Luhansk People's Republic
This article needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
Luhansk People's Republic[a]
Луганская Народная Республика | ||
---|---|---|
Head Leonid Pasechnik | | |
Population (2019)[3] | ||
• Total | 1,485,300[b] |
The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic
Following Ukraine's
On 21 February 2022, Russia
The Head of the Luhansk People's Republic is
Geography and demographics
The 2014 constitution of the Luhansk People's Republic (art. 54.1) defined the territory of the republic as "determined by the borders existing on the day of establishment", without describing the borders.[13] From February 2015 up until February 2022, the LPR's de facto borders were the Russo–Ukrainian border (south and east), the border between Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast (west), and the line of contact with Ukrainian troops (north) as defined in the Minsk agreements between Ukraine, Russia, and the OSCE. When the Russian president announced recognition of the republics' independence on February 22, 2022, he said "we recognized all their fundamental documents, including the constitution. And the constitution spells out the borders within the Donetsk and Luhansk regions at the time when they were part of Ukraine".[14]
Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast and the LPR-controlled area from April 2014 to February 2022 are both landlocked.
The highest point in left-bank Ukraine is Mohyla Mechetna hill (367.1 m (1,204 ft) above sea level), which is located in the vicinity of the city of Petrovske, in LPR-controlled territory.[15]
In December 2017, approximately 1.4 million lived in the LPR's territory, with 435,000 in the city of Luhansk.[16] Leaked documents suggest that less than three million people, less than half of the pre-war population, remained in the separatist territories that Moscow controlled in eastern Ukraine in early February 2022, and 38% of those remaining were pensioners.[17]
On 18 February 2022, the LPR and DPR separatist authorities ordered a general evacuation of women and children to Russia, and the next day a full mobilization of males "able to hold a weapon in their hands".[18]
History
Luhansk and Donetsk People's republics are located in the historical region of Donbas, which was added to Ukraine in 1922.[19] The majority of the population speaks Russian as their first language. Attempts by various Ukrainian governments to question the legitimacy of the Russian culture in Ukraine had since the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine often resulted in political conflict. In the Ukrainian national elections, a remarkably stable pattern had developed, where Donbas and the Western Ukrainian regions had voted for the opposite candidates since the presidential election in 1994. Viktor Yanukovych, a Donetsk native, had been elected as a president of Ukraine in 2010. His overthrow in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution led to protests in Eastern Ukraine, which gradually escalated into an armed conflict between the newly formed Ukrainian government and the local armed militias.[20]
Formation (2014–2015)
Occupation of government buildings
On 5 March 2014, 12 days after the protesters in Kyiv seized the president's office (at the time
One thousand pro-Russian activists seized and occupied the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) building in the city of Luhansk on 6 April 2014, following similar occupations in Donetsk and Kharkiv.[24][25] The activists demanded that separatist leaders who had been arrested in previous weeks be released.[24] In anticipation of attempts by the government to retake the building, barricades were erected to reinforce the positions of the activists.[26][27] It was proposed by the activists that a "Lugansk Parliamentary Republic" be declared on 8 April 2014, but this did not occur.[28][29] By 12 April, the government had regained control over the SBU building with the assistance of local police forces.[30]
Several thousand protesters gathered for a 'people's assembly' outside the regional state administration (RSA) building in Luhansk city on 21 April. These protesters called for the creation of a 'people's government', and demanded either federalisation of Ukraine or incorporation of Luhansk into the
During a gathering outside the RSA building on 27 April 2014, pro-Russian activists proclaimed the "Luhansk People's Republic".[34] The protesters issued demands, which said that the Ukrainian government should provide amnesty for all protesters, include the Russian language as an official language of Ukraine, and also hold a referendum on the status of Luhansk Oblast.[34] They then warned the Ukrainian government that if it did not meet these demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an armed insurgency in tandem with that of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR).[34][35]
As the Ukrainian government did not respond to these demands, 2,000 to 3,000 activists, some of them armed, seized the RSA building, and a local prosecutor's office, on 29 April.[36] The buildings were both ransacked, and then occupied by the protesters.[37] Protestors waved local flags, alongside those of Russia and the neighbouring Donetsk People's Republic.[38] The police officers that had been guarding the building offered little resistance to the takeover, and some of them defected and supported the activists.[39]
Territorial expansion
Demonstrations by pro-Russian activists began to spread across Luhansk Oblast towards the end of April. The municipal administration building in
Insurgents occupied the municipal council building in
