Peire d'Alvernhe

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Peire d'Alvernhe as an old man.

Peire d'Alvernhe or d'Alvernha

Life

According to his

Giraut de Borneill and his melodies to have been the best ever.[5] The anonymous biographer records that his information about Peire's later years comes from Dalfi d'Alvernha. It has been suggested that Dalfi was the author of the vida.[3]

According to an accusation of fellow troubadour

Raymond V of Toulouse.[4] In his wanderings he may have spent some time at Cortezon, at the court of the minor nobleman and troubadour Raimbaut d'Aurenga.[8]

Peire lived a long into old age, and performed penance before dying.[5]

Poetry

Peire wrote mostly cansos, which, as his vida points out, were called vers in his day.[5] He also invented the "pious song" and wrote six such poems dealing with serious themes of religion, piety, and spirituality.[9] Even in his more profane works, however, one can detect the moralising influence of Marcabru, with whom in whose old age he was possibly acquainted. One of Marcabru's late songs is a satire of an early one by Peire d'Alvernhe.[4] Marcabru's complexity was also imparted to Peire.[4]

On the topic of

Holy Ghost over cortez' amors de bon aire ("well-spirited courtly love") he is the only troubadour to ever use the term "courtly love".[10] Marcabrunian influence can be seen here too. In a later Crusade song, Peire defended Marcabru's abandonment of the carnal amar.[10] He advocates gran sabers ni purs ("great and pure wisdom") through bon'amor ("good love").[11] Along with Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, and Gavaudan, Peire was part of a "Marcabrunian school".[12]
Nonetheless, as mentioned above, Bernart Marti attacked Peire for claiming superior spiritual status:

Peire's aesthetic philosophy esteemed the "whole song" (vers entiers), which is what he termed his completed pieces, denigrating all others' works as incomplete and imperfect.[14] Nonetheless, from Marcabru Peire picked up a notion of the trobar braus as a legitimate format for "rough" themes.[14]

One anonymous song of the Fifth Crusade, Lo Senhre que formet lo tro, written between Spring 1213 and July 1214 has been attributed to Peire d'Alvernhe, but the dating makes that impossible.[15] In a tenso between a Bernart (probably Bernart de Ventadorn) and an unnamed Peire, perhaps Peire d'Alvernhe, the latter argues that "it is not becoming for ladies to make love-pleas; it is fitting that men plead with them and beg their mercy."[16]

By far, however, Peire's most famous work is Chantarai d'aquest trobadors, a sirventes written at

Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, to her Spanish groom Alfonso VIII of Castile sojourned at Puivert.[18] If the above date is not accepted, it can be probably dated later than 1165—since Giraut de Borneill was only active from c.1170—and certainly before 1173, when Raimbaut d'Aurenga died.[4] The Monge de Montaudon later composed a parody of Peire's satire, Pos Peire d'Alvernhl a chantat.[19]

Chantarai d'aquest trobadors is near universally regarded today as playful parody and not as a work of serious literary or artistic criticism.[20] The obscurity of most of the ridiculed poets and the attack upon such personal characteristics as appearance and manners has been cited in support of the view that the parody was done in the presence of all twelve victims, further supporting the conclusion that the parody was good-natured.[21] Besides the criticism of a personal nature, many of the criticism launched by Peire allude to the works of the others, notably those of Bernart de Ventadorn and Raimbaut d'Aurenga.[22]

Music

Peire's vida acclaimed him an accomplished singer and the greatest composer of melodies for verses yet known.[5][23] Peire's famous Chantarai d'aquest trobadors contains a final tornada indicating its musical nature, though its own melody has not survived:

Only two of Peire's melodies still exist: one of Dejosta.ls breus jorns e.ls lonc sers,[25] a canso, and another of his tenso.[4] Modern notations of both are provided in Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours.

On the whole, Peire's music is more melismatic than that typical of the troubadours and it mimics the trobar clus style of his lyrics.[26]

References

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ^ In French his name is Pierre d'Auvergne.
  2. ^ a b c Gaunt and Kay, 287.
  3. ^ a b Egan, 72.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours, 8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Egan, 71.
  6. ^ Lang, 105.
  7. ^ Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 29.
  8. ^ Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours, 9.
  9. ^ Léglu, 53.
  10. ^ a b c Paterson, 37–38.
  11. ^ Paterson, 32.
  12. ^ Léglu, 49.
  13. ^ Léglu, 54–55. Translation: "And when Peire d'Alvernha became a canon in a canonry, why did he promise himself wholly to God, if he was to break later on? Since he did so, he's a foolish jongleur because he changed his whole reputation."
  14. ^ a b Spence, 172.
  15. ^ Puckett, 885.
  16. ^ Shapiro, 563.
  17. Peire de Monzo, Peire Rogier, and Raimbaut d'Aurenga
    .
  18. ^ Pattison, "The Troubadours of Peire D'Alvernhe's Satire in Spain".
  19. ^ Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours, 17.
  20. ^ Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 19.
  21. ^ Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 20.
  22. ^ For Bernart, see Harvey, 21–22. For Raimbaut, see Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 21–22.
  23. ^ Aubrey, "References to Music", 124.
  24. ^ Aubrey, "References to Music", 118.
  25. ^ Also spelled Deioste as bries jors or Deiosta.ls breus iorns.
  26. ^ Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours, 235.

External links