Pedro Castillo

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Pedro Castillo
Castillo in 2022
63rd President of Peru
In office
28 July 2021 – 7 December 2022
Prime MinisterGuido Bellido
Mirtha Vásquez
Héctor Valer
Aníbal Torres
Betssy Chávez
Vice PresidentFirst Vice President
Dina Boluarte
Second Vice President
Vacant
Preceded byFrancisco Sagasti
Succeeded byDina Boluarte
Personal details
Born
José Pedro Castillo Terrones

(1969-10-19) 19 October 1969 (age 54)
Puña, Peru
Political partyIndependent (until 2002, 2022–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
(m. 2000)
Children2
EducationCésar Vallejo University (BA, MA)
Signature

José Pedro Castillo Terrones (Spanish: [xoˈse ˈpeðɾo kasˈtiʝo teˈrones] ; born 19 October 1969) is a Peruvian politician, former elementary school teacher, and union leader who served as the President of Peru from 28 July 2021 to 7 December 2022.[1][2] Despite being popularly elected, Peru's right-wing controlled Congress attempted to remove Castillo, citing "moral incapacitance". Castillo then attempted to dissolve Congress on 7 December 2022, which ultimately failed and resulted in the legislative body impeaching and removing him from office the same day.[3][4][5][6]

Born to a peasant family in Puña, Cajamarca, Castillo began working in Peru's informal economy as a teenager to earn funds for his studies in education and later returned to his hometown to become a primary school teacher. He attained political prominence as a leading figure in a school teachers' strike in 2017 and ran in the 2021 presidential election as the candidate of the Free Peru party. Castillo announced his presidential candidacy after seeing his students undergo hardships from the lack of resources in rural Peru, with the election occurring amidst the country's COVID-19 pandemic and a period of democratic deterioration in the nation. With the support of individuals living in rural and outlying provinces, he placed first in the initial round of the presidential vote and advanced to the second round where he won against his opponent Keiko Fujimori.[7][8] Castillo's victory in the presidential race was confirmed on 19 July 2021 and he was inaugurated on 28 July.[9][10]

After taking office, Castillo named

social conservative, Castillo ultimately began to align his policies with Congress and Evangelical groups on social issues, including his opposition to same-sex marriage, gender studies and sex education.[14][15][16][17] He would leave the Free Peru party in June 2022 to govern as an independent.[18] In attempts to appease the right-wing Congress, he later appointed members of center and center-right political parties as ministers of state.[19][20] Castillo was noted for appointing four different governments in six months, a Peruvian record.[21]

Castillo's presidency had a minority in congress, and faced opposition which led to three

sanctions against Russia. Mining protests also intensified as the country's economy plummeted.[24][25] On 1 December 2022, Peru's Congress approved a motion initiated by opposition lawmakers to start the third formal attempt to impeach him since he took office.[26]

On 7 December 2022, Castillo, citing obstruction by Congress,

pro-Castillo protests broke out calling for new elections and the release of Castillo from detention, which the new right-wing government responded with violence, resulting in the Ayacucho massacre and Juliaca massacre.[29][30]

Early life and education

Castillo was born to an

gold mine, Cajamarca has remained one of the poorest regions in Peru.[32][33] He is the third of nine children.[32]

His father, Ireño Castillo, was born on the

landowners to peasants, with Ireño receiving a plot of land he had been working on.[31][34] As a child, Castillo balanced his schooling with farm work at home, completing his elementary and high school education at the Octavio Matta Contreras de Cutervo Higher Pedagogical Institute.[34][35] Castillo's daily trek to and from school involved walking along steep cliffside paths for two hours.[34][36]

As a teenager and young adult, Castillo traveled throughout Peru to earn funds for his studies.

