Penghu
Penghu Islands
澎湖縣 Pescadores | |
---|---|
County | |
Penghu County | |
, Budai Harbor | |
Chinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa) |
Penghu Islands | |
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Tâi-lô | Phînn-ôo-kuān or Phênn-ôo-kuān |
Song dynasty (1170–1279)
Great Yuan Empire (1281–1368)
Great Ming Empire (1368–1622, 1624–1644)
Dutch Empire (1622–1624)
Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
Great Qing Empire (1683–1895)
Empire of Japan (1895–1945)
Republic of China (1945–present)
The Penghu (
The Penghu islands first appear in the historical record during the
Penghu Islands rely solely on sea and air transportation, with air transport having a significant role in outside access. The islands are served by three local domestic airports: Penghu Airport, Qimei Airport, and Wang-an Airport. The Penghu National Scenic Area comprises most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. It is also renowned for its unique natural feature of columnar basalt landscape. Tourism is one of the main sources of income to the county.
Name
The "Penghu" islands were mentioned in a series of poems during the
According to the official Penghu County Chronicle, Penghu's original name had been "Pinghu"(平湖), but as "Ping"(平) sounded similar to "Peng"(彭) in Hokkien, "Pinghu"(平湖) was also written as "Penghu"(彭湖), and ultimately the consensus, is to write "Penghu"(澎湖).[11][12] The islands have also been called Pehoe from the Minnan name Phêⁿ-ô·.[10]
The name "Pescadores" comes from the Portuguese name Ilhas dos Pescadores ("Fishermen Islands"). The European Portuguese pronunciation is [pɨʃkɐˈðoɾɨʃ][13] but, in English, it is typically closer to /ˌpɛskəˈdɔːrɪz, -iːz/.[10]
History
Prehistory
Finds of fine red
Song dynasty
In 1225, the Book of Barbarian Nations anecdotally indicated that Penghu was attached to Jinjiang, Quanzhou Prefecture.[3] A group of Quanzhou immigrants lived on Penghu.[19]
Yuan dynasty
In November 1281, the
Wang Dayuan gave a detailed first-hand account of the islands in his Daoyi Zhilüe (1349).[20]
There are thirty-six islands, large and small, so close together that the slopes of one are visible from another. Among them are seven harbors which are named. With a favoring wind they can be reached from Ch'üan-chou in two days and nights. There is grass but no trees ; the land is barren and not suited for growing rice. The Ch'üan-chou people make their houses by thatching grass. The weather is always warm. The customs [of the residents] are rustic. Many of the people are long-lived [or, the people are mostly old]. Men and women both wear long cloth gowns girded with local cotton cloth. They boil sea [water] to get salt, and ferment millet to make liquor. They gather fish, shrimp, snails, and clams to supplement their [staple of grain]. They burn ox dung to cook fish fat for use as oil. The land produces sesame and green beans. The goats multiply into flocks of several tens of thousands. A family [which owns some goats] brands their hair and cuts their horns as marks of identification, but does not gather them in during the day or night, so that they all forage for themselves. Their workmen and merchants enjoy the profits of a flourishing trade.
The territory is attached to Chin-chiang county [hsien] of Ch'üan-chou [prefecture]. During the reign-period Chih-yüan 至元[1280-1294] a sub-county magistrate was assigned there to be in charge of the annual tax fixed on salt; during the Chung-t'ung 中統 reign-period [1260-1279] this amounted to ten ingots [ting 錠] and twenty-five ounces. No other tax or corvée is levied.[21]
Ming dynasty
In the 15th century, the
At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau.[24][25][26] When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu, built a fort there, and threatened raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading with them on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila.[27] In response, the Chinese governor of Fujian demanded that the Dutch withdraw from Penghu to Taiwan, where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade.[28][29] The Dutch continued to raid the Fujian coast between October 1622 and January 1624 to force their demands, but were unsuccessful.[30] In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40–50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch, who moved to Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan.[31][32]
Qing dynasty
For a period in the mid-17th century,
The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the
Empire of Japan
Towards the end of the
Penghu County was then called the Hōko Prefecture by the Japanese government of Taiwan. During World War II, Makō (Makung) was a major base for the Imperial Japanese Navy and the embarkation point for the invasion of the Philippines.[citation needed]
In 1944, Penghu was extensively bombed during the Penghu air raids.
