People's Liberation Army Navy
People's Liberation Army Navy | ||
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aircraft carriers Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Hǎijūn | |
Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China |
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Executive departments |
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Services |
Independent troops |
Special operations force |
Other troops |
Military districts |
History of the Chinese military |
Military ranks of China |
The People's Liberation Army Navy[a] (also known as People's Navy, Chinese Navy, or PLA Navy) is the maritime service branch of the People's Liberation Army, and the largest navy per number of ships in the world.[5][6]
The PLAN traces its lineage to naval units fighting during the Chinese Civil War and was established on 23 April 1949.[7]
Until the late 1980s, the PLAN was largely a
Chinese military officials have outlined plans to operate in the
The People's Liberation Army Navy is composed of five branches; the
History
The PLAN traces its lineage to units of the
The Naval Academy was set up at Dalian on 22 November 1949, mostly with Soviet instructors. It then consisted of a motley collection of ships and boats acquired from the Kuomintang forces. The Naval Air Force was added two years later. By 1954 an estimated 2,500 Soviet naval advisers were in China—possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel—and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships.
With Soviet assistance, the navy reorganized in 1954 and 1955 into the
1950s and 1960s
Through the upheavals of the late 1950s and 1960s the Navy remained relatively undisturbed. Under the leadership of Minister of National Defense Lin Biao, large investments were made in naval construction during the frugal years immediately after the Great Leap Forward. During the Cultural Revolution, a number of top naval commissars and commanders were purged.
Naval forces were used to suppress a revolt in Wuhan in July 1967, but the service largely avoided the turmoil affecting the country. Although it paid lip service to Mao and assigned political commissars aboard ships, the Navy continued to train, build, and maintain the fleets as well the coastal defense and aviation arms, as well as in the performance of its mission.
1970s and 1980s
In the 1970s, when approximately 20 percent of the defense budget was allocated to naval forces, the Navy grew dramatically. The conventional submarine force increased from 35 to 100 boats, the number of
In the 1980s, under the leadership of Chief Naval Commander
While under his leadership Naval construction yards produced fewer ships than the 1970s, greater emphasis was placed on technology and qualitative improvement. Modernization efforts also encompassed higher educational and technical standards for personnel; reformulation of the traditional coastal defense doctrine and force structure in favor of more
Examples of the expansion of China's capabilities were the 1980 recovery of an
In 1986 the Navy's
The PLA Navy was ranked in 1987 as the third largest navy in the world, although naval personnel had comprised only 12 percent of PLA strength. In 1987 the Navy consisted (as it does now) of the naval headquarters in Beijing; three fleet commands – the North Sea Fleet, based at Qingdao, Shandong; the East Sea Fleet, based at Ningbo; and the South Sea Fleet, based at Zhanjiang, Guangdong – and about 1,000 ships of which only approximately 350 are ocean going. The rest are small patrol or support craft.[24]
The 350,000-person Navy included Naval Air Force units of 34,000 men, the Coastal Defense Forces of 38,000, and the Marine Corps of 56,500. Navy Headquarters, which controlled the three fleet commands, was subordinate to the PLA General Staff Department. In 1987, China's 1,500 km
-class submarines, which could remain at sea only a limited time.Inside this protective ring and within range of shore-based aircraft were
1990s and 2000s
As the 21st century approached, the PLAN began to transition to an off-shore defensive strategy that entailed more out-of-area operations away from its traditional territorial waters.[25]: 23–30 Between 1989 and 1993, the training ship Zhenghe paid ports visits to Hawaii, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. PLAN vessels visited Vladivostok in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996. PLAN task groups also paid visits to Indonesia in 1995; North Korea in 1997; New Zealand, Australia, and the Philippines in 1998; Malaysia, Tanzania, South Africa, the United States, and Canada in 2000; and India, Pakistan, France, Italy, Germany, Britain, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand in 2001.[25]: 114
In March 1997, the
The
