of Quito, members of the family mixed with locals, both in Baeza and then moving the lineage to the administrative capital in
Initially, they married others also of
Among the family´s more prolific progeny, Captain Cristóbal Miño Paz y Jaramillo (born c. 1558, not to be confused with his uncle of the same name) on his own, and through his marriage with Petronila Pinque de Troya y Siliceo, sister of the founder of
The descendants of the clan are now numerous in Ecuador, and the surname is mainly found in Ecuador.
Some descendants passing on the Paz y Miño variation, produced several Colonial Governors of the City of Quito, including Governor Sancho Paz y Miño.
Anthroponymy
The surname Pazmiño—and all its variations—is a
Ultimately tracing back to Spain, although in a differing ancestral form, Pazmiño is an Ecuadorian Hispanic surname,[11] though not a "Spanish" surname per se. It is relatively rare compared to other Hispanic surnames, even in Ecuador itself.
As a
Paz
As a separate Hispanic surname, "Paz" can have three separate origins:
Galician Paz
When "Paz" is of Galician origin, it is a patronymic surname. The Galician "Paz", together with "Páez", "Paes", and "Pais", are the Galician patronymic forms of the Galician given name "Paio."
In Castilian, the given name is "Pelayo" and its Castilian patronymic counterpart is "Peláyez", not "Paz."
Castilian Paz
When "Paz" is of
Sephardi Paz
"Paz" is also a rough translation of the
To this day, the surname Paz can be still be found among Sephardic Jews who descend from those who left Spain to remain within the Jewish fold. These emigrated to areas outside the Spanish Kingdom and its colonial possessions in the Americas, beyond the reach of the Inquisition. They moved to various parts of the Ottoman Empire (North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and the Middle East, including Ottoman Palestine), as well as the Netherlands, England and elsewhere, where they could return to the religion.
When the surname Paz is given a superficial transliteration into the Hebrew language (as פז), the surname in Hebrew is synonymous with "Gold" (Paz), although the literal word for gold is זהב (Zahav). However, a direct translation into Hebrew (as שלום) would render the surname as "Peace" (Shalom). The contextual translation renders it as Shlomo (שלמה, Solomon).
Miño
The surname "Miño", conversely, has only one language origin. It is a
Etynologically, Miño is derived from a
In Spanish naming customs, people carry two surnames, the first paternal the second maternal. According to the National Statistics Institute of Spain, in the year 2010 there were a total of 1,733 people had "Miño" as a surname.[13] Of these, 907 people had it as their paternal surname, 819 as their maternal surname, and 7 as both. Of the total 1,733 persons with Miño as a surname, 1,354 were born in Spain both to Spaniards and foreign-born residents in Spain. A total of 372 of the Miño in Spain were foreign-born persons, of which 217 were Ecuador-born, 60 Argentina-born, 62 Paraguay-born, 7 Chile-born, 5 Uruguay-born, and 21 born in "other" countries.
Variants of Pazmiño
In the clan's initial two to three generations, the emerging compound surname was not stable, and the two elements kept changing order. The fluctuation was also spurred by the irregular addition of the
Oftentimes the same individuals would variously appear on different colonial documents as "Paz Miño", "Miño Paz", "Paz de Miño", "Miño de Paz", "de Miño y Paz", "de Miño de Paz", "de Paz Miño", "de Pazmiño", "Pazimyño", as well as "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño." Ultimately, all these archaic varieties standardized as the latter two: "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño."
As standardized forms, both "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño" were initially equally as common. Gradually, however, and over the initial generations, many of those who had standardized as "Paz y Miño" eventually consolidated as "Pazmiño." This was partly influenced by the fact that the progeny of the "Pazmiño" had become more numerous, and their form of the surname the most familiar.
Even in birth certificates of more recent generations, one still finds "Paz y Miño" parents with "Pazmiño" children. Similarly, in much the same process, other newer variations which exist today also sprouted from "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño."