Educational Psychology from the César Vallejo University.[35]

During the

From 1995, Castillo worked as a

better source needed] Rural teaching in Peru is poorly paid but highly respected and influential within local communities, which led Castillo to become involved with teachers' unions.[36][42] With his working background as a patrolman for Rondas campesinas and being a schoolteacher, two of the most respected jobs in Peruvian society, Castillo was able to establish a high level of political support.[42]

Early political career

In 2002, Castillo unsuccessfully ran for the mayorship of

centre-left party Possible Peru.[34][43] He served as a leading member of the party in Cajamarca from 2005 until the party's dissolution in 2017 following its poor results in the 2016 Peruvian general election.[34][44] Following his leadership during the teachers' strike, numerous political parties in Peru approached Castillo to promote him as a congressional candidate, though he refused and instead decided to run for the presidency after encouragement from unions.[31]

2017 teachers' strike

In an interview with the Associated Press, Castillo said that his motivation for entering politics was seeing his students arrive to school hungry without any benefits while, at the same time, Peru experienced economic growth from mineral wealth.[31] Castillo became a teachers' union leader during the 2017 Peru teachers' strike [es], which sought to increase salaries, pay off local government debt, repeal the Law of the Public Teacher Career and increase the education budget.[45] At the time, the Peruvian government sought to replace a system of career teachers with temporary unskilled educators.[10] The strikes spread through southern Peru; due to their longevity, Minister of Education Marilú Martens, Prime Minister Fernando Zavala, and other government officials jointly announced a package of salary increases and debt relief, though the teachers remained on strike.[46][47]

President

Kuczynski administration, assisted Castillo with the strike in an effort to destabilize the president's government.[36]

On 24 August 2017, the government issued a supreme decree making official the benefits agreed in negotiations,[51] issuing a warning that if teachers did not return to their classrooms by 28 August, they would be fired and replaced.[52] On 2 September 2017, Castillo announced a suspension of the strike; he said it was only a temporary suspension.[53][54]

2021 presidential election

The 2021 presidential elections occurred amidst the

political crisis in the nation that continued during the election.[55] These crises created multiple political currents that eventually consolidated into a growing political polarization among Peruvians.[55]

First round

Initial discussions between former Governor of Junín, Vladimir Cerrón of Free Peru, and Verónika Mendoza of Together for Peru, recommended a leftist coalition to support a single presidential candidate in the 2021 general election. Mendoza's advisors argued that Cerrón's beliefs were too radical and of an antiquated left wing ideology.[56] Mendoza's camp also raised concerns about Cerrón's alleged homophobic and xenophobic rhetoric.[56] In October 2020, Castillo announced his presidential bid, running as the candidate of Free Peru, and formally attained the nomination on 6 December 2020. His ticket included attorney Dina Boluarte and Vladimir Cerrón; Cerrón was later disqualified by the National Jury of Elections due to a corruption conviction.[39]

Pedro Castillo was chosen by a national assembly of teachers' representatives to be their candidate for the presidential election of 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of financial resources led them to give up building a political party. Approached by several small parties, he chose Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL), of which he was not a member at the time.[57]

During the first part of the campaign, unknown to most Peruvians, Pedro Castillo was very low in the polls and received very little media coverage. His campaign accelerated from March, when he crossed the threshold of 5% of voting intentions.[57]

Castillo cited the impact of the

remote learning; almost none of his students had access to a cell phone, and educational tablets promised by the government never arrived.[32] Using this experience of abandonment and distrust of the national government established in urban Lima, Castillo had a genuine ability to relate to rural voters and used his knowledge of their issues to establish support.[42]

He campaigns for a constitutional reform (he believes that the current

Ethnocacerist movement and brother of former President Ollanta Humala who was sentenced to nineteen years in prison after leading the capture of a police station in Andahuaylas that had resulted in the deaths of four policemen and one gunman.[58][59] At the conclusion of his initial campaign ahead of the first round of voting, Castillo held a rally in the Historic Centre of Lima, beginning at the Plaza San Martín before leading a march on horseback to the Plaza Dos de Mayo, where hundreds of supporters gathered.[40] At the event, he told attendees that if elected, the citizens would supervise his policies, he would only receive the salary of a teacher, and sought to reduce the pay of congress and ministers by half.[40]

Trailing throughout the entire campaign, his polling surged during the last weeks of the campaign and on election day, Castillo secured 18% of the vote in the first round, putting him in first place among eighteen candidates. His success was attributed to his focus on the large difference of

living standards between Lima and rural Peru, leading to strong support in countryside provinces.[60] He faced the second-placed candidate, Keiko Fujimori, who had also finished second place in the 2011 and 2016 general elections, in the second round of voting.[61]

After his victory in the first round, Castillo called for Peruvian political forces, including