Overall, between 1985 and 2006, PLAN naval vessels visited 18 Asian-Pacific nations, 4 South American nations, 8 European nations, 3 African nations, and 3 North American nations.[25]: 115 In 2003, the PLAN conducted its first joint naval exercises during separate visits to Pakistan and India. Bi-lateral naval exercises were also carried out with exercises with the French, British, Australian, Canadian, Philippine, and United States navies.[25]: 116
On 26 December 2008, the PLAN dispatched a task group consisting of the
The demonstration was seen as a sign of the growing status of China, while the CMC Chairman, Hu Jintao, indicated that China is neither seeking regional hegemony nor entering an arms race.[35] Predictions by Western analysts that the PLAN would outnumber the USN submarine force as early as 2011 have failed to come true because the PRC curtailed both imports and domestic production of submarines.[37]
2010s and 2020s
Beginning in 2009, China ordered 4 Zubr-class LCAC from Ukraine and bought 4 more from the Hellenic Navy (Greece). These hovercraft/LCACs are built to send troops and armored vehicles (tanks, etc.) onto beaches in a fast manner, acting as a landing craft, and were viewed to be a direct threat to Taiwan's pro-independence movement as well as the conflict over Senkaku Islands. China is continually shifting the power balance in Asia by building up the Navy's Submarines, Amphibious warfare, and surface warfare capabilities.
Between 5–12 July 2013, a seven-ship task force from the
On 2 April 2015, during the
China's participation in international maritime exercises is also increasing. In RIMPAC 2014, China was invited to send ships from their People's Liberation Army Navy; marking not only the first time China participated in a RIMPAC exercise but also the first time China participated in a large-scale United States-led naval drill.[41] On 9 June 2014, China confirmed it would be sending four ships to the exercise, a destroyer, frigate, supply ship, & hospital ship.[42][43] In April 2016, the People's Republic of China was also invited to RIMPAC 2016 despite the tension in South China Sea.[44]
PRC military expert Yin Zhuo said that due to present weaknesses in the PLAN's ability to replenish their ships at sea, their future aircraft carriers will be forced to operate in pairs.[45] In a TV interview,
In 2017, PLAN hospital ship
The PLAN continued its expansion into the 2020s, increasing its operational capacity, commissioning new ships, and constructing naval facilities.[47] Observers note that the PLAN's ongoing modernization is intended to build up the Chinese surface fleet and fix existing issues that limit the capability of the PLAN. Observers have noted that the PLAN's expansion will allow it to project Chinese power in the South China Sea and allow for the navy to counter the USN's operations in Asia.[48] Chinese naval capability increased substantially in the 2010s and 2020s. According to the US-based think tank RAND Corporation, PLAN enjoyed major advantages in terms of naval technologies, missiles, and tonnage against regional rivals such as Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India.
Organization
The PLAN is organized into several departments for purposes of command, control and coordination. Main operating forces are organized into fleets, each with its own headquarters, a commander (a Rear Admiral or Vice Admiral) and a Political Commisar. All PLAN headquarters are subordinate to the PLA Joint Staff Department and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
Fleets
The People's Liberation Army Navy is divided into three fleets:
- The Shandong Province.
- The Zhejiang Province.
- The Guangdong Province.
Branches
PLAN Surface Force
The People's Liberation Army Surface Force consists of all surface warships in service with the PLAN. They are organised into flotillas spread across the three main fleets.[citation needed]
PLAN Submarine Force
The People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force consists of all
The PRC is the last of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council which has not conducted an operational ballistic missile submarine patrol, because of institutional problems.[49] It operates a fleet of 68 submarines.
PLAN Coastal Defence Force
The PLAN Coastal Defence Force is a land-based branch of the PLAN in charge of
Between the 1950s and 1960s, the Coastal Defense Force was primarily assigned to repel any
With the
Today the primary weapons of the coastal defense troops are the
PLAN Marine Corps
The PLAN Marine Corps was originally established in the 1950s and then re-established in 1979 under PLAN organisation. It consists of around 20,000
The marines are equipped with the standard
With the PLAN's accelerating efforts to expand its capabilities beyond territorial waters, it would be likely for the Marine Corps to play a greater role in terms of being an offshore expeditionary force similar to the USMC and Royal Marines.