Among these is "Pasmiño" which evolved from "Pazmiño." "Pazimiño" evolved from "de Paz y Miño." Sancho de Paz y Miño y Garcia was himself sometimes rendered as "Sancho de Pazimiño."[8]: 97 "Pazimyño" is an unusual variation of "Pazimiño"[8]: 223 which has since died out with all the other archaic forms.
Those that are today "Pazymiño" are mostly the latest evolutions, the product of some "Paz y Miño" who have since migrated to Hispanic countries outside Ecuador, attempting to preserve their surname where those unfamiliar with this Ecuadorian last name, by convention, misidentify it as being solely "Paz" or solely "Miño". Indeed, members of the clan were lost in this process even in the initial generations in Ecuador. Some became "Paz" alone, others became "Miño" alone, henceforth making it difficult to differentiate them from all other "Paz" and "Miño" who derive from various unrelated ancestral lineages.
In non-Hispanic countries, specifically in the English-speaking world, the "ñ" would be dropped and replaced simply with an "n", rendering "Pazymino."
Distribution
The process as described above relates to Ecuador, and all varieties are found in the country to some extent. The Pazmiños are most numerous in Ecuador, both in real numbers and proportional to the population. In greatly reduced numbers, when Pazmiños or those with variations of the surname are found elsewhere, both in the Hispanosphere and outside of it, they are the result of the arrival of Ecuadorian emigrants who took the surname with them over the last couple of centuries. In those cases, what small numbers might be found, the prevalence of the forms of the surname differs by country.
- In Colombia, the prevalent form is Pazmiño, and to a lesser extent Pasmiño, and more rarely Pasminio and Pasiminio.
- In Peru, there are some Paz y Miño, and fewer Paziminio and Pasiminio.
- In Chile, where the surname is largely confined to the southern region of the country, the most prevalent form is Pasmiño, with a scarce number of Pazmiño.
- In countries outside the Hispanosphere, the surnames among immigrants are modified to conform with local languages that lack the . In other instances, "Paz y Miño" is rendered "Paz-y-Miño" and "Paz-y-Mino" to avoid accidental partial pronunciation or partial transmission. Others compounded it into "Pazymiño" and "Pazymino."
The Pazmiño in contemporary Spain
The migration of the colonial era Paz Miño family, who originally introduced the lineage and surname to Ecuador, occurred at the same time the surname itself came into existence some five centuries ago. Spain was therefore left without a native-born Pazmiño population for hundreds of years.
Thus, in the case of Spain, most Pazmiños are recent migrants who arrived in the last 15 to 20 years, as part of the mass economic emigration of Ecuadorians during the Ecuadorian financial crisis of the late 1990s and early 2000s. During this time, some 10% of the total Ecuadorian population left their homeland, the largest number, over half a million, landing in Spain. Beyond these arrivals, the presence of any other Pazmiños in Spain that pre-date the last two decades of Ecuador´s economic instability, are also the consequence of back-migration by Ecuadorians, including their descendants which have since been born in Spain.
Statistics
Pazmiño
In 2010, according to the
Of the total 1,638 Pazmiño registered in Spain in 2010, 1,095 were persons who were not of Spanish nationality. All of the Pazmiños who were not of Spanish nationality were of Ecuadorian nationality, except for 13 who were of Colombian nationality, 5 who of Venezuelan nationality, and 12 who of nationality from "other" countries. The census agency, as a matter of policy for privacy concerns, does not tally separately any group by nationality if their total would be less than 5 persons. These are instead put collectively in the "other" group. Of the 588 Pazmiños who of Spanish nationality, these are naturalized Spanish citizens of Ecuadorian descent or Spanish-born descendants of Pazmiños of Ecuadorian-birth or nationality in Spain, plus any which may be attributable to the few Pazmiños in Spain of non-Ecuadorian nationalities or birth.
