Penmanship
Penmanship is the technique of
History
Origins
The earliest example of systematic writing is the
The first known alphabetical system came from the
Handwriting based on Latin script
The Romans in Southern Italy eventually adopted the Greek alphabet as modified by the
At the end of the eighth century,
Gothic or black-letter script, evolved from Carolingian, became the dominant handwriting from the twelfth century until the Italian Renaissance (1400–1600 AD). This script was not as clear as the Carolingian, but instead was narrower, darker, and denser. Because of this, the dot above the i was added in order to differentiate it from the similar pen strokes of the n, m, and u. Also, the letter u was created as separate from the v, which had previously been used for both sounds.[15] Part of the reason for such compact handwriting was to save space, since parchment was expensive.[16] Gothic script, being the writing style of scribes in Germany when Gutenberg invented movable type, became the model for the first typeface. Another variation of Carolingian minuscule was created by the Italian humanists in the fifteenth century, called by them littera antiqua and now called humanist minuscule.[17] This was a combination of Roman capitals and the rounded version of Carolingian minuscule. A cursive form eventually developed, and it became increasingly slanted due to the quickness with which it could be written. This manuscript handwriting, called cursive humanistic, became known as the typeface Italic used throughout Europe.[18]
Handwriting based on Chinese script
Writing systems developed in East Asia include
Chinese handwriting is considered an art, more so than illuminated manuscripts in Western culture.
Japanese writing evolved from Chinese script and Chinese characters, called kanji, or ideograms, were adopted to represent Japanese words and grammar.[24] Kanji were simplified to create two other scripts, called hiragana and katakana. Hiragana is the more widely used script in Japan today, while katakana, meant for formal documents originally, is used similarly to italics in alphabetic scripts.[25]
Teaching methods and history
Books used in North America
George A. Gaskell (1845–1886), a student of Spencer, authored two popular books on penmanship, Gaskell's Complete Compendium of Elegant Writing and The Penman's Hand-Book (1883). Louis Henry Hausam published the "New Education in Penmanship" in 1908, called "the greatest work of the kind ever published."[26]
Many copybooks were produced in North America at the start of the 20th century, mostly for Business Style penmanship (a simplified form of Ornamental Style). These included those produced by
Modern Styles include more than 200 published textbook curricula including: D'Nealian Method (a derivative of the Palmer Method which uses a slanted, serifed manuscript form followed by an entirely joined and looped cursive), Modern Zaner-Bloser which accounts for the majority of handwriting textbook sales in the US, A Beka, Schaffer, Peterson, Loops and Groups, McDougal, Steck Vaughn, and many others.
Italic Styles include Getty-Dubay Italic (slightly slanted), Eager, Portland, Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting, Queensland, etc.
Other copybook styles that are unique and do not fall into any previous categories are Smithhand, Handwriting without Tears, Ausgangsschrift, Bob Jones, etc. These may differ greatly from each other in a variety of ways. The first made video for correcting messy handwriting especially for people with ADHD and or dysgraphia was "Anyone Can Improve Their Own Handwriting" by learning specialist Jason Mark Alster MS.c.
Schools in East Asia
By the nineteenth century, attention was increasingly given to developing quality penmanship in Eastern schools. Countries which had a writing system based on logographs and syllabaries placed particular emphasis on form and quality when learning.[27] These countries, such as China and Japan, have pictophonetic characters which are difficult to learn. Chinese children start by learning the most fundamental characters first and building to the more esoteric ones. Often, children trace the different strokes in the air along with the teacher and eventually start to write them on paper.[27]
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, there have been more efforts to simplify these systems and standardize handwriting. For example, in China in 1955, in order to respond to illiteracy among people, the government introduced a Romanized version of Chinese script, called Pinyin.[28] However, by the 1960s, people rebelled against the infringement upon traditional Chinese by foreign influences.[28] This writing reform did not help illiteracy among peasants. Japanese also has simplified the Chinese characters it uses into scripts called kana. However kanji are still used in preference over kana in many contexts, and a large part of children's schooling is learning kanji.[29] Moreover, Japan has tried to hold on to handwriting as an art form while not compromising the more modern emphasis on speed and efficiency. In the early 1940s, handwriting was taught twice, once as calligraphy in the art section of school curricula, and then again as a functional skill in the language section.[30] The practical function of penmanship in Japan did not start to be questioned until the end of the twentieth century; while typewriters proved more efficient than penmanship in the modern West, these technologies had a hard time transferring to Japan, since the thousands of characters involved in the language made typing unfeasible.[30]
Motor control
Handwriting requires the
Research in individuals with complete
See also
- Typography – the appearance, arrangement, and style of printed text
Types of writing
- Handwriting, a person's particular style of writing by pen or a pencil
- Hand (handwriting), in paleography, refers to a distinct generic style of penmanship
- Block letters – also called printing, is the use of the simple letters children are taught to write when first learning
- Calligraphy – the art of writing itself, generally more concerned with aesthetics for decorative effect than normal handwriting.
