Pentaglot Dictionary

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The first page of the astronomy section of the Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian. The work contains four terms on each of its pages, arranged in the order of Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian, Chagatai, and Chinese languages. For the Tibetan, it includes both transliteration and a transcription into the Manchu alphabet. For the Chagatai, it includes a line of transcription into the Manchu alphabet.
(Work completed during the Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty.)

The Pentaglot Dictionary

Turki, now known as Modern Uyghur since 1921) and Chinese
.

Title

The literal meaning of the Chinese title 《御製五體清文鑑》 Yù zhì wǔ tǐ Qīng wén jiàn is "Imperially-Published Five-Script Textual Mirror of Qing", which corresponds to Manchu: ᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᡥᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ᠈, Möllendorff: han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe, Abkai: han-i araha sunja haqin-i hergen kamqiha manju gisun-i buleku bithe, "dictionary of Manchu words written by the Emperor (i.e., by imperial order) containing five languages". The translations into the other languages are as follows:

rgyal pos mdzad pa’i skad lnga shan sbyar gyi manydzu’i skad gsal ba’i me long
རྒྱལ་པོས་མཛད་པའི་སྐད་ལྔ་ཤན་སྦྱར་གྱི་མཉཛུའི་སྐད་གསལ་བའི་མེ་ལོང་།
qaɣan-u bičigsen tabun ǰüil-ün üsüg-iyer qabsuruɣsan manǰu ügen-ü toli bičig
ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌᠈[5]
ḫān-nïng fütügän beš qismi qošqan ḫat mānjū söz-ning ayrïmčïn ḫati
خان نينک فوتوکن بش قڛمی قوشقان خت مانجو ڛوزنينک ايری مجين ختی

Structure

The Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian is organized into six boxes, containing 36 volumes on 2563 pages. The original work contained 32 volumes, with a four-volume supplement. It is divided into divisions (such as "Heaven Division"), category (such as "Astronomy"), with the categories further separated into types. There are 56 divisions, 318 categories, 616 types, with a total of 18,671 terms. Each term has eight rows. From the top, the rows contain Manchu, Tibetan, a mechanical Tibetan transliteration into Manchu, a

phonetic Tibetan transcription into Manchu, Mongolian, Chagatai
, a transcription of Chagatai into Manchu, and Chinese.

For some terms, synonyms were included in the target languages (except Chinese). Thus, there are 19,503 terms used in Mongolian corresponding to 18,145 terms in Chinese (with 526 synonyms noted in Chinese). The Manchu text was largely based on the

Hami/Turpan regions;[7] Chinese was spelled in traditional Chinese characters, also in vertical regular script, with the diction showing the influence of common usage in the Beijing Mandarin
dialect. No punctuation or pronunciation marks were used.

Below were the renderings of the first term, "Heaven," on the first page of the first section, "Astronomy":

explanation entry Latin transcription
1. Entry in Manchu ᠠᠪᡴᠠ᠈ abka
2. Tibetan translation གནམ། gnam
3. Transliteration of Tibetan into Manchu letters ᡤᠨᠠᠮ gnam
4. Transcription of the Tibetan pronunciation in Manchu script ᠨᠠᠮ nam
5. Translation into Mongolian ᠲᠨᠭᠷᠢ᠈ t[e]ngri
6. Translation into Chagatai آڛمان āsmān
7. Transcription of Chagatai in Manchu script ᠠᠰᠮᠠᠨ asman
8. Translation into Chinese 天 tiān

Manuscripts and editions

The Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian has been transmitted in three known manuscripts, held by the Beijing Palace Museum, the Yonghe Temple, and the British Museum in London. A print edition doesn’t seem to exist. In 1957, the Ethnic Publishing House (Nationalities Publishing House, Minzu Chubanshe, 民族出版社) published a photo-mechanic reproduction of the dictionary, which was reprinted in 1998. In 1967, Japanese scholars recompiled it and added Latin transliteration into a work known as the Interpretation of the Wuti Qing Wenjian. In 1967, an edition was published in Japan that added transliterations of Manchu, the Manchu transcriptions of the other languages and a Japanese translation. In 2013, a critical edition with complete transliterations as well as indices for all five languages was published in Germany.