Table of Pazmiños in Spain by country of origin[14]
Country of birth | Paternal surname | Maternal surname | Paternal & maternal | TOTAL |
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Spain | 291 | 297 | .. | 588 |
Ecuador | 574 | 486 | 5 | 1,065 |
Colombia | 8 | 5 | .. | 13 |
Venezuela | .. | .. | 5 | 5 |
Other | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
TOTAL | 879 | 796 | 8 | 1,683 |
Paz y Miño
According to the same 2010 census data, a total of 6 persons in Spain had the surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname.[15] None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname.
In 2010, all six "Paz y Miño" in Spain were not of Spanish nationality. No specific countries of origin were assigned, since 1 or more of the 6 persons were born in a country other than Ecuador, and the census agency does not tally separately any group by country of birth if the total would be less than 5 persons.
As of 2015, an additional 4 people were registered as having "Paz y Miño" as their surname in Spain, making a total of ten persons. None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname. Seven of these 10 were now reported to have Spanish nationality, including previously tabulated as non-citizens who have since acquired Spanish nationality by naturalization and/or any new births in Spain to non-national parents in the last 5 years.
Other variations
As of 2010, no persons with any other variations of the surname, including Pasmiño, Pasiminio, Pazimiño, etc. were registered in Spain.
Notable people
Colonial figures
- Sancho de Paz Miño y García (c. 1505-1584), judeo-converso conquistador and founder of Baeza, Ecuador.
- Sancho de Paz y Miño, Colonial Governor of the City of Quito
- Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño (1662–1703), mystic and religious woman of the Monasterio de la Purísima Concepción. A foundling left at the doors of the same monastery, and adopted by members of her extended family, Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño and his wife. Died in 1703 unmarried and without descendants.
- Juan Paz Miño, Colonial Franciscan Friar, son of Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño. Baptiser of his adopted sister Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño.
- Francisco de Paz Miño, political figure in the Corregimiento de Quito. Co-signer of the Petitions of the Cabildo to King Felipe IVin 1646.
Independence heroes
- Tomás Pazmiño, Ecuadorian patriot. Battalion leader of the War of Machachi against the Spanish Army in 1820, proclaiming Machachi's independence.
- Francisco Pazmiño Naranjo, Ecuadorian patriot and member of the battalion at the War of Machachi 1820, led by Tomás Pazmiño against the Spanish Army securing Machachi's independence.
Politics, judiciary, diplomacy
- Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella(1884–1962), Head of State as Chairman of Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador, 1925
- Diego Morejón Pazmiño, current United Nations Ambassador for Ecuador and Chair of the U.N. Special Committee of the 24 on Decolonization.
- Kleber Paz y Miño Flores (1925–2014 [1]), Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas between the years 1970–1972, 1978–1982, 2000–2004, and 2005–2009. Born in the Parroquia of Lotan, San Miguel Canton, Bolívar Province, Ecuador.
- Patricio Pazmiño Freire, current President of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador.
- Fabián García Paz y Miño (1971-), Ecuadorian diplomat, author of "Casa de fieras".
Theologians and clergy
- Jorge Giovanny Pazmiño Abril (1965-)[2], Dominican friar, Professor of Theology and Philosophy, and newly appointed Bishop of Ambato, Ecuador.
- Robert (Bob) William Pazmiño (1948-), theologian, author and scholar in the United States. Born in New York City to an American-born father of Ecuadorian origins and an American-born mother of Dutch, Huguenot and German ancestry.[16]
Academia, literature and journalism
- Ismael Pérez Pazmiño (1876–1944), born in Machala, Ecuador, and founder of El Universo newspaper in Guayaquil.
- Juan José Paz y Miño Cevallos (1927–1993), iconic Ecuadorian journalist.
- María Eugenia Paz y Miño (1959-), Ecuadorian author and founder of "Tientos de Diferencias". Author of "Golpe a golpe", "El uso de la nada" and "Tras la niebla".
- Daniel Pazmiño Guadalupe (1943-), Ecuadorian journalist born in Riobamba.
- Juan José Paz y Miño Cepeda, Ecuadorian author, historian, and scholar. Current official chroniclerof the City of Quito, Ecuador, and vice-president of ADHILAC (Asociación de Historiadores de América Latina y el Caribe).
