Perak

Coordinates: 4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Perak (disambiguation).

Perak
Peghok
Jawi
ڤيراق‎
 • Chinese霹雳 (Simplified)
霹靂 (Traditional)
 • Tamilபேராக்
Pērāk (Transliteration)
Menteri Besar
Saarani Mohamad
(BN–UMNO)
 • Leader of the OppositionRazman Zakaria (PN-PAS)
Area
[1]
 • Total20,976 km2 (8,099 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Korbu)
2,183 m (7,162 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total2,500,000 (5th)
DemonymPerakian
Demographics (2010)[2]
 • Ethnic composition
 • Dialects
A[8]
HDI (2019)Increase 0.809[9]
very high · 7th
GDP (nominal)2022
 • TotalIncrease $21.161 billion
(RM 93.112 billion)[10] (7th)
 • Per capitaIncrease $8,391
(RM 36,924)[10] (10th)
GDP (PPP)2022
 • TotalIncrease $50.768 billion (7th)
 • Per capitaIncrease $23,370 (10th)
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata

Perak (Malay pronunciation:

equatorial climate. The state's mountain ranges belong to the Titiwangsa Mountains, which is part of the larger Tenasserim Hills system that connects Myanmar, Thailand
and Malaysia.

The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on the migration of

Malaccan Sultanate. Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years, the Sultanate was partly controlled by the Sumatra-based Aceh Sultanate. This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the English East India Company (EIC) in the nearby Straits Settlements
of Penang provided additional protection for the state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces.

The

market-driven economy and maintaining law and order while combatting the slavery widely practised across Perak at the time. The three-year Japanese occupation in World War II halted further progress. After the war, Perak became part of the temporary Malayan Union, before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya
. It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances: bubu, dabus, and labu sayong, the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditional

Malay and English are recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing
.

Etymology

There are many theories about the origin of the name Perak.

Arabic as دار الرضوان‎ (Dār al-Riḍwān), "abode of grace".[16]

History

Historical affiliations

Sultanate of Perak
1528–1895
Federated Malay States 1895–1942
Empire of Japan 1942–1945
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
 Malaysia 1963–present

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Malaysia
The Tambun rock art of the Neolithic era in Tambun near Ipoh

Among the prehistoric sites in Malaysia where artefacts from the

Homo sapiens.[19] Other important Neolithic sites in the country include Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, and Padang Rengas, containing evidence of human presence in the Mesolithic Hoabinhian era.[22][23]

Iron socketed axe from Perak, British Museum,[24] c. 100 BC–AD 200

In 1959, a British artillery officer stationed at an inland army base during the Malayan Emergency discovered the Tambun rock art, identified by archaeologists as the largest rock art site in the Malay Peninsula. Most of the paintings are located high above the cave floor, at an elevation of 6–10 metres (20–33 ft).[25][26] Seashells and coral fragments scattered along the cave floor are evidence that the area was once underwater.[27]

The significant numbers of statues of

Buddha found in Bidor, Kuala Selensing, Jalong, and Pengkalan Pegoh indicate that, before the arrival of Islam, the inhabitants of Perak were mainly Hindu or Buddhist. The influence of Indian culture and beliefs on society and values in the Malay Peninsula from early times is believed to have culminated in the semi-legendary Gangga Negara kingdom.[23][28][29] The Malay Annals mention that Gangga Negara at one time fell under Siamese rule, before Raja Suran of Thailand sailed further south down the Malay Peninsula.[30]

Sultanate of Perak

By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence.

tombstones of the period show a clear Islamic influence, believed to have originated from the Sultanate of Malacca, the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of the Perak River.[23][31] The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban.[23] With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in the Malay Peninsula after the neighbouring Kedah Sultanate.[32] Based on Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak (Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son of Mahmud Shah, the 8th Sultan of Malacca.[33][34][35] He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first sultan of Perak, after surviving the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511 and living quietly for a period in Siak on the island of Sumatra. He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang.[34] There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from Kampar in Sumatra.[36] Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca and Selangor, and from Siak, Kampar, and Jambi in Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka from Daik, who raised a Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim.[36] Before her death, she called on the ancestors of Sang Sapurba to take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak.[36][37]

Perak's administration became more organised after the Sultanate was established. In democratic Malacca, government was based on the

feudal system.[12] With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.[38][39]

Terengganu on the Malay Peninsula
, c. 1570s

Throughout the 1570s, the Sultanate of Aceh subjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment.[34][40] The sudden disappearance of Perak's Sultan Mansur Shah I in mysterious circumstances in 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces.[40] Soon afterwards, the late Sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra.[34][40] Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, Raja Alauddin Mansur Syah, married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles journeyed to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor.[34] The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah ruled Perak for seven years, maintaining the unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty.[34] Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612,[40][41] in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which became tributary states of Siam.[42][43] In 1620, the Acehnese sultanate invaded Perak and captured its sultan.