Ronda Campesinas, to establish a political agreement, though he declined to make a roadmap similar that of Ollanta Humala during the 2016 general election.[62][63] He established a political alliance with the left-wing former presidential candidate Verónika Mendoza in May 2021, earning her support for his campaign.[64][65]

Second round

Ballot paper for the second round between Castillo and Fujimori

Approaching the second round of presidential elections, it became apparent that Castillo's policy proposals would be unlikely to be enacted as president and that he would be vulnerable to Congress; the newly elected

Congress of Peru was made of opposing parties, with his party having only over 37 of the 130 seats in congress.[32][66]

While campaigning, Castillo was insulted on multiple occasions by individuals likening him to Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela,[67][68][69] while Free Peru reported that he also received anonymous death threats.[70] Third-place candidate Rafael López Aliaga issued death threats during a demonstration against Castillo, shouting: "Death to communism! Death to Cerrón! Death to Castillo!"[71] Castillo was also criticized for his debate performance with critics raising questions on whether he understood governmental functions.[72]

Castillo ultimately won the election, handing Fujimori her third consecutive defeat in a presidential election.[9][73]

Reactions

Many observers described the second round of the presidential election as being a choice between the

lesser of two evils.[74] The transfer of the presidency to Castillo was described by the Institute of Peruvian Studies [es] as "strengthening the current Peruvian democratic regime", as the process was peaceful and contributed to a "more prolonged democratic stability" in Peru in the early 21st century.[75] The New York Times reported his victory as the "clearest repudiation of the country's establishment",[76] and the Financial Times described him as "a hope for the poor", amid concerns among the establishment and the elite, which resulted in a capital flight, in a country that was hit the most by the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to excess mortality, with an economy in recession, a collapsed healthcare, a series of corruption scandals, and one third of Peruvians living in poverty.[74]

Following Castillo's surprising success in the first round of elections, the

far-left politician.[79]

Most regional leaders and some in Europe, such as Pedro Sánchez of Spain, extended congratulations and wished Castillo the best on being the president of the bicentennial of Peru.[80] Lula da Silva, leftist former president of Brazil, congratulated him and said that Castillo had struck a blow to conservatism in the region, saying that "the result of the Peruvian polls is symbolic and represents another advance in the popular struggle in our dear Latin America".[81] Like Lula, Morales, the former president of Bolivia, congratulated Castillo, stating that Castillo "won with our proposal" and that he had spoken to him on the phone previously.[82] Mujica, the former Uruguayan president, also shared approval of Castillo's success in the first round of elections, warning Castillo to "not fall into authoritarianism", while participating in a Facebook live video call with him.[83][84] Colombian president Iván Duque and Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso congratulated Castillo on his victory.[85]

Presidency (2021–2022)

Castillo speaking during his inaugural address

Castillo was officially designated as president-elect of Peru on 19 July 2021, only a week before he was to be inaugurated.

better source needed
]

Castillo and his government's political experience and direction had been described as being unclear by observers,[88][89] as he lacked notable political experience prior to his election.[90][91] In a little more than his government's first six months, four different cabinets were selected after being dissolved following numerous corruption controversies affecting Castillo and his close advisors.[21][89] According to political analyst Gianfranco Vigo, the Castillo administration "is governed not so much by knowledge but rather by closeness".[21] Castillo responded to criticism of his experience in an interview with CNN, saying that governing was "a learning process" and he was not "trained to be president", explaining that he did not study abroad by choosing to stay "for the country, for the people".[92] He also stated during the interview that Free Peru leader Vladimir Cerrón had "no influence on cabinet appointments".[92] About Castillo's government, political scientist Paula Távara of the National University of San Marcos said it has not shown "any clear direction" and "has not yet tackled any of the promised political projects. ... Instead it is sinking into chaos, with new ministers constantly being appointed with no qualifications other than their party membership. Posts are distributed on a whim to forge political alliances."[93]

In April 2022, Free Peru drafted a bill calling for general elections in 2023 to elect a new president and congress.

sexual education in schools.[15]

Domestic policy

Pedro Castillo in 2021

According to Farid Kahhat of the

feminist and pro-LGBT activist Anahí Durand as head of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, with Prime Minister Guido Bellido releasing a statement promising to "beat racism, classism, machismo, and homophobia".[97]