- Manuel Abraham Paz y Miño Conde (1961-), Peruvian author, academic, polyglot, rationalist and humanist philosopher and activist. Born in Lima, Peru, a third generation descendant of an Ecuadorian medical practitioner.
Science
- Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C, Ecuadorian evolutionary biologist, currently resides in the United States, researcher, science writer and public speaker. Author of "Measuring the Evolution Controversy", "Kin Recognition in Protists and other Microbes", "Evolution Stands Faith Up", and host of Evolution Literacy.
- César Paz y Miño Cepeda, renowned Ecuadorian geneticist, researcher, author and academic. Dean of Biomedical Research Institute of Medical Faculty of University of Americas, Ecuador.
- John Pazmino (1946-), American amateur Astronomer, discoverer and namesake of 'Pazmino's Cluster', an open cluster in faint and extended nebula SH2–202 on the border of the Camelopardalis-Cassiopeia constellations
- Patricio Pazmino (1943-) Ecuadorian physician and scientist, currently resides in the United States. Graduated from Gonzaga University (BS), Univ. of Illinois Med. Ctr, Chicago (Ph..D), Universidad Central del Ecuador (MD). Author of more than 75 scientific publications. Practicing Nephrologist in USA for more than 40 years, Fellow and Past President of multiple medical and scientific organizations. Author of Namesake Rule on Clinical Targets in Diabetes Mellitus: "Pazmino Rule of 100's" Expert on Diabetic Nephropathy & New Oral Anticoagulants
Visual arts
- Germania Paz y Miño Salas (1913–2002), iconic Ecuadorian artist, painter and sculptor. Born in Latacunga, Ecuador.
- Pasionaria Pazmiño (1942-), painter, and miniature artist.
Performing arts
- Cristobal Pazmiño Guadalupe (1958-), Ecuadorian guitarist. Born in Riobamba.
- Washington Pazmiño Solano, Ecuadorian electronic musician and composer.
- Terry Pazmiño Trotta, Ecuadorian guitarist.
Entertainment
- Gabriela Pazmiño Yépez (1984-), Ecuadorian celebrity, television personality, presenter and commentator.
- Annemarie Pazmino (1984-), American web celebrity and actress. Starring in Edges of Darkness, Compulsions, Sorority Forever, among other productions. Born in Los Angelesto a Chilean-born father.
- Rubi Pazmiño (1982-), American musician and TV personality from Puerto Ricanmother.
Beauty pageant titleholders
- Miss Earth Air2010.
- María Francisca Paz y Miño Maya (1987-), Reina de Quito 2012, born in Quito, Ecuador.
- María Janeth Pazmiño Delgado (1990-), Reina de Portoviejo 2014, born in Manabí, Ecuador.
See also
- Crypto-Judaism
- History of the Jews in Latin America
References
- ^ "Pazmiño". linajes.net. 2015.
- OCLC 24825685.
- ISBN 9780806314808.
- ^ OCLC 50669339.
- ^ ISBN 9789978222430. Archived from the originalon 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ^ ISBN 9788400073688.
- OCLC 254546160.
- ^ ISBN 9788489295056.
- ^ Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada (1569). Collección de Hidalguías. Catálogo (in Spanish). Junta de Andalusía.
- ISBN 9788489851351.
- ^ ISBN 9780195081374.
- ^ Núñez Sánchez, Jorge (2012). "Inquisición y Diáspora Judía: Los Sefarditas de Chimbo" (DOC) (in Spanish). Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión" Núcleo de Bolívar. p. 17.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística(in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b Explotación Estadística del Padrón (2010). "Aplicativo Apellidos: Pazmiño". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Explotación Estadística del Padrón (2010). "Aplicativo Apellidos: Paz y Miño". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Robert Pazmiño". Talbot School of Theology, Biola University. 2015.
Further reading
- "Family Facts for: Pazmino". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- "Family Facts for: Paz". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- "Family Facts for: Mino". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.