Republic of China
In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom and China stated it to be their purpose that "all the territories that Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Formosa and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". On 26 July 1945, the three governments issued the Potsdam Declaration, declaring that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out". However, the United States and the United Kingdom have regarded the aforementioned documents as merely wartime statements of intention with no binding force in law.[36]
Following the
The Republic of China and Japan signed the Treaty of Taipei on April 28, 1952, and the treaty came into force on August 5, which is considered by some as giving a legal support to the Republic of China's claim to Taiwan as "de jure" territory. The treaty stipulates that all treaties, conventions, and agreements between China and Japan prior to 9 December 1941 were null and void, which according to Hungdah Chiu, abolishes the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceding Taiwan to Japan. In the 1956 Japan v. Lai Chin Jung case, it was stated that Taiwan and the Penghu islands came to belong to the ROC on the date the Treaty of Taipei came into force.[38]
However, in 1954, the United States denied that the sovereignty over Taiwan and the Penghu islands had been settled by the Treaty of Taipei.[39] In the following year, the United States also stated its position that Taiwan and Penghu were handed over to the Allied Powers, and that the Republic of China was merely asked to administer these territories for the Allied Powers pending a final decision as to their ownership.
On 25 May 2002,
Climate
Penghu County has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwa), bordering on a regular humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).
Climate data for Penghu (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
35.3 (95.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.7 (74.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 20.9 (0.82) |
38.1 (1.50) |
50.7 (2.00) |
77.9 (3.07) |
117.8 (4.64) |
148.0 (5.83) |
163.2 (6.43) |
229.4 (9.03) |
100.3 (3.95) |
30.1 (1.19) |
26.0 (1.02) |
28.1 (1.11) |
1,030.5 (40.59) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.2 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 81.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78.7 | 80.7 | 80.0 | 80.9 | 82.8 | 85.2 | 83.6 | 84.4 | 79.6 | 75.2 | 76.8 | 76.8 | 80.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 102.9 | 98.7 | 131.1 | 153.1 | 183.6 | 211.2 | 265.3 | 231.4 | 214.9 | 186.4 | 129.2 | 111.4 | 2,019.2 |
Source: Central Weather Bureau[44][45][46][47][48] |
Geology
Penghu is the remnant of a Miocene aged shield volcano, the stratigraphy of the island is dominated by two to four layers of basalt interbedded with sandstone and mudstone deposited in shallow marine conditions.[49]
Demographics
Ethnicities
The majority of the populace (72%+) in Penghu are descendants of settlers from
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1985 | 102,282 | — |
1990 | 95,932 | −6.2% |
1995 | 90,937 | −5.2% |
2000 | 89,496 | −1.6% |
2005 | 91,785 | +2.6% |
2010 | 96,918 | +5.6% |
2015 | 102,304 | +5.6% |
Source: "Populations by city and country in Taiwan". Ministry of the Interior. May 2018. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2016. |
Language
In Penghu, the native language is
Government
Penghu County is administered by Penghu County Government headed by Magistrate Lai Feng-wei of the Kuomintang and headquartered at the Penghu County Hall.
Administrative divisions
Penghu County is divided into one city and five rural townships. It is further divided into 97 villages.[51] Like Lienchiang County, Penghu County has no urban townships. The county seat is located at Magong City where it houses the Penghu County Hall and Penghu County Council.
Type | Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | English translation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Magong City | 馬公市 | Má-keng | Mâ-kûng | Originally Mazu Temple (媽宮) |
Rural townships |
Baisha | 白沙鄉 | Pe̍h-soa | Pha̍k-sâ | White Sand |
Cimei (Qimei) |
七美鄉 | Chhit-bí | Tshit-mî | Seven Beauties (大嶼) | |
Huxi | 湖西鄉 | Ô͘-sai | Fù-sî | Lake West | |
Wangan (Wang-an, Wang'an) | 望安鄉 | Bāng-oaⁿ | Mong-ôn | Hope Safe (網垵) | |
Xiyu | 西嶼鄉 | Sai-sū | Sî-yí | Western Isle |
The main island (comprising Magong City and Huxi Township), Baisha and Xiyu are the three most populous islands and are connected via bridges. The Penghu Great Bridge connecting Baisha and Xiyu is the longest bridge in Taiwan. Two shorter bridges connect Huxi and Baisha via the small island of Zhongtun.