In September 2021, Castillo announced funding of 99 million soles (US$24 million) to provide food for impoverished families, stating: "We cannot understand that, despite having so much wealth in the country, it is not balanced with development."[98] As announced during his campaign, he launched an agrarian reform in October 2021, which he promises will not involve expropriations.[99] It includes an industrialization plan for peasants to promote the development of agriculture, and intends to offer poor peasants fairer access to markets.[99] Following the death of Abimael Guzmán, the founder of Shining Path, Castillo said his government's "condemnation of terrorism is firm" and he condemned Guzmán, saying he was "responsible for the loss of innumerable lives of our compatriots".[100]

In November 2021, Castillo announced an increase in the minimum wage from 930 to 1,000 sols ($223 to $250), the sale of the presidential jet acquired in 1995, and a ban on first-class travel for all civil servants.[101] That month, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru reported that from July through September 2021 Peru's GDP grew by 11.4% and beat previous expectations, with Bloomberg News saying Peru experienced the fastest growing economy among Latin American nations at the time.[102] The International Monetary Fund supported tax increases on the mining sector, reporting in December 2021 that Peru could safely increase taxes since the country had "a tax burden that is lower or similar to other resource-rich countries".[103]

After Castillo's acquittal of the second impeachment attempt against him in February 2022, global economic reverberations resulted from

2022 Peruvian protests.[109]

Foreign policy

PROSUR, saying that Castillo's government held the "objective of achieving South American integration, for the benefit of our peoples", while also offering refuge to Afghan refugees following the Fall of Kabul.[112]

Castillo speaking during the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly

For his first international trips, Castillo traveled to Mexico on 17 September 2021 and later to the United States on 19 September.

pharmaceutical companies to guarantee universal vaccine access internationally, stating: "On behalf of Peru, I want to propose the signing of a global agreement between Heads of State and patent owners to guarantee universal access to vaccines for all inhabitants, without discrimination or privileges, which would be a sign of our commitment to the health and lives of all peoples."[116][117] Castillo argued: "The battle against the pandemic has shown us the failure of the international community to cooperate under the principle of solidarity."[116]

During a January 2022 interview with

Venezuelan migrant crisis, with Peru being home to 1.3 million Venezuelans that fled following the crisis in Venezuela.[119]

According to Peruvian law, the president must have the authorization of Congress every time he wants to travel abroad, with the legislative body banning Castillo from participating in foreign affairs on multiple occasions. Congress banned Castillo from traveling to Colombia for the inauguration of the new president, Gustavo Petro, denied permission to travel to the Vatican to meet with the Pope, to Thailand for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit and to Mexico for a meeting of the Pacific Alliance in November 2022; the latter was cancelled and rescheduled for 14 December 2022 in Lima, though never occurred.[120][121]

Removal attempts

In October 2021, the website El Foco released recordings revealing that leaders of the manufacturing employers' organization

Fujimorists had already attempted to storm the Government Palace in July 2021 in rejection of election results, though such groups were repelled by authorities.[126][127][128][129]

Tensions with

Congress, dominated by conservative parties, were particularly high. The legislative body attempted to remove Castillo multiple times, accusing him of corruption, though charges only went as far as preliminary investigations.[19] Congress approved a law interpreting the constitution that restricted the executive's ability to dissolve Parliament, while Parliament retained the right to impeach the President. In December 2021, Congress passed a law that a referendum to convene a Constituent Assembly, one of Pedro Castillo's key promises during the presidential election, could not be held without a constitutional reform previously approved by Parliament. During a visit to the Spanish Parliament, the president of the Peruvian Congress, María del Carmen Alva, asked the deputies of the Popular Party to approve a declaration stating that "Peru has been captured by communism and that Pedro Castillo is a president without any legitimacy."[130]

