Penjajap

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Austronesian ethnic groups in maritime Southeast Asia. They were typically very long and narrow, and were very fast. They are mentioned as being used by native fleets in Indonesia, the southern Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei
.

Names and etymology

The original name for the ships among the natives of the

British East India Company explorer Thomas Forrest also records that the Iranun called them mangaio.[3]
: 239–240 

The terms (particularly pangaio) were also later borrowed and used generically for any native wooden sailing ships made from planks without using nails by the

Banguingui and Iranun people in the Philippines. However, the garay were much broader and did not have outriggers.[1][2]

goosewing (running downwind
/receiving wind from aft).

Penjajap may also be generically referred to as prao, prahu, proe, prauw, or prow in historical records.[7] The "List of Ships and Sea Vehicles from East Indies" which is periodically published by colonial government of Dutch East Indies, registered pangajaoa as pengajoehan (pengayuhan). The list records its name came from kajoeh (kayuh—means paddle) and pengajoeh (pengayuh—means paddler), and consider it as a kind of galley.[8]

History

The earliest record of penjajap is from 1509 by the Portuguese historian Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, he said that pangajava (penjajap) were vessels from Sumatra, long and swift, going very well under sail or oars.[9]: Livro III/cap. 51: 129 

According to Afonso de Albuquerque, during the 1511 Portuguese attack on the Malacca Sultanate, the Malays used an unspecified number of lancaran (lanchara) and twenty penjajap (pangajaoa).[10]: 80–81 [11]: 68 

In 1775, the British explorer Thomas Forrest described a large penjajap in an Iranun harbor in Sulu as being only 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and 3.5 ft (1.1 m) deep, but was as long as 42 ft (13 m). It mounted six brass lantaka and carried a crew of thirty men, and was equipped with outriggers.[12]: 230 [3]: 240–241 

Admiral François-Edmond Pâris observed penjajaps during his voyage aboard the ship Favorite. The dimensions of the vessels encountered vary widely, the largest he saw were 17 m (56 ft) long, 3.4 m (11.2 ft) wide and 2.1 m (6.9 ft) deep; the smallest was 11 m (36 ft) long.[13]

Herbert Warington Smyth reported the description of penjajap from Malay peninsula at the end of the 19th century. The boats were using dipping lugsail, with small deckhouse or awning (called kajang in Malay) and overhanging stern gallery (called dandan).[14]: 573 

Description

A penjajap sailing off the coast of Patani.

Penjajap were made from light materials. They were typically very long and narrow and had a shallow draft. This allowed them to sail over dangerous reefs as well as upriver. Large penjajap had outriggers, without which, they would capsize.[3]: 240  Penjajap has sharp stern but with an overhanging gallery. Deckhouse amidships is made of palm leaves with thatched roof. In the 19th century they are steered using centerline rudder of western design, but early penjajap may have used double quarter rudder. They have 1, 2, or 3 masts depending on the size, the quadrilateral sail has yard and boom. Long narrow oars are also used for propulsion. The name "Pagar Tenggalong" refers to a type of penjajap with ornamental bulwark/rail.[15]: 47–48 

Penjajap carried 1 or 2 guns of larger caliber in the wooden gunshield (apilan). Small penjajap only carried 1–2 lantaka supported on posts at the bow, while larger ones had additional swivel guns mounted at the sides. They were propelled by oars and usually by two tanja sails (called saguran among Sulu pirates). They could be rowed both forwards and backwards. They had a relatively open deck covered by a platform. A small cabin is located at the back, which served as the quarters of the nakodah and as a magazine for arms.[3]: 239 [7]

Like the larger and broader garay, they also served as motherships to smaller kakap war-boats. Penjajap were very fast. Large penjajap could reach speeds of 9 knots (17 km/h) under sail, and 5 knots (9.3 km/h) when rowed. In Iranun raiding fleets, they usually outpaced the slower lanong warships.[16]: 86–89 [3]: 241 

Role

Singora
. The Malay projecting aft-gallery (dandan) can be seen.

Penjajap were chiefly used as inter-insular warships and as pirate ships. Iranun penjajap were usually lightly armed compared to the lanong. Usually they only mount a single

merchant ships. In such raids, penjajap were usually accompanied by smaller boats called kakap, which are used as scouts for the penjajap or lanong.[17]: 183–184 [18][19]

The

Javanese junks were too large to approach shore. Penjajap was the other type of vessels counted by Pires after junks and lancaran upon arriving at a port. However Pires said that after the boats were donated to Pati Unus, trading activity in the ports became more lethargic.[20]
: 185, 195 

Admiral François-Edmond Pâris noted several cargo penjajap in Malacca strait during 1830s. The penjajap brought spices, dried areca nuts, and coconut almonds from Sumatra, and seem to frequent only the southern part of the strait.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9789814311960
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 9781351913720
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 9789971692421
    .
  4. ^ a b Pyrard, François (1887). Gray, Albert; Bell, H.C.P. (eds.). The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil. Translated by Gray, Albert. The Hakluyt Society. p. 53.
  5. ^ Zimba, Benigna; Alpers, Edward A.; Isaacman, Allen F. (2005). Slave routes and oral tradition in southeastern Africa. Filsom Entertainment. p. 214.
  6. ^ Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886). Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. John Murray. p. 509.
  7. ^ a b Ricardo E. Galang (1941). "Types of Watercraft in the Philippines". The Philippine Journal of Science. 75 (3): 291–306.
  8. ^ Bruyn Kops, G.F. De 1921. 'Vaartuigen'. In: Stibbe, D.G. & Spat, C. (eds.) Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. ‘s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. p. 485.
  9. ^ Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de. História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos Portuguesa, 3a edição conforme a edição princeps, revista e anotada por Pedro de Azevedo (Scriptores Rerum Lusitanarum. Série A). 9 "livros" in 4 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1924–1933.
  10. ^ Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774). Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica.
  11. ^ Birch, Walter de Gray (1875). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III. London: The Hakluyt Society.
  12. ^ Forrest, Thomas (1779). A voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas, from Balambangan : including an account of Magindano, Sooloo, and other islands. Dublin: Printed for Price, W. and H. Whitestone.
  13. ^ a b Pâris, François-Edmond (1841). Essai sur la construction navale des peuples extra-européens : ou, Collection des navires et pirogues construits par les habitants de l'Asie, de la Malaisie, du Grand Océan et de l'Amérique volume I. Paris: A. Bertrand. pp. 73–74.
  14. ^ Smyth, H. Warington (May 16, 1902). "Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula". Journal of the Society of Arts. 50: 570–588 – via JSTOR.
  15. ^ United States Office of Strategic Services (1944). Native Craft in Southeast Asia Waters, Part II: Sumatra, Malaya, and Adjacent Islands. Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ Great Britain Parliament (1851). Paper relating to the Piracies committed in the Indian Archipelago and to the Measures adopted by the Netherland Government, in the Years 1816 to 1845 for their Repression. In Accounts and Paper Volume 15. House of Lords. pp. 67–188.
  17. ^ John, Horace Stebbing Roscoe St. (1853). The Indian Archipelago: Its History and Present State, Volume 2. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
  18. ^ Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Volume 1. B. Quaritch. p. 399.
  19. ISBN 9789838619325
    .
  20. ISBN 9784000085052
    .
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