PLAN Air Force
The People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) is the
of various roles.The PLA Naval Air Force has traditionally operated from coastal
The PLANAF naval air bases include:
- North Sea Fleet: Shan Hai Guan
- East Sea Fleet: Feidong and Shitangqiao
- South Sea Fleet: Foluo, Haikou, Lingshui, Sanya, Guiping, Jialaishi and Lingling
Relationship with other maritime organizations of China
The PLAN is complemented by
The CMS performed mostly coastal and ocean search and rescue or patrols, and received quite a few large patrol ships that significantly enhanced their operations; while Customs, militia, Armed Police and Fishery Law Enforcement operated hundreds of small
Every coastal province has 1 to 3 Coast Guard squadrons:
- 3 Squadrons: Fujian, Guangdong
- 2 Squadrons: Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangxi
- 1 Squadron: Heibei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shanghai
Ranks
The ranks in the People's Liberation Army Navy are similar to those of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Air Force and the Rocket Force. The current system of officer ranks and insignia dates from 1988 and is a revision of the ranks and insignia used from 1955 to 1965. The rank of Hai Jun Yi Ji Shang Jiang (First Class Admiral) was never held and was abolished in 1994. With the official introduction of the Type 07 uniforms all officer insignia are on either shoulders or sleeves depending on the type of uniform used. The current system of enlisted ranks and insignia dates from 1998.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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PLA Navy[52] |
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海军上将 Hǎijūn shàngjiàng |
海军中将 Hǎijūn zhōngjiàng |
海军少将 Hǎijūn shàojiàng |
海军大校 Hǎijūn dàxiào |
海军上校 Hǎijūn shàngxiào |
海军中校 Hǎijūn zhōngxiào |
海军少校 Hǎijūn shàoxiào |
海军上尉 Hǎijūn shàngwèi |
海军中尉 Hǎijūn zhōngwèi |
海军少尉 Hǎijūn shàowèi |
海军学员 Hǎijūn xuéyuán |
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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PLA Navy[52] |
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海军一级军士长 Hǎijūn yījí jūnshìzhǎng |
海军二级军士长 Hǎijūn èrjí jūnshìzhǎng |
海军三级军士长 Hǎijūn sānjí jūnshìzhǎng |
海军四级军士长 Hǎijūn sìjí jūnshìzhǎng |
海军上士 Hǎijūn shàngshì |
海军中士 Hǎijūn zhōngshì |
海军下士 Hǎijūn xiàshì |
海军上等兵 Hǎijūn shàngděngbīng |
海军列兵 Hǎijūn lièbīng |
Commanders
- Xiao Jinguang (January 1950 − January 1980)
- Ye Fei (January 1980 – August 1982)
- Liu Huaqing (August 1982 – January 1988)
- Zhang Lianzhong (January 1988 – November 1996)
- Shi Yunsheng (November 1996 – June 2003)
- Zhang Dingfa (June 2003 – August 2006)
- Wu Shengli (August 2006 – January 2017)
- Shen Jinlong (January 2017 – September 2021)
- Dong Jun (September 2021 – December 2023)
- Hu Zhongming (December 2023 – present)
Contemporary topics
Strategy, plans, priorities
The People's Liberation Army Navy has become more prominent in recent years owing to a change in Chinese strategic priorities. The new strategic threats include possible conflict with the United States and/or a resurgent Japan in areas such as the
China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan. In December 2007 the first Type 094 submarine was moved to Sanya.[54] The Daily Telegraph on 1 May 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. According to the Western news media the base is reportedly to help China project seapower well into the Pacific Ocean area, including challenging United States naval power.[55][56]
During a 2008 interview with the BBC, Major General
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service wrote in 2009 that the PLAN "continues to exhibit limitations or weaknesses in several areas, including capabilities for sustained operations by larger formations in distant waters, joint operations with other parts of China’s military, C4ISR systems, anti-air warfare (AAW), antisubmarine warfare (ASW), MCM, and a dependence on foreign suppliers for certain key ship components."[60]
In 1998 China purchased the discarded Ukrainian ship Varyag and began retrofitting it for naval deployment. On 25 September 2012, the People's Liberation Army Navy took delivery of China's first aircraft carrier, the CNS Liaoning.[61] The 60,000-ton ship can accommodate 33 fixed wing aircraft. It is widely speculated that these aircraft will be the J15 fighter (the Chinese version of Russia's SU-33).[62]
In September 2015, satellite images showed that China may have started constructing its first indigenous
Japan has raised concerns about the PLAN's growing capability and the lack of transparency as its naval strength keeps on expanding.