November–December 2021 impeachment attempt

Presented in visitor documents as a lobbyist for the construction company Termirex, Karelim López met with Castillo's chief of staff Bruno Pacheco multiple times.[131] In November 2021, four months into his term, Keiko Fujimori announced that her party was pushing forward impeachment proceedings, arguing that Castillo was "morally unfit for office".[132] That day, investigators raided the Government Palace during an influence peddling investigation and found that Pacheco had US$20,000 present in his office's bathroom.[133][134] Pacheco said that the money was part of his savings and salary, though he resigned from his position in order to prevent the scandal from affecting Castillo.[133] On 25 November 28 legislators from Fujimori's party presented a signed motion of impeachment to congress, setting up a vote for opening impeachment proceedings against Castillo.[134] A short time later, controversy arose when newspapers reported that Castillo had met with individuals at his former campaign headquarters in Breña without public record, a potential violation of a recently created, complicated set of transparency regulations.[135] Lobbyist Karelim López would also become entangled with the controversy in Breña after the company Terminex, who she lobbied for, won the Tarata III Bridge Consortium contract worth 255.9 million soles.[131][136][137] Audios purportedly obtained at the residence and released by América Televisión were criticized and dismissed as a scam.[138] Castillo responded to the impeachment threat stating: "I am not worried about the political noise because the people have chosen me, not the mafias or the corrupt."[134] The impeachment proceeding did not occur, as 76 voted against proceedings, 46 were in favor, and 4 abstained, with a requirement of 52 favoring proceedings not being obtained.[139] Free Peru ultimately supported Castillo through the process and described the vote as an attempted right-wing coup.[140] Castillo responded to the vote stating: "Brothers and sisters, let's end political crises and work together to achieve a just and supportive Peru."[139]

February 2022 impeachment and acquittal

In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the

German liberal group Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including Maricarmen Alva, President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru, discussing plans to remove President Castillo from office.[141] Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency of Peru if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the Board of Directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.[142][143] A second impeachment attempt related to corruption allegations did make it to proceedings in March 2022.[23] On 28 March 2022, Castillo appeared before Congress calling the allegations baseless and for legislators to "vote for democracy" and "against instability", with 55 voting for impeachment, 54 voting against, and 19 abstaining, not reaching the 87 votes necessary for impeaching Castillo.[23][144]

In July 2022, a fifth inquest was launched into Castillo's alleged involvement in corruption.[145]

Self-coup attempt and removal from office

On 7 December 2022, hours before the Congress of Peru was scheduled to vote on a third impeachment motion against him, Castillo, tried to institute an illegal self coup, citing obstruction by Congress, he declared a national curfew, the dissolution of Congress, and the installation of a "government of exceptional emergency."[28] Shortly after his announcement, a majority of Castillo's cabinet resigned, and the attempted dissolution was denounced as a coup by the Ombudsman of Peru.[146] The Constitutional Court and First Vice President Dina Boluarte also called it a coup d'état attempt,[147][27] one meant to obstruct the impeachment process.[148] Castillo was then impeached and removed from the presidency by the Congress of Peru later on 7 December, as scheduled. The impeachment passed with a majority 101 for and 6 against out of 130 votes. Boluarte, who had broken with Castillo after the announcement, ascended to the presidency.[149]

Castillo reportedly attempted to flee the country but was detained by the National Police.[150][151] He is held in preventive custody while being investigated for “rebellion and conspiracy” and is currently detained in the same prison as Alberto Fujimori and Alejandro Toledo.[152][153][154]

Recognition

Nations recognizing presidential governments
  Pedro Castillo
  Dina Boluarte

Recognition of Castillo's impeachment internationally was recognized,[155][156] with countries like Spain and China, and organizations like European Union recognizing Boluarte and championing a return to "constitutional order."[157][158] The American continent was more mixed. Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognized Boluarte as new president. The United States, Costa Rica and Canada recognized Boluarte as president.[159]

However, left-wing Latin American governments, including Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela continued to recognize that Pedro Castillo is the democratically elected President of Peru following the events in December 2022 and refused to recognize Boluarte.[160][161][162] Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception."[163][164]

Political positions

"We have fought against terrorism and we will continue to do so. ... We are going to defend the constitutional rights of the country, there is no Chavismo, there is no communism ... ."

—Pedro Castillo, April 2021[165]

Castillo has been described as having

LGBT rights,[172] same-sex marriage,[16] euthanasia, sex education,[33][15] and the gender-equality approach in schools;[173][174][175] this put him at odds with the progressive left that has supported him. Castillo's participation in the second round of the 2021 Peruvian presidential election placed him as one of two socially conservative candidates,[34] in a highly polarized election.[176][177][178]