Politics
The county elects a single representative to the Legislative Yuan. In the 2016 Republic of China legislative election, this seat was won by the Democratic Progressive Party with 55.4% of the vote.[52]
Political dispute
Despite the controversy over the
Economy
Due to its restricted geography, fisheries have been the main industry for Penghu.[56] The Agriculture and Fisheries Bureau of the Penghu County Government governs matters related to agriculture and fisheries in Penghu. In 2016, the bureau placed a ban on the harvesting of sea urchins due to their declining population. However, the ban was lifted in 2017 but catches are limited only to those species larger than 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter.[57]
Education
Education-related matters in Penghu County are administered under the Education Department of the Penghu County Government. The county houses the National Penghu University of Science and Technology.
Energy
Penghu is powered by the Chienshan Power Plant, a 140 MW diesel-fired power plant commissioned in 2001, and the Hujing Power Plant on Table Island. On 24 December 2010, the Taiwan-Penghu Undersea Cable Project of Taipower was approved by the Executive Yuan to connect the electrical grid in Taiwan Island to Penghu.[58]
Under a wind power development project approved in 2002 by the Executive Yuan, the ROC government plans to set up a total of 200 wind turbines in Penghu within 10 years. However, only 14 turbines have been set up as of 2015[update]. On 1 October 2015, Taipower announced the construction of another 11 new wind turbines across the island, of which six will be constructed in Huxi Township and five in Baisha Township.[59]
The current total desalination capacity of the county to provide clean water to its residents is 15,500 m3 per day. To reduce its groundwater use, in November 2015 the county secured a contract of building an additional desalination plant with 4,000 m3 capacity per day, construction of which is expected to be completed by May 2018.[60]
Tourism
The Penghu National Scenic Area was established in the early 1990s, comprising most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. Tourism has since become one of the main sources of income of the county.
Historical sites include Central Street, Erdai Art Hall, Tianhou Temple, Four-eyed Well, Penghu Reclamation Hall, Qimei Lighthouse, Xiyu Eastern Fort, Jinguitou Fortress and Xiyu Western Fort. Museums in the county are Chuwan Crab Museum, Ocean Resources Museum, Chang Yu-sheng Memorial Museum and Penghu Living Museum. Other attractions in the county include the Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Fenggui Cave, Little Taiwan, Whale Cave, Xiaomen Geology Gallery and South Penghu Marine National Park.[61]
Since 1 January 2015, tourists from
The county welcomed 1.8 million tourists in 2018 with an average annual growth of around 10%.[63]
-
Original 1908 memorial to the cruiser Matsushima pictured. Modern park memorial in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan.
Drug trafficking
As a lightly populated outlying island, Penghu lends itself to being used as a trans-shipment hub for drug smuggling into Taiwan from China and the Philippines. Beginning in 2016, the area became the focus of a major drug trafficking crackdown by the Taiwanese police.[64][65][66]
In 2016, Chou Meng-hsiang (周盟翔), chief prosecutor of the Penghu District Prosecutors Office, "led an investigation team in Taiwan, including officers from the Coast Guard Administration, in a bid to bring (a) drug trafficking ring to justice." A joint investigation with Philippine and Chinese authorities spanning one and a half years resulted in the seizure of "22.6 kilograms of amphetamine, 11.4 kilograms of ephedrine, and about 40 kilograms of calcium chloride" with an estimated value of NT$123 million. Eight suspects were arrested in Cagayan, a small island in northern Philippines, but no Taiwanese nationals were charged in relation to the importation scheme.[67]
In 2017, media reported "the biggest-ever haul of drugs in the county's history" when 506 kg of ephedrine was seized from a Chinese fishing boat off Penghu "as part of an ongoing crackdown on the area drug trade".[64] Ephedrine smuggling has increased in recent years as it has a similar structure to amphetamines and can be easily converted into methamphetamine. According to a Focus Taiwan report, "(It) can then be sold for ten times the price, in this case that would be more than NT$1 billion (US$33.33 million)."[65]
Despite the size of the drug seizure, only the five crew members of the Chinese fishing boat were detained in the operation, with authorities "unable to find the Taiwanese ship which should have turned up to take delivery of the drugs". It was unclear from media reports how the Taiwanese side of the smuggling operation knew to abort the rendezvous. The suppliers of the shipment also evaded capture. It was believed that the drugs were destined to be transported from Penghu for distribution on Taiwan.[68]
Transport
Air
Penghu is served by
Water
The county has Magong Harbor and Longmen Jianshan Pier. Magong Harbor hosts ferry connections with Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi and Kinmen.