When Sultan Sallehuddin Riayat Shah died without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly

cholera epidemic that swept through the state, killing many royal family members.[34] Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's Sultan Iskandar Thani
, who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Perak Sultan Muzaffar Shah II.

Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century.[40] When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants.[44] In 1650, Aceh's Sultana Taj ul-Alam ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants.[33][44][45][46] By the following year, 1651, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak.[47] Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade,[48] on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.[34][49]

The 1670 Dutch Fort on Pangkor Island, built as a tin ore warehouse by the Dutch East India Company[47]

Although Perak nobles had destroyed the earlier store structure, on orders from the Dutch base in

Sultan Mahmud Shah II, Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the old Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malacca or Johor Sultanates.[50]

The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the Bugis and Minang, all fighting for a share of tin revenues. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743.[50] In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in the area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary.[51] With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins.[47]

The mid-18th century saw the rule of Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while the coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the sultan's daughter. His accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks.

ceding Penang Island to the British in 1786 in exchange for protection.[56][57][58]

Orang Asli from the Senoi group, Perak, c. 1880–1881[59]

Siam regained strength under the

slaves.[43][53][61][62] Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as a direct warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese.[43][63]

In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of the

Rama II of Siam forced Kedah to attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states,[63][67][68] but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state, the Kingdom of Reman, then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts.[69]

In 1821, Siam invaded and

Sultanate of Selangor.[40][43][67][70] As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collect taxes and revenue in its territory. This power, however, was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates.[71][72]

British protectorate

Main articles: Federated Malay States and List of British Residents of Perak
Selangor
(brown and orange)

Since the EIC's establishment of early British presence in Penang, the British had maintained another trading post in Singapore, avoiding involvement in the affairs of the nearby Malay sultanate states.[75] In 1822, the British authority in India sent British diplomat John Crawfurd to Siam to negotiate trade concessions and gather information with a view to restoring the Sultan of Kedah to the throne. The mission failed.[76] In 1823, the Sultanates of Perak and Selangor signed a joint agreement to block the Dutch tin monopoly in their territories.[66] EIC policy shifted with the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824, Siam then becoming an important ally.[68]

Through its Governor, Robert Fullerton, Penang tried to convince the main EIC authority in India to continue helping the Sultan of Kedah to regain his throne.[77] Throughout 1824, Siam aimed to expand its control towards Perak and Selangor.[78] The dispute between the British and Dutch formally ceased when Dutch Malacca in the Malay Peninsula was exchanged with British Bencoolen in Sumatra, both parties agreeing to limit their sphere of influence through the signing of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty.[79] In July 1825, an initial negotiation was held between Siam, represented by tributary state the Kingdom of Ligor, and the EIC.[80] The King of Ligor promised that Siam would not send its armada to Perak and Selangor, so resolving the issue of its attacks. The British renounced any aspiration to conquer Perak or interfere in its administration, promising to prevent Raja Hasan of Selangor from making trouble in Perak, and to try to reconcile the differences between Selangor and Ligor.[80] A month later, in August 1825, Ibrahim Shah of the Sultanate of Selangor signed a friendship and peace treaty with the EIC, represented by John Anderson, ending the long feud between the governments of Selangor and Perak.[81] Under the treaty, Selangor gave assurances to the British that it would not interfere in the affairs of Perak; the border between Perak and Selangor was finalised; and Raja Hasan of Selangor was to be immediately exiled from Perak, paving the way for peace between the two Malay states and the resolution of the power struggle between the British and Siam.[81]

Pangkor Island within Dindings in the British Straits Settlements, c. 1874

In 1826, the Kingdom of Ligor broke its promise and attempted to conquer Perak. A small British expeditionary force thwarted the attack. The Sultan of Perak then ceded to the British the area of Dindings and Pangkor (the two now constitute Manjung District) so that the British could suppress pirate activity along the Perak coast where it became part of the Straits Settlements.[58] The same year, the British and Siam concluded a new treaty. Under the Burney Treaty, signed by British Captain Henry Burney and the Siamese government, the British undertook not to intercede in the affairs of Kedah despite their friendly relations with Kedah's ruler, and the Siamese undertook not to attack either Perak or Selangor.[82][83]