The Economist wrote that Castillo "combines radical rhetoric with pragmatism", and cited his work with both left-wing and right-wing groups, including Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force, during the 2017 teachers' strike.[66] Le Monde diplomatique wrote that Castillo maintained support prior to being elected because his positions were "rather vague".[10] Castillo later distanced himself from the far-left of the Free Peru party, stating that "the one who is going to govern is me" and there will be "no communism" in Peru under his government.[41][165][179] Kahhat said Castillo limited his relationship with Free Peru and separated himself from the party's leader, adding that "it is important to remember that Castillo is a candidate but not a party member. ... [W]e might even say he is more conservative than the ideals of [Free Peru] would suggest."[65] Anthony Medina Rivas Plata, a political scientist at the Catholic University of Santa María, said that "Castillo's rise is not because he is left-wing, but because he comes from below. He has never said he is a Marxist, socialist or communist. What he is, is an evangelical."[180]

After winning the first round of presidential elections, Castillo presented his ideas in a more moderated manner, maintaining a balance between the leftist ideals of Free Peru and the conservative consensus of Peruvians.[181][182] Following his ascent to the presidency, Free Peru broke from Castillo, who distanced himself from Vladimir Cerrón,[34] believing that he moderated his positions to appease businesses and opposing politicians.[132] On 30 June 2022, Castillo resigned from Free Peru.[183]

Domestic

Economy

Castillo has expressed his interest in moving Peru more towards a

national airline.[184] In an interview with CNN, he stated that if elected, he would hold discussions with businesses to ensure that "70% of profits must remain for the country" and that "they take 30%, not the other way around as it is today".[39]

Castillo proposed increasing the education and health budgets to at least ten percent of Peru's GDP.[33][174] He received criticism from EFE for not clarifying how these policies would be funded,[185] as Peru's existing government budget is already fourteen percent of the country's GDP.[174] Castillo believes that internet access should be a right for all Peruvians.[182] He proposed a science and technology ministry that would immediately be tasked with combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.[182]

Regarding

mining in Peru, Castillo supports the extraction of minerals throughout Peru, "where nature and the population allow it", and welcomes international investment regarding these projects.[39] For agrarian reform, Castillo proposed making Peru less reliant on importing agricultural goods and incentivizing food production for local use instead of solely for export.[64]

Governance

A main proposal of Castillo is to elect a constituent assembly to replace the constitution inherited from Alberto Fujimori's regime, with Castillo saying "it serves to defend corruption at macro scale".[33][186][187] Castillo has said that, in his efforts to rewrite the Peruvian constitution, he would respect the rule of law by utilizing existing constitutional processes and call for a constitutional referendum to determine whether a constituent assembly should be formed or not; to hold a referendum, Castillo would require a majority vote from congress, which is unlikely and limits his chances of changing the constitution.[65][182][188] All proposed reforms would also have to be approved by congress.[182]

At an event called Citizen Proclamation – Oath for Democracy, Castillo signed an agreement vowing to respect democracy, stating: "I swear with all my heart, I do swear with all my heart, that I will respect true democracy and equal rights and opportunities of the Peruvian people, without any discrimination and favoritism."[188] Castillo also promised at the event to respect the presidential term limit of a five-year tenure, saying that if elected, he would not adjust mechanisms to extend the presidential period and would leave office on 28 July 2026.[188] Other statements by Castillo included respecting the separation of powers and recognizing the autonomy of constitutional entities.[188]

Social

Proposed social policies from Castillo include creating

media in Peru.[33]

According to Castillo, issues of abortion and LGBT rights "are not a priority".[32] His socialist woman proposal (La mujer socialista) was described as "a deeply patriarchal, gender-normative view of society disguised under seemingly liberating language" by Javier Puente, assistant professor of Latin American Studies at Smith College, while the rest of his program did not include any policies regarding LGBT groups, who are vulnerable populations in Peru.

Castillo announced during his inauguration that youths who do not work or study would have to serve in the military; as there is no mandatory service in Peru, it was unclear whether Castillo would introduce conscription.[190][191]

International

Latin America

Castillo embracing Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil, who said Castillo held "conservative values".