See also
References
Citations
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...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term "Taiwan" includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).
- ^ "Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 1954. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
ARTICLE VI. For the purposes of Articles II and V, the terms "territorial" and "territories" shall mean in respect of the Republic of China, Taiwan and the Pescadores: and in respect of the United States of America, the island territories in the West Pacific under its jurisdiction.
- ^ Asian & Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs:15-16, p. 43
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大正6年(1917),日人藤田豊八在〈南蠻之來襲〉中,認為「平湖」與「澎湖」為同音異字。毛一波由音韻解釋:「平」可作「旁」音讀之。「彭」音「滂」,本與「旁」通,「旁」即是「滂」。「澎」之字音也是從「旁」字而來,是故「平」與「澎」為同音異字。
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Older low-sea-level events, 225, 240–280, ?300, 335–360 and 425–450 ka cannot be completely excluded as the age for Penghu 1, but such a situation requires explanation for preservation through repeated sedimentary events and the unusual distribution of Crocuta crocuta ultima. Therefore, Penghu 1 is younger than 450 ka, and most likely 10–70 ka or 130–190 ka.
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p7. "In any case, there appears to be strong legal ground to support the view that since the entry into force of the 1952 ROC-Japan bilateral peace treaty, Taiwan has become the de jure territory of the ROC. This interpretation of the legal status of Taiwan is confirmed by several Japanese court decisions. For instance, in the case of Japan v. Lai Chin Jung, decided by the Tokyo High Court on December 24, 1956, it was stated that 'Formosa and the Pescadores came to belong to the Republic of China, at any rate on August 5, 1952, when the [Peace] Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China came into force…'"
p8. "the principles of prescription and occupation that may justify the ROC's claim to Taiwan certainly are not applicable to the PRC because the application of these two principles to the Taiwan situation presupposes the validity of the two peace treaties by which Japan renounce its claim to Taiwan and thus makes the island terra nullius." - United States Government Printing Office. p. 896.
The legal position is different, as I think I pointed out in my last press conference, by virtue of the fact that technical sovereignty over Formosa and the Pescadores has never been settled. That is because the Japanese peace treaty merely involves a renunciation by Japan of its right and title to these island. But the future title is not determined by the Japanese peace treaty, nor is it determined by the peace treaty which was concluded between the Republic of China and Japan. Therefore, the juridical status of these islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, is different from the juridical status of the offshore islands which have always been Chinese territory.
- New York Times. New York City. Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
The position of the Administration is that these territories were handed over to the Allied and associated powers of World War II by Japan, which had held them since 1895, and that General Chiang was merely asked to administer them for the Allied and associated powers pending a final decision as to their ownership......
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But in the view of our State Department, no agreement has 'purported to transfer the sovereignty of Formosa to (the Republic of) China. At the present time, we accept the exercise of Chinese authority over Formosa, and recognize the Government of the Republic of China (the Nationalist Government) as the legal Government of China.
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Penghu county consists of 1 city and 5 townships, which are Magong city, Huxi Township, Baisha Township, Xiyu Township, Wang-an Township and Qimei Township. The city and township comprise 97 villages.
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Further reading
- Cook, Harold John (2007). Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13492-6.
- Deng, Gang (1999). Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30712-6.
- Idema, Wilt Lukas, ed. (1981). Leyden Studies in Sinology: Papers Presented at the Conference Held in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Sinological Institute of Leyden University, December 8-12, 1980. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 15. Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Sinologisch instituut (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-06529-1.
- Li, Qingxin (2006). Maritime Silk Road. Translated by William W. Wang. China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0932-7.
- Parker, Edward Harper, ed. (1917). China, Her History, Diplomacy, and Commerce: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (2nd ed.). J. Murray. OL 6603922M.
External links
- Penghu County Government (in English)
- Penghu Tour Official Website
- 澎湖研究學術研討會 第1-8屆論文輯全球資訊網-歷屆論文 (Traditional Chinese)
- Living Museum (Copyright © 2012 Culture Taiwan)
- Geographic data related to Penghu at OpenStreetMap