Malay and Mandailing employed as tin
miners in the late 19th century

The discovery of tin in Larut and rapid growth of the tin ore trade in the 19th century saw an increasing influx of Chinese labour. Later, rivalry developed between two Chinese

British residential system, with Perak going on to become part of the Federated Malay States (FMS) in 1895. It was also a shift from the previous British policy of non-intervention in Perak's affairs.[58][88][89][73] James W. W. Birch was appointed as Perak's first British Resident. His inability to understand and communicate well with the locals, ignorance of Malay customs, and disparagement of the efforts of the Sultan and his dignitaries to implement British tax control and collection systems caused resentment. Local nationalist Maharaja Lela and the new monarch, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, opposed him, and the following year, in 1875, Birch was assassinated through a conspiracy of local Malay dignitaries Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, and Ngah Ahmad.[33][93] The assassination angered the British authority, and following anti-British uprisings in several areas, a major military campaign was fought by the British in Perak in 1875-76. The perpetrators were arrested and executed and the Sultan and his chiefs, also suspected of involvement in the plot, were banished to the British Seychelles in the Indian Ocean in 1876.[94][95]

British female explorer, naturalist and writer Isabella Bird
led by two local men in her first ride on elephant in Perak, c. 1883

During his exile, the Sultan had use of a government-owned residence at Union Vale in

capitalist economy.[100]

Under the

Terengganu and nearby islands. Exceptions were the Patani region, which remained under Siamese rule, and Perak, which regained the previously lost inland territory that became the Hulu Perak District.[69][74] The treaty terms stipulated that the British, through their government of the FMS, would assume responsibility for all debts owed to Siam by the four ceded Malay states, and relinquish British extraterritorial rights in Siam.[101]

Second World War

Main articles:
Malayan Campaign, Battle of Kampar, Battle of Slim River, and Japanese occupation of Malaya
Japanese characters map of Malaya under the occupation of the Empire of Japan
, c. 1942

There had been a

rubber boats.[54] The policeman informed the British Chief Police Officer in Ipoh, but his claim was laughed off.[54] By 26 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) had arrived in Ipoh, the capital, moving southwards from Thailand. The following day they went on to Taiping, leaving destruction and heavy casualties in their wake.[102] The British forces, retreating from the north of the Malay Peninsula under Lieutenant-General Lewis Heath, had moved a further 80–100 miles (130–160 km) to the Perak River (Sungai Perak), damaging the route behind them to slow the Japanese advance.[102] With the approval of Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, the British mounted a defensive stand near the river mouth and in Kampar, leaving the towns of Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping unguarded.[102]

European administrator civilians from Penang having their break in Ipoh Station before proceeding south to Singapore during the war, c. 1941

Most civil administrations were closed down, since the European administrators and civilians evacuated to the south.[102] By mid-December, the Japanese had reached Kroh in the interior of Perak, moving in from Kota Bharu in Kelantan. The Japanese arrived both from the east and by boat along the western coast.[102] Within 16 days of their first landings, they had captured the entire northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The British were left trying to blockade the main road heading south from Ipoh. While the defending troops briefly slowed the Japanese at the Battle of Kampar and at the mouth of the Perak River, the Japanese advance along the trunk road, followed up with bombing and water-borne incursions, forced the British to retreat further south.[102][103]

shōguns who ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th centuries, proposed a reform plan. Under its terms, the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang, and Perlis would be restored and federated. Johor would control Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Malacca. An 800-square-mile (2,100 km2) area in southern Johor would be incorporated into Singapore for defence purposes.[104]

In the context of the military alliance between Japan and Thailand and their joint participation in the

Japanese-related war propaganda. The Dōmei News Agency also printed newspapers in Malay, Tamil, Chinese, and Japanese.[108]

The indigenous

guerrilla organisations operated within Perak in northern Malaya. One, the Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Army (OCAJA), was aligned with the Kuomintang. The other, the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), was closely associated with the Chinese Communist Party. Although both opposed the Japanese, there were clashes between the two groups.[111]