Some said that the occupiers came from Russia;[51] the Cossacks themselves said that only a few people among them had come from Russia.[52] On 7 May, insurgents also seized the prosecutor's office in Sievierodonetsk.[53] Luhansk People's Republic supporters stormed government buildings in Starobilsk on 8 May, replacing the Ukrainian flag with that of the Republic.[54] Sources within the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs said that as of 10 May 2014, the day before the proposed status referendum, Ukrainian forces still retained control over 50% of Luhansk Oblast.[55]
Status referendum and declaration of independence
The planned referendum on the status of Luhansk oblast was held on 11 May 2014.[56] The organisers of the referendum said that 96.2% of those who voted were in favour of self-rule, with 3.8% against.[57] They said that voter turnout was at 81%. There were no international observers present to validate the referendum.[57]
Following the referendum, the head of the Republic, Valery Bolotov, said that the Republic had become an "independent state".[58] The still-extant Luhansk Oblast Council did not support independence, but called for immediate federalisation of Ukraine, asserting that "an absolute majority of people voted for the right to make their own decisions about how to live".[59][60] The council also requested an immediate end to Ukrainian military activity in the region, amnesty for anti-government protestors, and official status for the Russian language in Ukraine.[60]
Valery Bolotov was wounded in an assassination attempt on 13 May.
On 24 May 2014 the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic jointly announced their intention to form a confederative "union of People's Republics" called New Russia.[64] Republic President Valery Bolotov said on 28 May that the Luhansk People's Republic would begin to introduce its own legislation based on Russian law; he said Ukrainian law was unsuitable due to it being "written for oligarchs".[citation needed] Vasily Nikitin, prime minister of the Republic, announced that elections to the State Council would take place in September.[65]
The leadership of the Luhansk People's Republic said on 12 June 2014 that it would attempt to establish a "union state" with Russia.[66] The government added that it would seek to boost trade with Russia through legislative, agricultural and economic changes.[66]
Stakhanov (now Kadiivka), a city that had been occupied by LPR-affiliated Don Cossacks, seceded from the Luhansk People's Republic on 14 September 2014.[67][failed verification] Don Cossacks there proclaimed the Republic of Stakhanov, and said that a "Cossack government" now ruled in Stakhanov.[67][68] However the following day this was claimed[by whom?] to be a fabrication, and an unnamed Don Cossack leader stated the 14 September meeting had, in fact, resulted in 12,000 Cossacks volunteering to join the LPR forces.[69] Elections to the LPR Supreme Council took place on 2 November 2014, as the LPR did not allow the Ukrainian parliamentary election to be held in territory under its control.[70][71]
Human rights in the early stages of the war
In May 2014, the United Nations observed an "alarming deterioration" of human rights in insurgent-held territory in eastern Ukraine.[72] The UN detailed growing lawlessness, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction, carried out by Luhansk People's Republic insurgents.[73] The UN also highlighted threats, attacks, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as the beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity.[73] An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine declared that the Luhansk People's Republic was in a state of "total breakdown of law and order".[74]
The report noted "cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention,
In November 2014, Amnesty International called the "People's Court" (public trials where allegedly random locals are the jury) held in the Luhansk People's Republic "an outrageous violation of the international humanitarian law".[76]
In December 2015 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine reported "Parallel 'justice systems' have begun operating" in territory controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic.[77] They criticised this judiciary to be "non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional".[77]
Static war period (2015–2022)
On 1 January 2015, forces loyal to the Luhansk People's Republic ambushed and killed Alexander Bednov, head of a pro-Russian battalion called "Batman". Bednov was accused of murder, abduction and other abuses. An arrest warrant for Bednov and several other battalion members had been previously issued by the separatists' prosecutor's office.[78][79][80]
On 12 February 2015, DPR and LPR leaders
On 20 May 2015, the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya announced the termination of the confederation 'project'.[85]
On 19 April 2016, planned (organised by the LPR) local elections were postponed from 24 April to 24 July 2016.[86] On 22 July 2016, this elections was again postponed to 6 November 2016.[87] (On 2 October 2016, the DPR and LPR held "primaries" in were voters voted to nominate candidates for participation in the 6 November 2016 elections.[88] Ukraine denounced these "primaries" as illegal.[88])
The "LPR Prosecutor General's Office" announced late September 2016, that it had thwarted a coup attempt ringleaded by former LPR appointed prime minister Gennadiy Tsypkalov (who they stated had committed suicide on 23 September while in detention).[89] Meanwhile, it had also imprisoned former LPR parliamentary speaker Aleksey Karyakin and former LPR interior minister, Igor Kornet.[90] DPR leader Zakharchenko said he had helped to thwart the coup (stating "I had to send a battalion to solve their problems").[90]
On 4 February 2017, LPR defence minister Oleg Anashchenko was killed in a car bomb attack in Luhansk.[91] Separatists claimed "Ukrainian secret services" were suspected of being behind the attack; while Ukrainian officials suggested Anashchenko's death may be the result of an internal power struggle among rebel leaders.[91]