On 28 June 2017 China launched the first of a new type of large destroyer, the Type 055 destroyer. The destroyer - the CNS Nanchang - is, with its length of 180 m and at over 12,000 tons fully loaded, the second largest destroyer class in the world after the American Zumwalt-class destroyer.[66] Eight destroyers to this design, rated by the United States Navy as "cruisers", have been built or are under construction.
The strength of PLAN is often compared to that of the
Attempts have been made to compare PLAN's firepower with the USN. A 2019 review found the USN fleet was able to deploy more "battle force missiles" (BFMs), defined as those missiles that contribute to battle missions, than the PLAN: USN fleet could deploy 11,000 BFMs, compared to 5250 BFMs for PLAN and 3326 BFMs for the Russian Navy.
- Total strike-miles=(Range of an ASM × Warhead weight of an ASM) × Number of such missiles carried by a warship × Number of such warships in the navy
It concluded the total firepower of the PLAN was 77 million strike-miles compared to 17 million strike-miles of the USN.[69]
Territorial disputes
Spratly Islands dispute
The
On 14 March 1988, Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces
In February 2011, the Chinese frigate Dongguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats in the vicinity of Jackson Atoll . The shots were fired after the frigate instructed the fishing boats to leave, and one of those boats experienced trouble removing its anchor.[71][72] In May 2011, the Chinese patrol boats attacked and cut the cable of Vietnamese oil exploration ships near Spratly islands. The incidence sparked several anti-China protests in Vietnam. In June 2011, the Chinese navy conducted three days of exercises, including live fire drills, in the disputed waters. This was widely seen as a warning to Vietnam, which had also conducted live fire drills near the Spratly Islands. Chinese patrol boats fired repeated rounds at a target on an apparently uninhabited island, as twin fighter jets streaked in tandem overhead. 14 vessels participated in the maneuvers, staging antisubmarine and beach landing drills aimed at "defending atolls and protecting sea lanes."
In May 2013, the Chinese navy's three operational fleets deployed together for the first time since 2010. This combined naval maneuvers in the
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu) dispute
The
On some occasions, ships and planes from various Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese government and military agencies have entered the disputed area. In addition to the cases where they escorted fishing and activist vessels, there have been other incursions. In an eight-month period in 2012, over forty maritime incursions and 160 aerial incursions occurred.[79] For example, in July 2012, three Chinese patrol vessels entered the disputed waters around the islands.[80]
Military escalation continued in 2013. In February,
In May 2013, a flotilla of Chinese warships from its North Sea Fleet deployed from Qingdao for training exercises western North Pacific Ocean.[85] It is not known if this deployment is related to the ongoing islands dispute between China and Japan.
Other incidents
On 22 July 2011, following its Vietnam port-call, the Indian amphibious assault vessel Airavat was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the Chinese Navy and stating that the Indian warship was entering Chinese waters.[86][87] According to a spokesperson for the Indian Navy, since there were no Chinese ships or aircraft were visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."[86]
On 11 July 2012, the Chinese frigate Dongguan ran aground on Hasa Hasa Shoal (pictured) located 60
2008 anti-piracy operations
It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled People's Liberation Army Navy anti-piracy operations in Somalia. (Discuss) (April 2018) |
On 18 December 2008, Chinese authorities deployed People's Liberation Army Navy vessels to escort Chinese shipping in the Gulf of Aden.