Kenpeitai military police discovered a clandestine shortwave radio set in her home.[112][113] John Davis, an officer of the British commando Force 136, part of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), trained local guerrillas prior to the Japanese invasion at the 101 Special Training School in Singapore, where he sought Chinese recruits for their commando teams.[114] Under the codename Operation Gustavus, Davis and five Chinese agents landed on the Perak coast north of Pangkor Island on 24 May 1943. They established a base camp in the Segari Hills, from which they moved to the plains to set up an intelligence network in the state.[114] In September 1943, they met and agreed to co-operate with the MPAJA, which then provided Force 136 with support and manpower. This first intelligence network collapsed, however, when many of its leaders, including Lim Bo Seng, were caught, tortured and killed by the Japanese Kenpeitai in June 1944.[114] On 16 December 1944, a second intelligence network, comprising five Malay SOE agents and two British liaison officers, Major Peter G. Dobree and Captain Clifford, was parachuted into Padang Cermin, near Temenggor Lake Dam in Hulu Perak under the codename Operation Hebrides. Its main objective was to set up wireless communications between Malaya and Force 136 headquarters in Kandy, British Ceylon, after the MPAJA's failure to do so.[106]

Post-war and independence

Main articles: Malayan Union and Federation of Malaya
25th Indian Division
), c. 1945

Despite the Japanese surrender to the

Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA).[111]

Sir Gerald Templer and his assistant, Major Lord Wynford, inspecting the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG), Perak, c. 1952

The Kinta Valley, one of the richest tin mining areas in Malaya, accounted for most of the country's tin exports to the United States. To protect it from the communists, on 1 May 1952, the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association established the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG). Often described as a private Chinese Army, most of the KVHG's Chinese members had links to the Kuomintang.[122][123] Many of the Kuomintang guerrillas were absorbed from the Lenggong area, where there were also members of Chinese secret societies whose main purpose was to defend Chinese private property against the communists.[54] Throughout the first emergency the British authorities and their Malayan collaborators fought against the communists. This continued even after the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya, on 31 August 1957. As a result, most of the communist guerrillas were successfully pushed across the northern border into Thailand.[120]

Malaysia

Main articles: Malaysia Agreement and Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation

In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya,

second communist insurgency occurred in the Malay Peninsula. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to the Thai border.[130] The Perak State Information Office launched two types of psychological warfare to counter the increasing communist propaganda disseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency had to be carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border; the other was a communist group living among local inhabitants.[131]

With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also rising

Islamisation initiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught the interest both of Malay royalty and commoners.[132] Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is thus now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes to standing up for Malay rights.[133]

Geography

Titiwangsa Range passes along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point, the 2,183-metre (7,162 ft) Mount Korbu, is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan.[145][146] Other mountain ranges in Perak are the Bintang Mountains and the Kledang Range. Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses of sedimentary rock appearing at rare intervals.[144]

An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills.

Yala border, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca.[149][150][151] Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers.[152]

Perak is located in a

thunderstorms, heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in the predawn and early morning.[159][160]

Biodiversity

Belum Rainforest Resort Outdoor Walkway on Banding Island in Temenggor Lake

The jungles of Perak are highly

coral reefs are home to coral reef fish species.[167] In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to the state.[168] Another natural attraction, the tin-mining ponds in Kinta District, was gazetted as a state park in 2016. The Kinta Nature Park, Perak's third state park, covers an area of 395.56 hectares (977 acres).[169][170]

Ptychozoon kuhli
) in Tapah Hills

The government of Perak has stated its commitment to protecting its forests to ensure the survival of endangered wildlife species, and to protect biodiversity.[171] The Perak Forestry Department is the state body responsible for forest management and preservation.[172] In 2013, the state planted some 10.9 million trees under the "26 Million Tree Planting Campaign: One Citizen One Tree", associated with global Earth Day.[173]

Widespread conversion and reclamation of mangroves and

leukaemia resulting from exposure. The factory involved was only closed and cleaned up following lengthy court action by affected residents and increasing international pressure. No responsibility has been accepted by the associated companies, the state government, or the federal government.[180][181] Although Perak has the highest number of mangrove reserves of the Malay Peninsula states, with 19 reserves in the mangroves of Matang,[182] growing uncontrolled clearance of mangroves for aquaculture projects and residential areas is causing significant coastal erosion in addition to the damage resulting from climate change.[177]

Government and Politics

Main articles: Perak State Executive Council and Perak State Legislative Assembly
See also:
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-) § Perak, Politics of Malaysia, Order of precedence in Perak, and Menteri Besar of Perak
Perak State Assembly Composition
Affiliation Coalition/Party Leader Status Seats
2022 election
 Current
 
