Peoria people
Roman Catholicism), Indigenous religions | |
Related ethnic groups | |
---|---|
Kaskaskia, Piankeshaw, and Wea |
The Peoria are a
The Peoria people are descendants of the Illinois Confederation. The Peoria Tribe were located east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River.[2] In the colonial period, they traded with French colonists in that territory.
After 1763, when the British took over those lands following victory in the Seven Years' War, the Peoria were moved west across the Mississippi.[3] In 1867 their descendants moved to Indian Territory with remnants of related tribes and were assigned land in present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma, which was primarily occupied by the Quapaw.
Language and name
The Peoria speak a dialect of the Miami-Illinois language, a Central Algonquian language in which these two dialects are mutually intelligible.
The name Peoria, also Peouaroua, derives from their
Government
The Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma.[2] Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Ottawa County, in the northeast corner of the state. Of the 3,713 enrolled tribal members, some 777 live within the state of Oklahoma. Craig Harper is the tribe's elected Chief, and is serving a four-year term.[1]
Economic development
The Peoria issue their own
History
The Peoria are
The Peoria were one of the many
After 1763 France ceded its Illinois Country and other territories east of the Mississippi River to the British, who had defeated them in the
In 1818, after the United States (US) had taken over former British territory east of the Mississippi following their gaining independence, they pressed the Peoria to sign the Treaty of Edwardsville, which provided for the cession of Peoria lands in Illinois to the US.
The tribe suffered from introduced new
After the Civil War, most of the confederated tribe signed the 1867 Omnibus Treaty.[8] By this means, the US federally government purchased land from the Quapaw tribe and relocated the majority of the Confederated Peoria tribe onto a 72,000 acres (290 km2) reservation in Indian Territory, part of present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma.[9][12][a] Congress enacted a law to unite the Miami tribe, then also in Kansas, and assign them to lands with the Confederated Peoria.
In 1893, under the Dawes Act, the US broke up communal lands in Indian Territory to speed assimilation and make more land available for sale to non-Indians. Allotments were made to enrolled heads of households over the next few years, to extinguish Indian claims and enable the territories to be admitted as a state. In 1907, after admission of Oklahoma, any "surplus" land as determined by the US in former Confederated Peoria territory was transferred to Ottawa County, which could sell it.[12]
Under the Dawes Act and Curtis Act of 1898, the US government conducted registration of tribal members in order to make individual allotments of land to heads of families. They believed that encouraging subsistence agriculture was the way to bring the tribal members into European-American practices. It also enabled them to break up the communal culture and make land available for sale to whites. At the same time, they forced tribal governments to dismantle before Oklahoma was admitted as a state. The Peoria lost much of their land in these transactions and suffered with the pressure to give up their culture. For decades, the Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed tribal chiefs, who previously had been selected by hereditary roles.
The federal government changed its approach during the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, after realizing the adverse effects of those actions. In 1934 it passed a law encouraging federally recognized tribes (generally those who had been on reservations) to reorganize their governments, encouraging a constitutional, representative model similar to that of the US and states. Similarly, the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act was passed in 1939. Under that, the Confederated Peoria reorganized and re-established its historical form of council government.[8]
During the 1950s, the US government changed policies again, promoting Indian termination to end its special relationship with tribes that it believed were ready to be independent. It terminated the Peoria tribal government, which lost federal recognition in 1959. Tribal members objected and began the process to regain federal recognition, because it provided important education and welfare benefits. They achieved federal recognition in 1978.[9] The Miami tribe was never 'terminated'.[12]
Descendants of the
Namesakes
- The city of Peoria, Illinois, and the surrounding Peoria County are named after the tribe that traditionally lived in that area.
- The Peoria Waroccurred in their historic territory but is named for the town, as the tribe had migrated to Missouri before this conflict occurred.
- Paola, Kansas, and Peoria, Oklahoma, are named directly for the tribe.
- Many other places named Peoria and some U.S. Navy ships were named after the town in Illinois.
Notable Peoria people
- Charles Edwin Dagenett (1873–1941), founder and leader of the Society of American Indians
- Ruthe Blalock Jones (b. 1939), Shawnee/Peoria artist and educator
- Moscelyne Larkin (1925-2012), Peoria/Shawnee ballerina
See also
- Sagamite (native food)
Notes
References
- ^ a b c 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Archived 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 26. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma". Southern Plains Tribal Health Board. April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Culture - Peoria Tribe Of Indians of Oklahoma". Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
Upon being removed from their ancestral lands in the late 1 the Kaskaskia, Peoria and Wea tribes all found a new home in Ste Genevieve before being removed to Miami County, Kansas in the early 1800s
- ^ Peoria Indian Tribal History. Access Genealogy: Indian Tribal Records. 2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
- ^ [1]. ‘’Peoria Language Course.’’ 2023 (retrieved 2 Jan 2023)
- ^ Anderton, Alice, PhD. "Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma", Intertribal Wordpath Society. 2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
- ^ Oklahoma Indian Casinos: Casinos by Tribes. 500 Nations. 2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
- ^ a b c History. Archived 2009-03-07 at the Wayback Machine Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. 2007 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
- ^ a b c d e f Vaugh-Roberson, Glen. Peoria. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. 2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
- ^ "Review" of Carl Masthay, Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary, Saint Louis: Carl Masthay, 2002, International Journal of Lexicography, 17(3):325–327, accessed 1 Mar 2010
- ^ Illinois Indian History Timeline, Illinois State Museum
- ^ a b c d e f Simpson, Linda. "The Tribes of the Illinois Confederacy." May 6, 2006. Accessed November 27, 2016.
- ^ House, Office of the Law Revision Counsel. United States Code 2006, Volume 15. §1224, page 986
External links
- Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, official website
- Tribes of the Illinois/Missouri Region at First Contact (1673)
- "The Tribes of The Illinois Confederacy", Rootsweb
- Peoria Historical Society, Google Cultural Institute
- The History of Chief Baptiste Peoria
- Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. .
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
.
- Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1667–1700, restricted access