This move was welcomed by the international community as the warships complement a multinational fleet already operating along the coast of Africa. Since this operation PLAN has sought the leadership of the ‘
Since then more than 30 People's Liberation Army Navy ships has deployed to the Gulf of Aden in 18 Escort Task Groups.
Escort Task Group/Task Group | Sailors (including Navy and Marine or special forces personnel) |
Ships | Departure | Start | End | Return | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Escort Task Group/Task Group 169 | 869 | DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B destroyer), DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 26 December 2008 | 26 January 2009 | 15 April 2009 | 28 April 2009 | [91][92] |
2nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 167 | 866 | DDG-167 Shenzhen (Type 051B destroyer), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 April 2009 | 15 April 2009 | 1 August 2009 | 21 August 2009 | [93] |
3rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 529 | 806 | FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 16 July 2009 | 1 August 2009 | 29 November 2009 | 20 December 2009 | [94] |
4th Escort Task Group/Task Group 525 | 788 | FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 frigate), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A frigate), AOG-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 30 October 2009 | 27 November 2009 | 18 March 2010 | 23 April 2010 | [95] |
5th Escort Task Group/Task Group 168 | 825 | DDG-168 Guangzhou (Type 052B destroyer), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 2 December 2009) | 18 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 21 December 2009) | 20 July 2010 | 12 September 2010 | [96] |
6th Escort Task Group/Task Group 998 | 981 | LPD-998 Kunlun Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), DDG-171 Lanzhou (Type 052C destroyer), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 30 June 2010 | 14 July 2010 | 20 November 2010 | 7 January 2011 | [97] |
7th Escort Task Group/Task Group 530 | 788 | FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 November 2010 | 23 November 2010 | 11 November 2011 | 9 May 2011 | [98] |
8th Escort Task Group/Task Group 526 | 796 | FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 21 February 2011 | 18 March 2011 | 21 July 2011 | 28 August 2011 | [99] |
9th Escort Task Group/Task Group 169 | 878 | DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B destroyer), FFG-569 Yulin (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu ( Type 908 replenishment ship ) |
2 July 2011 | 23 July 2011 | 15 November 2011 | 24 December 2011 | [100] |
10th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171 | 875 | DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 2 November 2011 | 19 November 2011 | 17 March 2012 | 5 May 2012 | [101] |
11th Escort Task Group/Task Group 113 | 779 | DDG-113 Qingdao (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-538 Yantai (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 27 February 2012 | 17 March 2012 | 18 July 2012 | 12 September 2012 | [102] |
12th Escort Task Group/Task Group 548 | 788 | FFG-548 Yiyang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) |
3 July 2012 | 18 July 2012 | 23 November 2012 | 19 January 2013 | [103] |
13th Escort Task Group/Task Group 570 | 787 | FFG-568 Hengyang (Ex-Chaohu, Type 054A frigate), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 9 November 2012 | 23 November 2012 | 13 March 2013 | 23 May 2013 | [104] |
14th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112 | 736 | DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-528 Mianyang (Type 053H3 frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 16 February 2013 | 13 March 2013 | 22 August 2013 (FFG-528 Mianyang on 25 August 2013) | 28 September 2013 | [105] |
15th Escort Task Group/Task Group 999 | 853 | LPD-999 Jinggang Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-572 Hengshui (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 8 August 2013 | 22 August 2013 | 20 December 2013 | 22 January 2014 | [106] |
16th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546 | 660 | FFG-527 Luoyang (Type 053H3 frigate), FFG-546 Yancheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 11 November 2013 | 20 December 2013 | 18 April 2014 | 18 July 2014 | [107] |
17th Escort Task Group/Task Group 150 | 810 | DDG-150 Changchun (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 25 March 2014 | 18 April 2014 | 23 August 2014 | 22 October 2014 | [108] |
18th Escort Task Group/Task Group 989 | 1200 | LPD-989 Changbai Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 August 2014 | 23 August 2014 | 24 December 2014 | 19 March 2015 | [109] |
19th Escort Task Group/Task Group 547 | 780 | FFG-547 Linyi (Type 054A frigate), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 | 24 April 2015 | 10 July 2015 | [110] |