- Cursive – any style of handwriting written in a flowing (cursive) manner, which connects many or all of the letters in a word, or the strokes in a CJK character or other grapheme.
Studies of writing and penmanship
- Chirography – handwriting, its style and character
- Diplomatics – forensic paleography (seeks the provenance of written documents).
- Graphonomics – is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the handwriting process and the handwritten product
- Palaeography – the study of script.
Penmanship-related professions
- Letterer – comic book lettering profession.
- Marriage certificates design or calligraphy
- Technical lettering – the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters in technical drawing.
- Questioned document examiner – forensic science discipline which includes handwriting examination
- Penmanship instructor, at a Vocational school
- Wedding invitations design
Other penmanship-related topics
- Handwriting recognition – the ability of a computer to receive and interpret handwritten input
- Regional handwriting variation
- Signature
References
- ^ Nickell, Joe. (2003) Pen, Ink & Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman, Collector, and Document Detective. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press. p. 115.
- ^ Tschichold, Jan. (1948) An Illustrated History of Writing and Lettering. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 7.
- ^ Fairbank, Alfred J. (1977). A Book of Scripts. London: Faber. p. 9.
- ^ Nickell, Joe (2003). Pen, Ink & Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman, Collector, and Document Detective. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press. p. 117.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew (2007). The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 165.
- ^ Ullman, B. L. (1977). Ancient Writing and Its Influence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. p. 31.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew (2007). The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 171.
- ^ a b Fairbank, Alfred J. (1977). A Book of Scripts. London: Faber. p. 10.
- ^ a b Nickell, Joe (2003). Pen, Ink & Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman, Collector, and Document Detective. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press. p. 118.
- ^ Fairbank, 1977, p. 11.
- ^ Fairbank, 1977, p. 12.
- ^ "History of Handwriting". Historyworld.net. 2010..
- ^ Nickell, 2003, p. 119.
- ^ Fairbank, 1977, p. 13.
- ^ a b "History of Handwriting - Handwriting Development, History of Alphabet - vLetter.com". Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- ^ ISBN 9780761372660.
- ^ Nickell, 2003, p. 123.
- ^ Ullman, B. L. (1977). Ancient Writing and Its Influence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. p. 143.
- ^ a b Nickell, 2003, p. 131.
- Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin. (1969). Written on Bamboo and Silk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 180.
- ^ a b "AncientScripts.com: Chinese". AncientScripts.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2001.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew. (2007) The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 194.
- ^ Tschichold, Jan. (1948) An Illustrated History of Writing and Lettering. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 13.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew. (2007) The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 199.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew. (2007) The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 201.
- Chicago: Standard Pub. Co. Archived from the originalon 22 April 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
L. H. Hausam, president of the Hausam School of Penmanship, Hutchinson, Kan., was born in St. Charles, Mo., 14 June 1870
. - ^ a b Gray, William S. (1961) "The Teaching of Reading and Writing". Chicago: Scott, Foresman, and Company. p. 189.
- ^ a b Robinson, Andrew. (2007) The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 196.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew. (2007) The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 208.
- ^ a b Adal, Raja. (2009). "Japan's Bifurcated Modernity: Writing and Calligraphy in Japanese Public Schools 1872-1943." Theory Culture Society. 26:233-248. p. 244.
- PMID 2475946.
- PMID 15117665.
- PMID 10473764.
- ^ .
External links
- Mourning the Death of Handwriting Article in TIME
- Handwriting as Character TIME's 1942 article
- The Handwriting Is on the Wall; Researchers See a Downside as Keyboards Replace Pens in Schools
- A Brief History of Penmanship Article from History.com