Mid-March 2017
On 21 November 2017, armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republic Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior minister Igor Kornet.[93][94] Media reports stated that the DPR had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night.[93][94] Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll."[95] The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections."[95]
Plotnitsky was stated to become the separatist's representative to the
In June 2019 Russia started giving
In early June 2020, the LPR declared Russian as the only state language on its territory, removing Ukrainian from its school curriculum.[102] Previously the separatist leaders had made Ukrainian LPR's second state language, but in practice it was already disappearing from school curricula prior to June 2020.[103]
In January 2021 the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic stated in a "Russian Donbas doctrine" that they aimed to seize all of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast under control by the Ukrainian government "in the near future."[104] The document did not specifically state the intention of DPR and LPR to be annexed by Russia.[104]
Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022) |
On 21 February 2022,
On May 6, as part of the
This resulted in a 63-day period during which the whole of Luhansk Oblast was controlled by separatist forces. However, during the
Recognition and international relations
The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) initially sought recognition as a sovereign state following its declaration of independence in April 2014. Subsequently, the LPR willingly acceded to the Russian Federation as a Russian federal subject in September–October 2022, effectively ceasing to exist as a sovereign state in any capacity and revoking its status as such in the eyes of the international community. The LPR claims direct succession to Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast.
From 2014 to 2022, Ukraine, the United Nations, and most of the international community regarded the LPR as an illegal entity occupying a portion of Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast (see: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War). The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), which had a similar backstory, was regarded in the exact same way. Crimea's status was treated slightly differently since Russia annexed that territory immediately after its declaration of independence in March 2014.
Up until February 2022, Russia did not recognise the LPR, although it maintained informal relations with the LPR. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the LPR and the DPR at the same time,
Between February 2022 and October 2022, in addition to receiving Russian recognition, the LPR was recognised by North Korea (13 July 2022)[114] and Syria (29 June 2022).[115][116] This means that three United Nations member states recognised the LPR in total throughout its period of de facto independence. The LPR was also recognised by three other breakaway entities: the DPR, South Ossetia (19 June 2014),[117] and Abkhazia (25 February 2022).[118]
Relations with Ukraine
The LPR has been in a state of armed conflict with Ukraine ever since the former declared independence in 2014. The Ukrainian military operation against the republic is officially called an
Relations with Russia
During most of its lifetime, Russia did not recognise the LPR as a state. It nevertheless recognised official documents issued by the LPR authorities, such as identity documents, diplomas, birth and marriage certificates and vehicle registration plates.[123] This recognition was introduced in February 2017[123] and enabled people living in LPR-controlled territories to travel, work or study in Russia.[123] According to the presidential decree that introduced it, the reason for the decree was "to protect human rights and freedoms" in accordance with "the widely recognised principles of international humanitarian law."[124] Ukrainian authorities decried the decree and claimed that it was contradictory to the Minsk II agreement, and also that it "legally recognised the quasi-state terrorist groups which cover Russia's occupation of part of Donbas."[125]
On 21 February 2022, the Russian government recognised the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics in dawn of
Government and politics
A report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) stated that the official ideology of the LPR is shaped by right-wing Russian nationalism, neo-imperialism and Orthodox fundamentalism.[11] Al Jazeera described it as neo-Stalinist and a "totalitarian, North Korea-like statelet".[127] The LPR and DPR are sometimes described as puppet states of Russia during their periods of nominal independence.[6][7][8]
Head of the Luhansk People's Republic
The Head of the Luhansk People's Republic is the highest office of the Luhansk People's Republic. The following persons have occupied the post:
- Gennadiy Tsypkalov Acting Head 13 May 2014 – 17 May 2014, Peace to Luhanshchina[128]
- Valery Bolotov (1970–2017) 18 May 2014 – 14 August 2014, Independent[129]
- Igor Plotnitsky (born 1964) 4 November 2014 – 24 November 2017 (Acting Head 14 August 2014 – 4 November 2014), Peace to Luhanshchina[130]
- Leonid Pasechnik (born 1970) 21 November 2018 – 4 October 2022 (Acting Head 24 November 2017 – 21 November 2018[131] and since 4 October 2022[132]), Peace to Luhanshchina
Government
The post of Prime Minister was occupied by the following persons:
- Vasily Nikitin 18 May 2014 – 3 July 2014
- Igor Plotnitsky 20 August 2014 – 26 August 2014
- Sergey Kozlov 26 December 2015 – ?