20th Escort Task Group/Task Group 152 | ~800 | DDG-152 Jinan (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-528 Yiyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 3 April 2015 | 24 April 2015 | 22 August 2015 | 5 February 2016 | [111] |
21st Escort Task Group/Task Group 573 | ~700 | FFG-573 Liuzhou (Type 054A frigate), FFG-574 Sanya (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 4 August 2015 | 22 August 2015 | 3 January 2016 | 8 March 2016 | [112] |
22nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 576 | ~700 | FFG-576 Daqing (Type 054A frigate), DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 6 December 2015 | 3 January 2016 | 29 April 2016 | 30 June 2016 | [113] |
23rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 531 | ~700 | FFG-531 Xiangtan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 7 April 2014 | 29 April 2016 | 4 September 2016 | 1 November 2016 | [114] |
24th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112 | ~700 | DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-579 Handan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 10 August 2014 | 2 September 2016 | 5 January 2017 | 8 March 2017 | [115] |
25th Escort Task Group/Task Group 568 | ~700 | FFG-568 Hengyang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-569 Yulin (Type 054A frigate), AOR-963 Hong Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 17 December 2016 | 2 January 2017 | 21 April 2017 | 12 July 2017 | [116] |
26th Escort Task Group/Task Group 577 | ~700 | FFG-577 Huanggang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-578 Yangzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-966 Gaoyou Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 1 April 2017 | 21 April 2017 | 23 August 2017 | 1 December 2017 | [117] |
27th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171 | ~700 | DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-575 Yueyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 1 August 2017 | 23 August 2017 | 26 December 2017 | 18 March 2018 | [118] |
28th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546 | ~700 | FFG-546 Yancheng (Type 054A frigate), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 3 December 2017 | 26 December 2017 | 1 May 2018 | 9 August 2018 | [119] |
29th Escort Task Group/Task Group 515 | ~700 | FFG-515 Binzhou (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 April 2018 | 28 April 2018 | 3 September 2018 | 4 October 2018 | [120] |
30th Escort Task Group/Task Group 539 | ~700 | FFG-539 Wuhu (Type 054A frigate), FFG-579 Handan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 6 August 2018 | 1 September 2018 | 24 December 2018 | 27 January 2019 | [121] |
31st Escort Task Group/Task Group 998 | ~700 | LPD-998 Kunlun Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-536 Xuchang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-964 Luoma Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 9 December 2018 | 24 December 2018 | 28 April 2019 | 30 May 2019 | [122][123] |
32nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 153 | ~700 | DDG-153 Xi'an (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-599 Anyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-966 Gaoyou Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 April 2019 | 28 April 2019 | 14 September 2019 | 1 November 2019 | [122][124] |
33rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 117 | ~600 | DDG-117 Xining (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-968 Hoh Xil Hu (Type 903A replenishment ship) | 29 August 2019 | 14 September 2019 | 20 November 2019 | 1 January 2020 | [124] |
34th Escort Task Group/Task Group 118 | ~700 | DDG-117 Xining (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 10 June 2020 | 14 July 2019 | 14 March 2020 | 10 April 2020 | |
35th Escort Task Group/Task Group 122 | ~600 | DDG-131 Taiyuan (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-532 Jingzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 28 April 2020 | 14 May 2020 | 1 August 2020 | 14 October 2020 | |
36th Escort Task Group/Task Group 202 | ~700 | DDG-119 Guiyang (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-542 Zaozhuang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 September 2020 | 14 October 2020 | Ongoing | Ongoing |
2011 Libyan Civil War
In the lead-up to the
Yemen Conflict
During the Yemen conflict, in 2015, the Chinese Navy diverted frigates carrying out anti-piracy operations in Somalia to evacuate at least 600 Chinese and 225 foreign citizens working in Yemen. Among the non-Chinese evacuees were 176 Pakistani citizens, with smaller numbers from other countries, such as Ethiopia, Singapore, the UK, Italy, and Germany. Despite the evacuations, the Chinese embassy in Yemen continued to operate.[126]
Equipment
As of 2018, the Chinese navy operates over 496 combat ships and 232 various auxiliary vessels and counts 255,000 seamen in its ranks. The Chinese Navy also employ more than 710 naval aircraft, including fighters, bombers and electronic warfare aircraft. China has large amount of artillery, torpedoes, and missiles included in their combat assets.