  		Barisan Nasional
Pakatan Harapan
Saarani Mohammad
 Government 33 33
  Perikatan Nasional Razman Zakaria Opposition 26 26
Total 59 59
Government majority 7 7
Iskandariah Palace on Chandan Hill, Kuala Kangsar

Perak is a constitutional monarchy, with a ruler elected by an electoral college composed of the major chiefs.[183] The Sultan is the constitutional head of Perak. The current Sultan of Perak is Nazrin Shah, who acceded to the throne on 29 May 2014.[184] The main royal palace is the Iskandariah Palace in Kuala Kangsar. Kinta Palace in Ipoh is used by the sultan as an occasional residence during official visits.[185][186] Other palaces in Ipoh include the Al-Ridhuan Palace, Cempaka Sari Palace, and Firuz Palace.[186]

The state government is headed by a

Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), assisted by an 11-member Executive Council (Exco) selected from the members of the Perak State Legislative Assembly.[187] The 59-seat Assembly is the legislative branch of Perak's government, responsible for making laws in matters regarding the state. It is based on the Westminster system. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by universal suffrage. The Chief Minister is appointed on the basis of his or her ability to command a majority in the Assembly. The majority (33 seats) is currently held by Barisan Nasional (BN) and Pakatan Harapan
(PH).

Prior to the major British overhaul of Perak's administration,

Africans purchased by Malays on pilgrimage in Mecca.[109][188]

State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisis

Main articles: 2009 Perak constitutional crisis and Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin v Zambry Abdul Kadir

The opposition

High Court in Kuala Lumpur, on 11 May 2009, restoring power to the PR.[195][196] The following day, the Court of Appeal of Malaysia suspended the High Court ruling pending a new Court of Appeal judgment. On 22 May 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court's decision and returned power to the BN. Many opposition party supporters believed that the crisis was effectively a "power grab", in which the democratically elected government was ousted through the political machinations of the more dominant national ruling party.[196][197]

Departments

  • Perak State Finance Office[198]
  • Perak Irrigation and Drainage Department[199]
  • Perak State Forestry Department[200]
  • Perak Social Welfare Department[201]
  • Perak Syariah Judiciary Department[202]
  • Perak Public Works Department[203]
  • Perak State Islamic Religious Affairs Department[204]
  • Perak Public Service Commission[205]
  • Perak State Agriculture Department[206]
  • Office of Lands and Mines Perak[207]
  • Perak State Mufti Office[208]
  • Perak Town and Country Planning Department[209]
  • Department of Veterinary Services of Perak[210]

Statutory bodies

  • Perak Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council[211]
  • Perak State Public Library Corporation[212]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of districts in Malaysia and List of local governments in Malaysia

Perak is divided into 12

districts (daerah), 81 mukims, and 15 local governments.[213][214] There are district officers for each district and a village headperson (ketua kampung or penghulu) for each village in the district. Before the British arrived, Perak was run by a group of relatives and friends of the Sultan who held rights to collect taxes and duties.[100] The British developed a more organised administration following Perak's integration into the Federated Malay States (FMS). The FMS government created two institutions, the State Council and the Malay Administrative Service (MAS).[100] The two institutions encouraged direct Malay participation and gave the former ruling class a place in the new administrative structure. Most of the Sultan's district chiefs removed from authority at that time were given new positions in the State Council, although their influence was restricted to Malay social matters raised in council business. The Sultan and the district chiefs were compensated for their loss of tax revenue with a monthly allowance from the state treasury.[100]

The role of the local penghulus changed considerably when they were appointed no longer by the Sultan but by the British Resident.[215] Colonial land policy introduced individual landholding, thereby making land a commodity, and the penghulu were then involved in matters relating to this property.[100] The Perak State Council was established in 1875 to assist the British Resident in most administrative matters. It also brought together the Malay chiefs and Chinese leaders (Kapitan Cina) to deal with certain administrative issues relating to Perak's growing Malay and Chinese populations.[100] The State Council also helped provide education and training to assist Malays in qualifying for government positions. When the post of the FMS Resident was abolished, other European-held administrative posts were gradually occupied by local appointees. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.[100]