Parliament and political parties
The People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic[133][134] (Russian: Народный Совет Луганской Народной Республики, romanized: Narodnyy Sovet Luganskoy Narodnoy Respubliki), functions as the regional parliament.
Prior to its annexation into Russia, the Luhansk People's Republic maintained two political parties.
- Peace to Luhanshchina[d] a self described "centrist" party that sought an independent Luhansk oblast, it was the personal political machine of Leonid Pasechnik and largely reflected his own personal political views. The party was described as Luhansk's United Russia, winning a super-majority in all elections, and having unlimited political power over the breakaway Republic. Following Russian annexation, the party was absorbed into United Russia.[135]
- Luhansk Economic Union a self described "liberal-conservative" party that acted as a controlled opposition to Pasechnik, agreeing to most, if not all of his policies, only offering soft opposition on select economic issues. The party never received more than 25% of the vote and was established to create the illusion of a functioning democracy in the Luhansk People's Republic.[135]
Elections
The first parliamentary elections to the legislature of the Luhansk People's Republic were held on 2 November 2014.[136] People of at least 30 years old who "permanently resided in Luhansk People's Republic the last 10 years" were electable for four years and could be nominated by public organisations.[136] All residents of Luhansk Oblast were eligible to vote, even if they are residents of areas controlled by Ukrainian government forces or fled to Russia or other places in Ukraine as refugees.[70]
Ukraine urged Russia to use its influence to stop the election "to avoid a frozen conflict".[137] Russia on the other hand indicated it "will of course recognise the results of the election"; Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the election "will be important to legitimise the authorities there".[71] Ukraine held the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election on 26 October 2014; these were boycotted by the Donetsk People's Republic and hence voting for it did not take place in Ukraine's eastern districts controlled by forces loyal to the Luhansk People's Republic.[71][137]
On 6 July 2015 the Luhansk People's Republic leader (LPR) Igor Plotnitsky set elections for "mayors and regional heads" for 1 November 2015 in territory under his control.[citation needed] (Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) leader Alexander Zakharchenko issued a decree on 2 July 2015 that ordered local DPR elections to be held on 18 October 2015. He said that this action was "in accordance with the Minsk agreements".[138]) On 6 October 2015 the DPR and LPR leadership postponed their planned elections to 21 February 2016.[139]
This happened 4 days after a
Additional elections took place simultaneously in Donetsk and Luhansk republics on 11 November 2018. The official position of the U.S. and European union is that this vote is illegitimate because it was not controlled by the Ukrainian government, and that it was contrary to the 2015 Minsk agreement. Leonid Pasechnik, the head of the Luhansk People's Republic, disagreed and said that the vote was in accordance with the Minsk Agreement. The separatist leaders said that the election was a key step toward establishing full-fledged democracy in the regions. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said that residents of eastern Ukraine should not to participate in the vote. Nevertheless, both regions reported voter turnout of more than 70 per cent as of two hours before the polls closed at 8 p.m. local time.[141][142][143]
Public opposition in the LPR is virtually non-existent.[17]
Military
In the summer of 2014, there were several secessionist armed groups without a unified command, among them Zarya ("Dawn") artillery brigade, "well equipped from Russia", and other "[p]aramilitary units loyal [to] their respective chieftains".[144] The People's Militia of the LPR (Russian: Народная милиция ЛНР) was created in October 2014. By 2016 Russian officers commanded the LPR units from the battalion level up. The former commanders, some of whom retained substantial personal security forces, sometimes acted as deputy commanders.[145]