  • Tamura Jitsuzō 田村 實造, Imanishi Shunjū 今西 春秋, Satō Hisashi 佐藤 長 (Hg.): Gotai Shinbun kan yakukai 五體淸文鑑譯解. Kyōto, Kyōto daigaku bungakubu nairiku Ajia kenkyūjo 京都大學文學部內陸アジア硏究所 Shōwa 41–43 [1966–1968].
  • ISBN 978-3-447-06970-0
    .

The Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian is based on the Yuzhi Siti Qing Wenjian 御製四體清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Four-Script Textual Mirror of Qing"), with Chagatai added as fifth language.[8] The four-language version of the dictionary with Tibetan was in turn based on an earlier three-language version with Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese called the Yuzhi Manzhu Menggu Hanzi San He Jieyin Qingwen Jian 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Manchu Mongol Chinese Three pronunciation explanation mirror of Qing"), which was in turn based on the Yuzhi Zengding Qing Wenjian 御製增訂清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing") in Manchu and Chinese, which used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words with fanqie.[9] In Mongol the title of 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 is "(Qaɣan-u bicigsen) Manzu Mongɣol Kitad üsüg ɣurban züil-ün ajalɣu nejilegsen toli bicig".[10] In Manchu the title of 御製增訂清文鑑 is "Han-i araha nonggime toktobuha Manju gisun-i buleku bithe".[11][12] It was used in banner schools as a textbook.[13] A tetraglot dictionary (Yuzhi Zengding Qing Wenjian) in manuscript form exists in the Harvard-Yenching Library, where black ink is used for Chinese and Manchu and red ink for Tibetan and Mongolian.[14] In 1708 the Yuzhi Qing Wenjian 御制清文鉴 "han-i araha manju gisun buleku bithe" was published.[15][16]

"gamma uc̆in nigen boti, orosil nigen boti".[17]

See also

References

  1. ISSN 1436-0195
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  2. ^ Mimaki, Katsumi. A Tibetan Index to the Pentaglot Dictionary from the Qing Dynasty. JIATS 1988.
  3. ^ Publication (Field Museum of Natural History : 1909), Publication: Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural HistoryLaufer, Berthold (1919). Publication: Anthropological series, Volume 15, Issue 3. Vol. 15. Contributor Field Museum of Natural History. The Museum. p. 578. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  4. ^ Publication (Field Museum of Natural History : 1909), Publication: Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural HistoryLaufer, Berthold (1917). Publication: Anthropological series, Volume 15. Contributor Field Museum of Natural History. The Museum. p. 578. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  5. ISBN 2745304119
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  6. ^ as opposed to Southern Xinjiang (Tarim Basin) and Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria)
  7. ^ 《五体清文鉴》编纂过程及维吾尔文辞条研究概述. 《和田师范专科学校学报（汉文综合版）》 (in Chinese). 第25卷第三期总第35期. July 2005.
  8. ISBN 978-0191561672
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  9. ISBN 978-0191561672
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  10. ^ Centre d'études mongoles et sibériennes (1976). Etudes Mongoles et Sibériennes 16. SEMS. p. 67. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  11. ^ Wade Collection Manchu Books
  12. ^ Central Asiatic Journal, Volume 36. O. Harrassowitz. 1992. p. 108. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  13. ISBN 0520927796
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  14. ISBN 9629961024
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  15. ISBN 978-9629963316
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  16. ^ 您的位置：首页 -> 词典 -> 《五体清文鉴》
  17. ^ 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鉴: gamma uc̆in nigen boti, orosil nigen boti. 武英殿. 1780. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

External links

Internet Archive
御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑
御製增訂清文鑑
御製增訂清文鑑
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