Pectinase
Endopolygalacturonase I | |||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||
Organism | |||||||
Symbol | pgaI | ||||||
UniProt | P26213 | ||||||
Other data | |||||||
EC number | 3.2.1.15 | ||||||
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Pectinases are a group of
Pectinases can be extracted from fungi such as
Pectinase in nature
Pectinase enzymes used today are naturally produced by fungi and yeasts (50%), insects, bacteria and microbes (35%) and various plants (15%),[4] but cannot be synthesized by animal or human cells.[5] In plants, pectinase enzymes hydrolyze pectin that is found in the cell wall, allowing for new growth and changes to be made. Similarly to their role in plants, pectinases break down pectin during the developmental stage of fungi.
Characterizations
Pectinase enzymes are classified based on how their enzymatic reaction proceeds with various pectic substances (through transelimination or hydrolysis), the preferred substrate (pectin, pectic acid or oligo-n-galacturonate) and if the cleavage that occurs is random or end-wise.[5][6]
Reaction pathway
Pectinases depolymerize pectin through hydrolysis, trans-elimination and deesterification reaction processes, breaking down the ester bond that holds together the carboxyl and methyl groups in pectin.[5]
Endo-polygalacturonase progresses through a reaction along the following pathway:[7]
1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+m + H2O = (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)m
Crystal structures
All pectinase enzyme structures include a prism-shaped right-handed cylinder made up of seven to nine parallel β-helices. The three parallel β-helices that create the prism shape of the structure are referred to as PB1, PB2 and PB3, with PB1 and PB2 creating an antiparallel β and PB3 sitting perpendicularly to PB2. All substrate binding sites of the various esterases, hydrolases, and lyases are located on an outer cleft of the central parallel β-helix structure between protruding loops on the structure and PB1.[8]
Optimum environment
As with all
Industrial uses
Pectinase enzymes play various roles in both the fruit juice and wine industries. They are used for clarification in fruit juices and also speed up fruit juice extraction through enzymatic liquefaction of fruit pulp. In addition, pectinase enzymes aid in formation of pulpy products in the fruit juice industry. Pectinase enzymes are used for extracting juice from purée. This is done when the enzyme pectinase breaks down the substrate pectin and the juice is extracted. The enzyme pectinase lowers the activation energy needed for the juice to be produced and catalyzes the reaction.
Pectinases are useful in the wine industry by extracting anthocyanin from the fruit, effectively intensifying the wine coloring.[10] Pectinase can also be used to extract juices from cell walls of plants cells.
Pectinases are also used for retting in the textile industry.[11] Addition of chelating agents or pretreatment of the plant material with acid enhance the effect of the enzyme.
References
- PMID 8213306.
- ISBN 978-0-444-64114-4, retrieved 2021-10-20
- ^ "Pectinase". Enzyme India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ Melton, Laurence (2019). Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry (Volume 2 ed.). Elsevier. p. 271.
- ^ a b c Saranaj, P; Naidu, M.A. (2014). "Microbial Pectinases: A Review". ResearchGate.
- PMID 8213306.
- ^ "BRENDA - Information on EC 3.2.1.15 - endo-polygalacturonase". brenda-enzymes.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-5377-1, retrieved 2021-10-20
- ^ "Pectinase". Enzyme India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ Saranaj, P; Naidu, M.A. (2014). "Microbial Pectinases: A Review". ResearchGate.
- S2CID 90607593.