Pensacola people
The Pensacola were a
Pensacola culture
The historical Pensacola people lived in part of a region once occupied by a group that archaeologists call the
Perhaps the best known Pensacola culture site is the
Early contacts
The Pensacola's first contact with Europeans may have been with the
In 1539 Diego Maldonado, exploring the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico under orders from Hernando de Soto, found Pensacola Bay (which the Spanish called the Bay of Achuse, Achusi, Ochuse or Ochus). Maldonado found a village on the bay, where he seized one or two of the inhabitants, along with a "good blanket of sables." De Soto ordered Maldonado to meet him at the Bay of Achuse the next summer with supplies for his expedition. Maldonado returned three years in succession, but de Soto never appeared.[6][7][8]
In 1559 Tristán de Luna y Arellano led an expedition to establish the Spanish colony of Ochuse on Pensacola Bay, then known as the Bay of Ichuse (also spelled Ychuse).[6] The Spanish had planned to rely on the Indians for food supplies, but found the area almost deserted, with only a few Indians in fishing camps around the bay. The colony lost hundreds of people through storms and disease. Some tried to relocate to Santa Elena (present-day Parris Island, South Carolina), but were damaged by storms there, too. Survivors moved on to Cuba and Mexico City.[8]
Panzacola
The first record of the name "Pensacola" was as Panzacola (or Pansacola) in 1657 as the name of a village associated with the mission of
Another expedition in 1688 found large, prosperous villages of "gentle and docile" Indians.
Final years
A Spanish colony was established at Pensacola Bay in 1698, given the name
Other "Pensacola Indians"
From time to time various groups of Indians moved to the vicinity of the Spanish fort at Pensacola and were sometimes recorded as "Pensacola Indians". In 1704, 800 refugees from the Apalachee massacre reached Pensacola. The governor of Pensacola tried to persuade them to stay there, but most moved on to French Mobile.[17] Some Apalachee moved back to Pensacola, and then onward to near San Marcos de Apalachee. By 1763 there were about 40 families of Apalachee living at Pensacola. In that year, at the end of the Seven Years' War and Britain's defeat of France, the Spanish evacuated more than 200 Yemassee and Apalachee to Vera Cruz in Mexico before they turned Florida over to the British.[Note 2][20][21]
Notes
- ^ A date of 1606 has been attributed to the letter, but Hahn:426 asserts that the correct date is 1686.
- ^ The Apalachee and Yemassee evacuated to Vera Cruz in 1763 are sometimes called "Pensacola Indians". Cf. Robert Leonard Gold. (1965) The settlement of the Pensacola Indians in New Spain, 1763-1770.
Citations
- ^ a b Brown, Ian (2003). "Introduction to the Bottle Creek Site". In Brown, Ian W. (ed.). Bottle Creek, A Pensacola Culture Site in South Alabama. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 1–26.
- ^ Marrinan, Rochelle A.; Nancy Marie White (Winter 2007). "Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida" (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 26 (2): 292–318. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ^ "Bottle Creek Site". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation and Auburn University. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ Snow, Dean R. (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 248–49.
- ^ Dysart:61
- ^ a b c d e f Swanton:136
- ^ "Hernando de Soto", Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ a b Dysart:62
- ^ Hahn:122, 354
- ^ a b Coker:6
- ^ a b Dysart:62-63
- ^ Coker:7
- ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.
- ^ Coker:8
- ^ Dysart:63-64
- ^ Hahn:406
- ^ a b c Dysart:64
- ^ Swanton:136-37
- ^ "Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains ..." Nation Park Service. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ^ Coker:22
- ^ Dysart:65
References
- Bense, Judith Anne. (1999) Editor. Archaeology of colonial Pensacola. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1661-4 Found at Google Books
- Coker, William S. (1999) "Pensacola, 1686-1821." in Bense.
- Dysart, Jane E. (1999) "Indians in Colonial Pensacola." in Bense.
- Hahn, John H. (1988) Apalachee: the Land between the rivers. The University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0854-9
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. The University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2
- Swanton, John Reed. (1952) The Indian Tribes of North America. Found at Google Books