Peltast

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"Pelta" redirects here. For the suffix "-pelta", see List of commonly used taxonomic affixes. For Peltæ, see Peltae.

Agrianian peltas. This peltast holds three javelins, one in his throwing hand and two in his pelte (shield) hand as additional ammunition.

A peltast (Greek: πελταστής, peltastes) was a type of light infantry originating in Thrace and Paeonia and named after the kind of shield he carried. Thucydides mentions the Thracian peltasts, while Xenophon in the Anabasis distinguishes the Thracian and Greek peltast troops.[1]

The peltast often served as a

Byzantine
infantryman.

Description

Pelte shield

"Pelte" redirects here. For other uses, see Pelte (disambiguation).

Peltasts carried a crescent-shaped

Scythian art and may have been a common type in Central Europe. The shield could be carried with a central strap and a handgrip near the rim[citation needed] or with just a central hand-grip. It may also have had a carrying strap (or guige), as Thracian
peltasts slung their shields on their backs when evading the enemy.

Weapons

Peltasts weapons consisted of several

javelins
, which may have had straps to allow more force to be applied to a throw.

Development

kylix
)

In

hoplites
.

The style of fighting used by peltasts originated in Thrace, and the first Greek peltasts were recruited from the Greek cities of the Thracian coast. They are generally depicted on vases and in other images as wearing the typical Thracian costume, which includes the distinctive Phrygian cap made of fox-skin and with ear flaps. They also usually wore patterned tunics, fawnskin boots and long cloaks, called zeiras, decorated with a bright, geometric, pattern. However, many mercenary peltasts were probably recruited in Greece. Some vases have also been found showing hoplites (men wearing Corinthian helmets, greaves and cuirasses, holding hoplite spears) carrying peltes. Often, the mythical Amazons (women warriors) are shown with peltast equipment.

Peltasts gradually became more important in Greek warfare, in particular during the Peloponnesian War.

Xenophon, in the Anabasis, describes peltasts in action against Achaemenid cavalry at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC, where they were serving as part of the mercenary force of Cyrus the Younger.

Tissaphernes had not fled at the first charge (by the Greek troops), but had instead charged along the river through the Greek peltasts. However he did not kill a single man as he passed through. The Greeks opened their ranks (to allow the Persian cavalry through) and proceeded to deal blows (with swords) and throw javelins at them as they went through.[3]

Xenophon's description makes it clear that these peltasts were armed with swords, as well as javelins, but not with spears. When faced with a charge from the Persian cavalry, they opened their ranks and allowed the cavalry through while striking them with swords and hurling javelins at them.[3]

Peltasts on the Tomb of Payava
pilos with crest and cheekpiece, and the round pelte shield, thrusting overarm with a spear.[4][5]

Peltasts became the main type of Greek mercenary infantry in the 4th century BC. Their equipment was less expensive than that of traditional hoplites and would have been more readily available to poorer members of society. The Athenian general

phalanx in the Battle of Lechaeum in 390 BC, using mostly peltasts. In the account of Diodorus Siculus, Iphicrates
is credited with re-arming his men with long spears, perhaps in around 374 BC. This reform may have produced a type of "peltast" armed with a small shield, a sword, and a spear instead of javelins.

Some authorities, such as

linen armour
.

thureophoroi infantrymen. Later references to peltasts may not in fact refer to their style of equipment as the word peltast became a synonym for mercenary
.

Anatolian

Athenian peltast
machaira sword, a small round shield with a single grip, with javelins wedged in the grip, making him an effective fighter in close quarters against a disorganized enemy.[7][8]

A tradition of fighting with javelins, light shield and sometimes a spear existed in Anatolia and several contingents armed like this appeared in Xerxes I's army that invaded Greece in 480 BC. For example, the Paphlagonians and Phrygians wore wicker helmets and native boots reaching halfway to the knee. They carried small shields, short spears, javelins and daggers.[9]

In the Persian army

From the mid-5th century BC onwards, peltast soldiers began to appear in Greek depictions of

Persian troops.[10] They were equipped like Greek and Thracian peltasts, but were dressed in typically Persian army uniforms. They often carried light axes, known as sagaris, as sidearms. It has been suggested that these troops were known in Persian as takabara and their shields as taka.[11] The Persians may have been influenced by Greek and Thracian peltasts. Another alternative source of influence would have been the Anatolian hill tribes, such as the Corduene, Mysians or Pisidians.[12]
In Greek sources, these troops were either called peltasts or peltophoroi (bearers of pelte).