Ukrainian sources reported in 2021 that the People's Militia of the LPR is under the control of the 2nd Army Corps, which is subordinated to the specially created 12th Reserve Command of the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces at its headquarters in the city of Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast.[146][147]
In 2022, the award Hero of the Luhansk People's Republic (Russian: Герой Луганской Народной Республики) was bestowed on Ramzan Kadyrov.[148]
Human rights
According to Freedom House, basic due process guarantees are not followed and arbitrary arrests and detentions are common. A 2020 UN report said that interviews with released prisoners "confirmed patterns of torture and ill-treatment". Abuse, including torture and sexual violence, has been widely reported to occur in separatist prisons and detention centers.[149]
A 2022 report by Al Jazeera said that "the 'republics' are understood to have evolved into totalitarian, North Korea-like statelets", and that reportedly thousands have been tortured and abused in "cellars" under the separatist authorities.[150]
Economy
As of May 2015, pensions started being paid in mostly Russian rubles by the Luhansk People's Republic. 85% were in rubles, 12% in hryvnias, and 3% in dollars according to LPR Head Igor Plotnitsky.[151] Ukraine completely stopped paying pensions for the elderly and disabled in areas under DPR and LPR control on 1 December 2014.[152]
Sports and culture
The football team of the Luhansk People's republic is ranked sixteenth in the Confederation of Independent Football Associations world ranking.[153] A football match between LPR and DPR was played on 8 August 2015 at the Metalurh Stadium in Donetsk.[154]
Territorial control
Name | Pop. | Raion | Held by | As of | More information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alchevsk | 106,550 | Alchevsk | Russia | 2 May 2014 | Captured by Luhansk PR 30 April 2014. |
Bilohorivka | 808 | Sievierodonetsk | Ukraine | 24 Jan 2024 | See Bilohorivka school bombing Captured by Russia/ LPR 3 July 2022.[155] Recaptured by Ukraine 19 September 2022.[156] Pressured by Russia.[when?][citation needed] |
Chervonopopivka | 1,042 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia | 20 Mar 2023 | See also 26 March 2022. |
Hirske | 9,274 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[157] | 24 Jun 2022 | Captured by Russia/ LPR 24 June 2022.[157] |
Kirovsk / Holubivka | 26,838 | Alchevsk | Russia | 26 Feb 2022 | Captured by Luhansk PR mid-July 2014. |
Hrekivka | 53 | Svatove | Ukraine[158] | 5 Oct 2022 | Recaptured by Ukraine 5 October 2022. |
Kadiivka | 73,702 | Alchevsk | Russia | 2 May 2014 | Captured by Luhansk PR 2 May 2014. |
Krasnorichenske | 4,020 | Svatove | Russia | Captured by Luhansk PR in 2022. | |
Krasnyi Luch
|
79,764 | Rovenki | Russia[159] | 25 Feb 2022 | Captured by Luhansk PR mid-April 2014. |
Kreminna | 18,417 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[160] | 19 Apr 2022 | See 18 April 2022. |
Luhansk | 399,559 | Luhansk | Russia[161] | 25 Feb 2022 | See Siege of the Luhansk Border Base (2014) Captured by Luhansk PR mid-April 2014. |
Lysychansk | 95,031 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[162] | 3 Jul 2022 | See Battle of Lysychansk Captured by Luhansk PR mid-April 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine 25 July 2014. Recaptured by Russia/ LPR 2 July 2022. |
Makiivka | 831 | Svatove | Ukraine[163] | 4 Oct 2023 | Raided by Russia on 20 March 2023. |
Novodruzhesk | 6,806 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia | 1 Jul 2022 | See Battle of Lysychansk Captured by Russia/ LPR 1 July 2022.[164] |
Novoselivske | 736 | Svatove | Russia[165] | 7 Aug 2023 | Captured by Russia/ LPR on 6 March 2022.[citation needed] Recaptured by Russia by around 29 November 2022.[166][167][168] Recaptured by Ukraine on 30 December 2022. Recaptured by Russia on 5 August 2023.[165] |
Popasna | 19,672 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[169] | 8 May 2022 | See Battle of Popasna Captured by Luhansk PR mid-April 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine 19 June 2014. Recaptured by Luhansk PR 8 July 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine 22 July 2014. Recaptured by Russia/ LPR 7 May 2022[170] |