Ships and submarines
All ships and submarines currently in commission with the People's Liberation Army Navy were built in China, with the exception of the Sovremenny-class destroyers, Kilo-class submarines and the aircraft carrier Liaoning. Those vessels were either imported from or originated in Russia.
China employs a wide range of Navy combatants including aircraft carriers, amphibious warfare ships, and destroyers. The Chinese Navy is undergoing modernization rapidly with nearly half of Chinese Navy combat ships built after 2010. China's state-owned shipyards have built 83 ships in just eight years with unprecedented speed. China has its own independent maritime missile defense and naval combat system similar to US Aegis.[127]
Aircraft
China operates carrier-based fighter aircraft to secure land, air and sea targets. The Chinese Navy also operates a wide range of helicopters for battlefield logistics, reconnaissance, patrol and medical evacuation.
The unique QBS-06 is an underwater assault rifle with 5.8×42 DBS-06, and is used by Naval frogmen.[128] It is based on the Soviet APS.[129]
In early February 2018, pictures of what is claimed to be a Chinese
The PLAN's ambitions include operating out to the first and second island chains, as far as the South Pacific near Australia, and spanning to the
On the high end, there would be modern destroyers, such as stealth guided missile destroyers equipped with long-range air defense missiles and anti-submarine capabilities (
There would be advanced nuclear-powered attack and ballistic missile submarines (
On the medium and low end, there would be more economical multi-role capable frigates and destroyers (
It may take a decade for the bulk of these older ships to be retired. Until then, they will serve principally on the low end, as multi-role patrol/escort platforms. Their use could be further enhanced in the future by being used as fast transports or fire support platforms. This system of phasing out would see a reversal in the decline in quantity of PLAN vessels by 2015, and cuts in inventory after the end of the Cold War could be made up for by 2020.[135]
Between 2001 and 2006 there was a rapid building and acquisition program,[134] a trend which continued. There were more than a dozen new classes of ships built in those five years,[134] totaling some 60 brand new ships (including landing ships and auxiliaries).[134] Simultaneously, dozens of other ships have been either phased out of service or refitted with new equipment.
Submarines play a significant role in the development of the PLAN's future fleet. This is made evident by the construction of a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, the Type 094 and the Type 093 nuclear attack submarine. This will provide the PLAN with a more modern response for the need of a seaborne nuclear deterrent. The new submarines will also be capable of performing conventional strike and other special warfare requirements.
The European Union has provided much of the propulsion technology for the PLAN's modernization.[136]
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service reported that the long-term goals of PLAN planning include:
- Assert or defend China's claims in maritime territorial disputes and China's interpretation of international laws relating to freedom of navigation in exclusive economic zones (an interpretation at odds with the U.S. interpretation);
- Protect China's sea lines of communications to the Persian Gulf, on which China relies for some of its energy imports.[137]
During the military parade on the
Following the construction of its two smaller aircraft carriers, China began building the improved Type 003 carrier, which is expected to displace 83,000 tonnes and enable CATOBAR operations by 2022.[138]
The PLAN may also operate from
China has reportedly begun testing designs for arsenal ships.[139]
The Pentagon's name for the Chinese sea based militia is the
See also
- Chinese aircraft carrier programme
- China Coast Guard
- Dalian Naval Academy
- List of ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
- People's Liberation Army Navy Band
- Political Commissar of the People's Liberation Army Navy
- Political Department of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Notes
References
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