In the Antigonid army

In the

chiliarchies. This elite corps was most likely of the same status, of similar equipment and role as Alexander the Great's hypaspists. Within this corps of peltasts was its elite formation, the Agema. These troops were used on forced marches by Philip V of Macedon, which suggests that they were lightly equipped and mobile. However, at the battle of Pydna in 168 BC, Livy remarks on how the Macedonian peltasts defeated the Paeligni and of how this shows the dangers of going directly at the front of a phalanx. Though it may seem strange for a unit that would fight in phalanx formation to be called peltasts, pelte would not be an inappropriate name for a Macedonian shield. They may have been similarly equipped with the Iphicratean hoplites or peltasts, as described by Diodorus.[6]

Deployment

white-ground
mug, 5th century BC)

Peltasts were usually deployed on the flanks of the

phalanx, providing a link with any cavalry, or in rough or broken ground. For example, in the Hellenica, Xenophon writes 'When Dercylidas learned this (that a Persian army was nearby), he ordered his officers to form their men in line, eight ranks deep (the hoplite phalanx), as quickly as possible, and to station the peltasts on either wing along with the cavalry.[13]
They could also operate in support of other light troops, such as archers and slingers.

Tactics

When faced with hoplites, peltasts operated by throwing javelins at short range. If the hoplites charged, the peltasts would retreat. As they carried considerably lighter equipment than the hoplites, they were usually able to evade successfully, especially in difficult terrain. They would then return to the attack once the pursuit ended, if possible, taking advantage of any disorder created in the hoplites' ranks. At the

Athenian forces included 800 archers and at least 800 peltasts. Thucydides, in the History of the Peloponnesian War, writes

They (the Spartan hoplites) themselves were held up by the weapons shot at them from both flanks by the light troops. Though they (the hoplites) drove back the light troops at any point in which they ran in and approached too closely, they (the light troops) still fought back even in retreat, since they had no heavy equipment and could easily outdistance their pursuers over ground where, since the place had been uninhabited until then, the going was rough and difficult.[14]

When fighting other types of light troops, peltasts were able to close more aggressively in melee, as they had the advantage of possessing shields, swords, and helmets.

Medieval Byzantine

A type of infantryman called a peltast (peltastēs) is described in the

kontarion spear employed by contemporary Byzantine heavy infantry.[18]

See also

References

  1. taxonomy
    .
  1. ^ James A. Towle, Commentary on Plato: Protagoras James A. Towle, Ed.
  2. ISBN 978-0-8137-1091-4
    . Poropeltarion [...] is derived from the Latin paras, pore, and peltarion, little shield.
  3. ^ a b Xenophon. Anabasis. [1.10.7].
  4. ^ Smith, A.H. A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. British Museum. p. 49.
  5. ^ The Numismatic Chronicle. Royal Numismatic Society. 2005. p. 83.
  6. ^ a b Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XV.44
  7. ISBN 9780199719556
    .
  8. ISBN 9780521762076
    .
  9. ^ Herodotus. Histories [7:70]
  10. ^ Head, Duncan (1992), p40
  11. ^ Sekunda, Nicholas V (1988), p69.
  12. ^ Sekunda (1992), p. 24
  13. ^ Xenophon. Hellenica. [3.2.16].
  14. ^ History of the Peloponnesian War [4.33]
  15. ^ Birkenmeier, p. 64.
  16. ^ Birkenmeier, p. 123.
  17. ^ Birkenmeier, p. 241.
  18. ^ Dawson, p. 59.

Bibliography

Ancient sources
Modern sources

External links
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