Pryvillia | 6,679 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia | 1 Jul 2022 | See Battle of Lysychansk Captured by Russia/ LPR 1 July 2022.[164] |
Rubizhne | 56,066 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[171] | 12 May 2022 | See Battle of Rubizhne Captured by Luhansk PR in 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine in July 2014. Recaptured by Russia/ LPR 12 May 2022 |
Serhiivka | 20 | Svatove | Russia[172] | 12 Nov 2023 | Captured by Russia/ LPR early in the war. Recaptured by Ukraine on 26 October 2022. Recaptured by Russia on 25 July 2023.[173][172] |
Shchastia | 11,552 | Shchastia | Russia[174] | 12 Mar 2022 | Captured by Luhansk PR in 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine 14 June 2014. Recaptured by Russia/ Lugansk PR 26 February 2022. |
Sievierodonetsk | 101,135 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[175] | 25 Jun 2022 | See Battles of Sievierodonetsk (2014), Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022) Captured by Luhansk PR late May 2014. Recaptured by Ukraine 22 July 2014. Recaptured by Russia/ LPR 25 June 2022.[176][177][175] |
Starobilsk | 16,267 | Starobilsk | Russia[178] | 13 Mar 2022 | See 26 February 2022. |
Stelmakhivka
|
505 | Svatove | Ukraine | 10 Apr 2022 | Captured by Russia/ LPR March 2022. Recaptured by Ukraine October 2022. |
Svatove | 16,420 | Svatove | Russia[179] | 9 Mar 2022 | Captured by Russia/ LPR 6 March 2022. |
Toshkivka | 4,088 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[180] | 21 Jun 2022 | See Battle of Toshkivka Capture claimed by Russia/ LPR 21 June 2022.[180] |
Zolotarivka | 631 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[181] | 21 Oct 2022 | Captured by Russia/ LPR 4 July 2022. Claimed recaptured by Ukraine 21 October 2022, but not verified |
Zolote | 13,203 | Sievierodonetsk | Russia[182] | 24 Jun 2022 | Captured by Russia/ LPR 24 June 2022.[182] |
See also
Notes
- ^ a.k.a. "Lugansk People's Republic"
- 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
- ^ It can be read as both Lugansk or Luhansk due to the fact that the Cyrillic character Г represents the sound [ɦ] in Ukrainian, roughly an equivalent to the [h] sound used in English, while in Russian it is usually pronounced [ɡ]. The majority of the region natively speaks Russian, but Luhansk is more commonly used in English as the region is internationally recognized as a part of Ukraine.
- ^ Russian: Мир Луганщине, romanized: Mir Luganshchine, lit. 'Peace to Lugansk region', Ukrainian: Спокій Луганщині, romanized: Spokii Luhanshchyni
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- ^ a b Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (12 November 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 12, 2023". Critical Threats. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
Geolocated footage published on November 12 shows that Russian forces advanced to positions west of Serhiivka (13km west of Svatove), corroborating Russian claims that Russian forces captured Serhiivka.
- ^ "Institute for the Study of War".
- ^ Yaffa, Joshua (12 March 2022). "What the Russian Invasion Has Done to Ukraine". The New Yorker. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b Mayor Says Ukrainian Troops Have 'Almost Left' Sievierodonetsk
- ^ "Ukrainian troops told to leave Severodonetsk: governor". PolskieRadio.pl. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainians retreat from key areas of eastern region as fighting enters fifth month". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ Miroshnychenko, Stanislav (13 March 2022). ""В окупантів мало добрих новин". Що відбувається у Сєвєродонецьку та Луганську" ["The occupiers have had little good news". What is happening in Sievierodonetsk and Luhansk]. Focus (in Ukrainian).
- ^ "Ukrainians of occupied towns protest against Russian invaders, undermining "liberator" narrative". Euromaidan Press. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Russia captures Donbas frontline village Toshkivka: Ukraine". Al Arabiya News. AFP. 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Operational update of General Staff of the UAF regarding the russian invasion as of 18.00, on October 21, 2022". Ukrainian Defense Ministry.
- ^ a b "Ukraine loses key town as Russia claims it surrounds troops". Reuters. 24 June 2022.