People's Republic of Benin

Coordinates: 6°30′N 2°36′E / 6.500°N 2.600°E / 6.500; 2.600
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

People's Republic of Benin
République populaire du Bénin (French)
1975–1990
Motto: 
  • "Fraternité, Justice, Travail" (French)
Fraternity, Justice, Labour
Anthem: L'Aube nouvelle (French)
"The Dawn of a New Day"
Location of Benin
CapitalPorto-Novo
Common languagesFrench, Yoruba, Fon
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state
President 
• 1975–1990
Mathieu Kérékou
Legislature
Revolutionary National Assembly
Historical eraCold War
26 October 1972
• Established
2 December 1975
• Disestablished
2 December 1990
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Calling code229
ISO 3166 codeBJ
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Republic of Dahomey
Benin

The People's Republic of Benin (French: République populaire du Bénin; sometimes translated literally as the Benin Popular Republic or Popular Republic of Benin) was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which became present-day Benin in 1990. The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It effectively lasted until 1 March 1990, with the adoption of a new constitution, and the abolition of Marxism–Leninism in the nation in 1989.[1][2][3]

History

On 26 October 1972, the

Benin Empire that had once flourished in neighboring Nigeria
(south-central). The National Day was set for 30 November referring to three days of 1972, 1974, and 1975, dubbed by the regime the Three Glorious.

In 1974, under the influence of young revolutionaries – the "Ligueurs" – the government embarked on a socialist program: nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy, reform of the education system, establishment of agricultural cooperatives and new local government structures, and a campaign to eradicate "feudal forces" including tribalism.

Attempted coup

In January 1977, an attempted coup, called Operation Shrimp,[7] led by the mercenary Bob Denard and supported by France, Gabon, and Morocco failed and it helped to harden the regime, which was officially moving toward the way of a government-political party.[8] The constitution was adopted on 26 August of that year, Article 4 stating:

People's Republic of Benin, the road to development is

socialism. Its philosophical basis is Marxism–Leninism to be applied in a lively and creative manner to the realities of Benin. All activities of national social life in the People's Republic of Benin are organized in this way under the leadership of the revolution of Benin, detachment vanguard of exploited and oppressed masses, leading core of the Beninese people as a whole and its revolution.[9]

Place des Martyrs (Cotonou): Monument commemorating the victims of the attempted coup of 1977.

A basic law established an all-powerful national assembly.[10]

The opposition was muzzled, and political prisoners remained in detention for years without trial. The elections were held under a system of unique applications. Campaigns were conducted for rural development and improving education. The government also pursued a policy of

USSR, and North Korea.[12]

Decline

Benin tried to implement extensive programs of economic and social development, but did not get results. Mismanagement and corruption undermined the country's economy. The

Justin Ahomadegbe
(imprisoned in 1972) were released in 1981.

A new constitution was adopted in 1978, and the first elections for the National Revolutionary Assembly were held in 1979. Kérékou was elected unopposed to a four-year term as president in 1980 and reelected in 1984. The National Revolutionary Assembly was nominally the highest source of state power, but in practice did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by Kérékou and the PRPB.

In the 1980s, Benin's economic situation became increasingly critical. The country experienced high economic growth rates (15.6 percent in 1982, 4.6 percent in 1983 and 8.2 percent in 1984), but Nigeria's closure of its border with Benin led to a sharp decline in customs and tax revenues. The state was no longer able to pay the salaries of civil servants.[14][15][16][17] Agriculture was disorganized, the Commercial Bank of Benin ruined, and communities were largely paralyzed due to lack of budget. On the political front, the violations of human rights, with cases of torture of political prisoners, contributed to social tension: the church and the unions opposed more openly the regime.[18] Plans for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed in 1987 draconian economic measures: 10% additional levy on wages, hiring freezes, and compulsory retirements. On June 16, 1989, the People's Republic of Benin signed with the IMF a first adjustment plan, in exchange for enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) of 21.9 million Special Drawing Rights of the IMF. Changes that were promised in the agreement with the IMF included a reduction in public expenditure and tax reform, privatizations, reorganization or liquidation of public enterprises, a policy of liberalization and the obligation to enter into that borrowing at concessional rates. The IMF agreement set off a massive strike of students and staff, requiring the payment of their salaries and their scholarships. On 22 June 1989, the country signed a rescheduling agreement first with the Paris Club, for a total of $199 million and Benin was granted a 14.1% reduction of its debt.

Dissolution

The social and political turmoil, catastrophic economic situation and fall of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe led President Kérékou to agree to bring down his regime. In February 1989, a pastoral letter signed by eleven bishops of Benin expressed its condemnation of the People's Republic. On 7 December 1989, Kérékou took the lead and surprised the people disseminating an official statement announcing the abandonment of Marxism–Leninism, the liquidation of the Political Bureau, and the closure of the party's central committee.[19] The Government accepted the establishment of a National Conference bringing together representatives of different political movements. The Conference opened on 19 February 1990: Kérékou expressed himself in person on 21 February, publicly recognising the failure of his policy. The work of the Conference decided to draft a new constitution and the establishment of a democratic process provided by a provisional government entrusted to a prime minister. Kérékou remained head of state on a temporary basis. Kérékou said on 28 February to the attention of the Conference: "I accept all the conclusions of your work."[20]

A

evangelical
pastor. His return to power involved no recovery of a Marxist–Leninist regime in Benin.

See also

References

  1. ^ Benin
  2. ^ A short history of the People's Republic of Benin (1974–1990)
  3. ^ "Constitution de la République du Bénin" [Constitution of the Republic of Benin] (PDF) (in French). Government of Benin. 11 December 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Devenu République Populaire du Bénin le 30 Novembre 1975, puis République du Bénin le 1er mars 1990...
  4. ^ Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 60
  5. ^ Auzias Dominique, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Sandra Fontaine,Benin Smart Little Country Guide, page 34
  6. ^ Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 61
  7. ^ Roger Faligot Pascal Krop,Secret Service in Africa, The Sycamore Publishing, 1982, page 75
  8. ^ Auzias Dominique, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Sandra Fontaine,Benin Smart Little Country Guide, page 35
  9. ^ Omar Diop,Political parties and democratic transition process in Black Africa, Publibook, 2006, page 33
  10. ^ Philippe David,The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 63
  11. ^ Kerekou, the unavoidable, Jeune Afrique, 25 March 2010
  12. ^ Philippe David,The Benin, Karthala, 1998, pages 64–65
  13. ^ Arnaud Zacharie, debt of Benin, a symbol of aborted democratic transition Committee for the Abolition of Third World debt
  14. ^ « Benin, analyse du pays de 1982 a 1987 », afriquepluriel
  15. ^ "World Development Indicators, GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) for Benin, Sub-Saharan Africa". World Bank. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via Google.
  16. ^ Barnaby Georges Gbagbo, Benin and the human rights, L'Harmattan, 2001, page 208
  17. ^ Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 66
  18. ^ Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, pages 67–68
  19. ^ Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 68
  20. ^ Philippe David,'The Benin, Karthala, 1998, pages 69–70

6°30′N 2°36′E / 6.500°N 2.600°E / 6.500; 2.600