Penis removal
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In Russia, men of a devout group of Spiritual Christians known as the Skoptsy were castrated, either undergoing "greater castration", which entailed removal of the penis, or "lesser castration", in which the penis remained in place, while Skoptsy women underwent mastectomy. These procedures were performed in an effort to eliminate lust and to restore the Christian to a pristine state that existed prior to original sin.
In the modern era, removing the human penis for any such activity is very rare (with some exceptions listed below), and references to removal of the penis are almost always symbolic. Castration is less rare, and is performed as a last resort in the treatment of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer.[1][2][3]
Penis removal in medicine and psychology
Some men have penile amputations, known as penectomies, for medical reasons. Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of all or part of the penis. In some instances, botched childhood circumcisions have also resulted in full or partial penectomies.[4]
Genital surgical procedures for
Issues related to the removal of the penis appear in psychology, for example in the condition known as castration anxiety.
Some men have undergone penectomies as a voluntary body modification, thus including it as part of a body dysmorphic disorder. Professional opinion is divided regarding the desire for penile amputation as a pathology, much as all other forms of treatment by amputation for body dysmorphic disorder. Voluntary
History of involuntary penis removal
China
In ancient China, for crimes including adultery, "licentious" and "promiscuous" activity, males had their penises removed in addition to being
Japan
The removal of the penis was used as a punishment for men in the Heian period in Japan, where it replaced execution. It was called rasetsu 羅切 (らせつ), and was separate from castration which was called kyūkei 宮刑 (きゅうけい).[10][11] Rasetsu was done voluntarily by some Japanese Buddhist priests to ensure celibacy.[12][13] Rasetsu was also known in Edo period Japan.[14]
The word rasetsu was made out of the components "ra" from "mara" which meant penis, and "setsu", which meant cutting.[15][16]
The word rasetsu was used in Japanese literature.[17]
Kyūkei in Japanese law referred to the punishment of castration, which was used for male offenders, and confinement for females.[18][19][20][21][22][23]
Arab slave trade
The Arab slave trade provided many eunuchs who were more highly prized, and priced. African boys were generally subject to penis removal, as well as castration.[24]
Treatment and effects of penis removal
A study of penis reattachment in China found that in a group of 50 men, all but one reacquired functionality, even though some involved full reconstructive surgery using tissue and bone. Reportedly, some of these men later fathered children.[25]
Phalloplasty
If reattachment is not an option (such as the penis not being reattached long after 24 hours),[26][27] doctors can reconstruct a penis from muscle and skin grafted from another part of the body like the forearm. However, a penile implant is needed for an erection to be possible, as the reconstructed penis would look strange and would either not be able to ejaculate,[28][29] or ejaculate with less force.[26] Patients are often dissatisfied with the reconstructed penis.[30] Since 2015, Zephyr Surgical Implants produces malleable and inflatable penile implants particularly designed for phalloplasty surgeries.[31] Standing during urination is an advantage offered by a reconstructed penis.[32] If penis reconstruction is not done, the patient will have to squat in order to urinate since doctors reroute the entrance of the urethra to below the scrotum.[28]
Penis transplantation
In the 21st-century, successful allographic penis transplantation surgery began.
See also
- Aphallia, a condition where the phallus (penis or clitoris) is absent
- Apophallation, Amputation of the penis in some species of air-breathing land slugs
- Castration
- Emasculation
- David Reimer – A Canadian man whose penis was removed during circumcision.
- John and Lorena Bobbitt
- Lin and Xie case
- Murder of Shad Thyrion
- Nullo
- Genital retraction syndrome
- Penectomy
- Penis transplantation
- Sada Abe
- Skoptsy
References
- S2CID 20462746.
- ^ Terris, Martha K; Audrey Rhee; et al. (August 1, 2006). "Prostate Cancer: Metastatic and Advanced Disease". eMedicine. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
- ^ Myers, Charles E (August 24, 2006). "Androgen Resistance, Part 1". Prostate Cancer Research Institute. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
- ^ Colapinto, John (December 11, 1997). "The True Story of John/Joan". Rolling Stone. pp. 54–97. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
- ISBN 9780598866110.
- ISBN 0804745595.
- ISBN 9042004207.
- ISBN 0312240139.
- ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1895). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27–28. The Branch. p. 160.
- ISBN 978-0974261881.
- ISBN 978-0974261850.
- ISBN 4900737038.
- ]
- JSTOR 40660972. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ISBN 0691059977.
- ISBN 0691059977.
- ISBN 978-0984092314.
- ^ Meaning of 宮刑 in Japanese. RomajiDesu Japanese dictionary
- ^ 宮刑 – English translation. bab.la Japanese-English dictionary
- ^ 宮刑 in English translated from Japanese Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Vocing
- ^ Japanese Vocabulary » 宮刑 on January 1, 2010 (January 1, 2010). "Japanese Vocabulary: 宮刑 » SayJack". Ja-jp.sayjack.com. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Definition for: 宮刑[permanent dead link]. 2000 Kanji: A Japanese Dictionary
- ^ 宮刑. Tangorin Japanese Dictionary
- ISBN 9780941533300.
- ^ HEALTH CARE IN CHINA-TRANSPLANTS AND DRUGS – China | Facts and Details
- ^ a b Conley, Mikaela (July 12, 2011). "Wife Chops Off Husband's Penis, Throws in Garbage Disposal". ABC news. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ "6 Things I Learned Having My Penis Surgically Removed". cracked.com. May 31, 2015.
- ^ a b Rettner, Rachael (July 13, 2011). "Man's Penis Cut Off By Wife: How Could Doctors Make a New One?". MyHealthNewsDaily. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ Rettner, Rachael (July 13, 2011). "Man's Penis Cut Off By Wife: How Could Doctors Make a New One?". Live Science. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ Maugh, Thomas H. II (July 15, 2011). "There are options for penis repair after mutilation". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- S2CID 207890601.
- ^ "SCIENCE WATCH; Sexual Organ Surgery". The New York Times. March 14, 1989. Retrieved April 5, 2013.