Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol
Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol | |
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6th President of Guatemala | |
In office 14 April 1865 – 24 May 1865 | |
Preceded by | Rafael Carrera y Turcios |
Succeeded by | Vicente Cerna y Cerna |
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala | |
In office 1851 – 14 April 1865 | |
President | Rafael Carrera |
Personal details | |
Born | 19 October 1802 |
Died | 14 March 1897 Guatemala City, Guatemala[1] | (aged 94)
Political party | Conservative |
Occupation | politician, diplomat |
Signature | |
Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol (19 October 1802 – 14 May 1897[1]) was a conservative politician and member of the Aycinena clan that worked closely with the conservative regime of Rafael Carrera. He was interim president of Guatemala in 1865 after the death of president for life, general Rafael Carrera.
Biography
Aycinena y Piñol was the son of Vicente Aycinena, the second marquis of Aycinena, and was the younger brother of cleric Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, who inherited the title. Pedro's uncle was Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol, also prominent member of the powerful family. Pedro married his first cousin, Dolores de Aycinena y Micheo, the daughter of a prominent member of the government of Ferdinand VII. Pedro served as Guatemalan minister of foreign relations (1854-71) and therefore played a major role in its foreign policy.[2]
Concordat of 1854
Concordat between the Holy See and the President of the Republic of Guatemala | |
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Congress of Guatemala | |
Author(s) | Fernando Lorenzana and Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol |
In 1854 a Concordat was established with the Holy See, which was signed in 1852 by Cardinal Antonelli, Secretary of State of the Vatican and Fernando Lorenzana plenipotentiary -Guatemala Ambassador before the Holy See. Through this treaty -which was designed by Aycinena clan leader, Dr. and clergyman Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol [3] - Guatemala placed its people education under the control of Catholic Church regular orders, committed itself to respect Church property and monasteries, authorized mandatory tithing and allowed the bishops to censor whatever was published in the country; in return, Guatemala received blessings for members of the army, allowed those who had acquired the properties that the Liberals had expropriated the Church in 1829 to keep them, perceived taxes generated by the properties of the Church, and had the right, under Guatemalan law, to judge ecclesiastics who perpetrated certain crimes.[4] The concordat was ratified by Pedro de Aycinena and Rafael Carrera in 1854 and kept a close relationship between Church and State in the country; it was in force until the fall of the conservative government of Marshal Vicente Cerna y Cerna.[4]
Wyke-Aycinena treaty: Limits convention about Belize
Wyke-Aycinena treaty | |
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Created | April 30, 1859 |
Ratified | September 26, 1859 |
Location | United Kingdom United Kingdom and Guatemala, Guatemala City. |
Author(s) | Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol |
Purpose | Define the borders between the British settlement of Belize and Guatemala.[5] |
The Belize region in the
After the Central America independence from Spain in 1821, Belize became the leading edge of the commercial entrance of Britain in the isthmus; British commercial brokers established themselves there and created prosperous commercial routes with the Caribbean harbors of Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.[6]
The liberals came to power in Guatemala in 1829 after defeating and expelling the Aycinena family and the
When the
Aycinena y Piñol, as Foreign Secretary, had made an extra effort to keep good relations with the British crown. In 1859, William Walker's threat loomed again over Central America; in order to get the weapons needed to face the filibuster, Carrera's regime had to come to terms about Belize with the British Empire. On 30 April 1859, the Wyke-Aycinena treaty was signed between the English and Guatemalan representatives.[10] The controversial Wyke-Aycinena from 1859 had two parts:
- The first six articles clearly defined the Guatemala-Belize border: Guatemala acknowledged England sovereignty over the Belize territory.[9]
- The seventh article was about the construction of a road between Belize City and Guatemala City, which would be of mutual benefit, as Belize needed a way to communicate with the Pacific coast of Guatemala, having lost its commercial relevance after the construction of the transoceanic railroad in Panama in 1855; on the other hand, Guatemala needed a road to improve communication with its Atlantic coast. However, the road was never built; first because Guatemalan and Belizeans could not reach an agreement of the exact location for the road, and later because the conservatives lost power in Guatemala in 1871, and the liberal government declared the treaty void.[5]
Among those who signed the treaty was José Milla y Vidaurre, who worked with Aycinena in the Foreign Ministry.[10] Rafael Carrera ratified the treaty on 1 May 1859, while Charles Lennox Wyke, British consul in Guatemala, traveled to Great Britain and received the royal approval on 26 September 1859.[5] There were some protests coming from the U.S. consul, Beverly Clarke, and some liberal representatives, but the issue was settled.[5]
See also
References
- ^ a b Aquiguatemala.net
- ^ Richmond F. Brown, "Pedro de Aycinena" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, pp. 247-48. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ González Davison 2008.
- ^ a b Aycinena 1854, p. 2-16.
- ^ a b c d Woodward 1993, p. 310.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Woodward 1993, p. 308.
- ^ Woodward 1993.
- ^ González Davison 2008, p. 15-52.
- ^ a b c Woodward 1993, p. 309.
- ^ a b Hernández de León 1930.
Bibliography
- Aycinena, Pedro de (1854). Concordato entre la Santa Sede y el presidente de la República de Guatemala (in Latin and Spanish). Guatemala: Imprenta La Paz.
- González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 978-84-89452-81-7.
- Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.
- Martínez Peláez, Severo (1988). Racismo y Análisis Histórico de la Definición del Indio Guatemalteco (in Spanish). Guatemala: Editorial Universitaria.
- Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La patria del criollo; ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca (in Spanish). México: Ediciones en Marcha.
- Woodward, Ralph Lee Jr. (2002). "Rafael Carrera y la creación de la República de Guatemala, 1821–1871". Serie monográfica (in Spanish) (12). CIRMA and Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies. ISBN 0-910443-19-X. Archived from the originalon 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
- Woodward, Ralph Lee Jr. (1993). Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871 (Online edition). Athens, Georgia USA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4360-0. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
External links
- "Pedro de Aycinena (1865)". DeGuate. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Notes
- ^ Aycinena's signature is the fourth from the top down in the first column, left to right