Castillo defended the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, describing it as "a democratic government",[175][189][192] while his Free Peru party shared praise for the policies of Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez.[77] After winning the first round of presidential elections, Castillo stated regarding Venezuela that "[t]here is no Chavismo here", saying of President Maduro, "if there is something he has to say concerning Peru, that he first fix his internal problems."[83][179] He also called on Maduro to take Venezuelan refugees back to their native country, saying that Venezuelans arrived in Peru "to commit crimes".[83] Castillo described the Venezuelan refugee crisis as an issue of "human trafficking", and said that he would give Venezuelans who commit crimes seventy-two hours to leave Peru.[83][173][189]

Venezuela's opposition leader Juan Guaidó, who was recognized as legitimate president of Venezuela by Peru in amidst the Venezuelan presidential crisis beginning in 2019, wished that Castillo would "decide for the good of freedom" after President Maduro's foreign minister Jorge Arreaza attended Castillo's inauguration.[193][194] Guaidó warned that the Lima Group could be renamed "Quito Group" if Peru recognizes Maduro.[193] Castillo called for plans to "deactivate" the group.[195][196]

In November 2021, Castillo announced the rejection of the 2021 Nicaraguan general election results, saying they were not "free, fair and transparent elections". In addition, he supported the pressure measures against the government of Daniel Ortega by the Organization of American States.[197]

At a bilateral meeting with president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro on 3 February 2022, Castillo was seen embracing him. Bolsonaro, who wore Castillo's straw chotano hat, said Castillo was a defender of freedom and "conservative values".[13][198] Bolsonaro and Castillo also discussed a proposed highway through the Amazon rainforest, the removal of bureaucratic trade regulations, and increased drug trade monitoring.[11]

Europe

Like Mexico's

King Felipe VI of Spain attended, he spoke strongly against Spanish colonial rule.[199]

Controversies

Terruqueo target

"When you go out to ask for rights, they say that you are a terrorist, ... I know the country and they will not be able to shut me up, ... The terrorists are hunger and misery, abandonment, inequality, injustice."

—Pedro Castillo, April 2021[32]

During the

racist rhetoric against Castillo.[201]

In 2017, Castillo's participation in the teacher's strike was criticized by

Peru.21 accused Castillo of being linked to Shining Path, and published documents citing his alleged participation in virtual meetings with the organization's leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.[207][208][209]

Claims linking Castillo to MOVADEF and Shining Path have been refuted by Castillo himself and major media outlets. With Castillo being a member of the Ronda Campesina, which often partnered with the Peruvian Armed Forces to defend rural communities against guerrilla groups, allegations by Peruvian journalists of his links to Shining Path were contradictory.[210] The Guardian described links to Shining Path as "incorrect", and the Associated Press said that allegations by Peruvian media of links to Shining Path were "unsupported".[32][211] The Economist wrote that at the same time Castillo allegedly worked with groups linked to Shining Path, he was also partnering with right-wing legislators from Popular Force, Fujimori's party, in the same capacity.[clarification needed][66]

Complaint before the Public Ministry

According to Public Records, Castillo founded a company called Consorcio Chotano de Inversionistas Emprendedores JOP S.A.C., which he did not indicate in his resume presented to the National Jury of Elections. Former congresswoman Yeni Vilcatoma of the

Fujimorist party, filed a complaint for the public prosecution which opened a preliminary investigation,[212] Within the context campaign of the second round, Keiko Fujimori distanced herself from Vilcatoma and denounced her saying: "I like to win political competitions on the field."[213] Castillo said that he did not list the company because he did not remember its existence since it never operated; it is indicated that he invested 18,000 soles.[214][215] This was made public after the complaint made by journalist and columnist Alfredo Vignolo,[216] who later denounced that he received death threats through social networks by supporters of Castillo.[217]

Personal life

Castillo is married to

teetotaler, practicing abstinence from consuming alcohol.[219] His family lives in the Chugur District tending a farm with cows, pigs, corn, and sweet potatoes.[32][34] Castillo often wears a straw hat called a chotano, a poncho, and sandals constructed from old tires.[32][220]

Electoral history

Year Office Type Party Main opponent Party Votes for Castillo Result Swing
Total % P. ±%
2002 Mayor of Anguía Municipal Possible Peru José Alberto Yrigoin National Unity 104 8.82% 4th N/A Lost N/A[221]
2021 President of Peru General Free Peru Keiko Fujimori Popular Force 2,724,752 18.92% 1st N/A N/A N/A
General (2nd round) 8,836,380 50.13% 1st N/A Won Gain[222][223]

Awards

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by Free Peru nominee for President of Peru
2021
Most recent
Political offices
Preceded by President of Peru
2021–2022
Succeeded by