Peltaspermales

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Peltaspermaceae
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Peltaspermales
Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Early Jurassic
Life restoration of the Lepidopteris plant, with Lepidopteris ottonis foliage and Antevsia zeilleri pollen-producing microsporophylls, from the Late Triassic of Europe
Life restoration of Furcula granulifer from the Late Triassic of Europe
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Spermatophytes
Order: †Peltaspermales
Delevoryas 1979[1]
Families and genera

See text

The Peltaspermales are an extinct order of seed plants, often considered "seed ferns".[2] They span from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Jurassic. It includes at least one valid family, Peltaspermaceae, which spans from the Permian to Early Jurassic, which is typified by a group of plants with Lepidopteris leaves, Antevsia pollen-organs, and Peltaspermum ovulate organs, though the family now also includes other genera like Peltaspermopsis , Meyenopteris and Scytophyllum.[3] Along with these, two informal groups (the "Supaioids"[4][5] and the "Comioids"[6]) of uncertain taxonomic affinities exist, each centered around a specific genus ; Supaia and Comia, known from the Early Permian of the Northern Hemisphere, especially of North America.[4][6] Both the "Comioids" and the "Supaioids" are associated with the peltaspermacean ovulate organ Autunia (also known as Sandrewia).[7][8] The Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic genus Pachydermophyllum may also have affinities to the peltasperms.[3]

The morphology of peltasperm leaves is highly variable, ranging from dissected

pinnate (fern-like) to forked and simple morphologies. The leaves of many peltasperms have "monocyclic stomata with wedge-shaped subsidiaries ending in a beak-like papilla overarching the guard cells", something which is found among other seed plant groups. The seed-bearing organs are generally fan-shaped or peltate.[9]

It is unclear whether the broad grouping of peltasperms as a whole is

monophyletic.[2] Some authors have suggested that some peltasperms may have close affinities to corystosperms, another group of extinct seed plants.[3] Meyen (1987) argued that Peltaspermales were ancestral to Ginkgoales, due to similarities between certain peltasperm form genera (Tatarina, Kirjamkenia, Stiphorus, Antevsia) and the extinct gingko Glossophyllum, and grouped peltasperms with Ginkgoales as part of Ginkgoopsida.[10] Later authors have considered the position of Peltaspermales within seed plants to be uncertain.[9]

It is suggested that at least some peltasperms may have been

scorpionfly family Protomeropidae from Russia associated with peltasperm pollen. The insects are suggested to have fed on pollination drops produced by peltasperm reproductive organs.[11]

Evolutionary history

During the late Paleozoic, peltasperms are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere,

end-Triassic mass extinction,[3][13][14] with small populations persisting in Patagonia into the Early Jurassic.[3]

Families, genera, and other groupings

References

  1. ^ Peltaspermales et Fossilworks
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780080557830
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 195435840
    .
  4. ^ a b "Flora of the Lower Permian abo Formation Redbeds, Western Equatorial Pangea, New Mexico".
  5. S2CID 199109037
    .
  6. ^ a b "Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A."
  7. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.002
    .
  8. S2CID 85218041
    .
  9. ^
    ISSN 0028-646X
    .
  10. ISSN 0181-1789
    .
  11. S2CID 250647525
    .
  12. S2CID 130050063
    .
  13. S2CID 230527791
    .
  14. S2CID 260102119
    .
  15. ISSN 0031-0301
    .
  16. ISSN 2533-4069
    .
  17. ISSN 1058-5893
    .
  18. hdl:11336/171137
    .


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