Administrative divisions of Perak
UPI code[213]
Districts
 Population
(2010 census)[2] 		Area
(km2)[216] 		Seat Mukims
0801 Batang Padang 123,600 1,794.18 Tapah 4
0802 Manjung 227,071 1,113.58 Seri Manjung 5
0803 Kinta 749,474 1,305 Batu Gajah 5
0804 Kerian 176,975 921.47 Parit Buntar 8
0805 Kuala Kangsar 155,592 2,563.61
Kuala Kangsar
 9
0806 Larut, Matang and Selama 326,476 2,112.61 Taiping 14
0807 Hilir Perak 128,179 792.07 Teluk Intan 5
0808 Hulu Perak 89,926 6,560.43 Gerik 10
0809
Selama
 		— — — 3
0810 Perak Tengah 99,854 1,279.46 Seri Iskandar 12
0811 Kampar 96,303 669.8 Kampar 2
0812 Muallim 69,639 934.35
Tanjung Malim
 3
0813 Bagan Datuk 70,300 951.52
Bagan Datuk
 4
Note: Population data for Hilir Perak, Bagan Datuk, Batang Padang, and Muallim are based on district land office data. Selama is an autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil) under Larut, Matang and Selama.[217] Most districts and sub-districts have a single local government, excepting Hulu Perak and Kinta, respectively divided into three (Gerik, Lenggong and Pengkalan Hulu), and two (Batu Gajah and Ipoh) local councils. Bagan Datuk remains under the jurisdiction of Teluk Intan council.

On 26 November 2015, it was announced that the Batang Padang District sub-district of Tanjung Malim would become Perak's 11th district, to be called Muallim.[218][219] Sultan Nazrin officiated at its formal creation on 11 January 2016.[220] On 9 January 2017, the Sultan proclaimed Bagan Datuk the 12th district of the state.[221] The proclamation marked the start of transformation for the district, one of the biggest coconut producers in Malaysia.[222][223]

Economy

Perak GDP Share by Sector (2016)[224]

  Services (60.9%)
  Manufacturing (18.5%)
  Agriculture (16.1%)
  Construction (4.0%)
Fishing village in Kuala Sepetang illuminated by lamps during the blue hour. Agriculture, especially freshwater fish and prawn farming, is a major economic sector in Perak, along with services and manufacturing.

From the 1980s on, Perak began an economic transition away from the

tourism industry contributed RM201.4 billion (14.9%) to the state gross domestic product (GDP).[229]

Through the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), the state has set targets under its five-year 2016–2020 development plan, including economic development corridor targets for Southern Perak.[230] Perak has several development corridors, with a different focus for each district.[231] A 20-year masterplan was also formulated in 2017 to drive economic development in the state, with a development value of up to RM30 billion.[232]

In the first quarter of 2018, the state received a total of RM249.8 million in investments. A year later, investments in the first quarter of 2019 had increased to RM1.43 billion. Perak ranks fifth after Penang, Kedah, Johor and Selangor in total value of investments.[233] In 2018, investments of RM1.9 billion were planned for the implementation of a range of manufacturing projects and associated factory construction from 2019.[234]

Since 2005, Perak has made efforts to remain the biggest

agricultural producer in Malaysia.[235] In 2008, the state sought to legalise the prawn-farming industry, mostly located in western Perak with some activity in Tanjung Tualang.[236][237][238] In 2016, some 17,589 young people in Perak were involved in implementing a range of state initiatives in Perak's agriculture sector.[239] In 2019, the Perak State Agriculture Development Corporation (SADC) launched the Perak AgroValley Project to increase the state's agricultural production. This initiative covers an area of 1,983.68 hectares (4,902 acres) in the Bukit Sapi Mukim Lenggong region.[240][241] Most of Perak's abandoned tin mine lakes provide suitable environments for the breeding of freshwater fish. 65% of abandoned mines have been used for fisheries production, with 30% of the fish exported to neighbouring Singapore and Indonesia.[242] To further improve agricultural productivity and meet increasing demand, the state plans to expand the permanent cultivation of vegetables, flowers, coconut, palm oil, durian, and mango, in different areas throughout Perak.[243] The construction sector accounted for 5.6% of Perak's economic growth in 2015, dropping to 4.0% the following year. Development and housing projects represented the sector's major contribution to the state's economic growth.[244]

Tourism

See also: List of tourist attractions in Perak
Historic architecture of Perak, clockwise from top right: Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan, Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery, Perak Royal Museum, Kellie's Castle

The tertiary sector is Perak's main economic sector. In 2018, the state was the second most popular destination for domestic tourists in Malaysia, after the state of Pahang.[245] Perak's attractions include the royal town of Kuala Kangsar and its iconic buildings, such as the Iskandariah Palace, Pavilion Square Tower, Perak Royal Museum, Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery, and Ubudiah Mosque.[246][247][248] The British colonial legacy in Perak includes the Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh High Court, Ipoh railway station, Ipoh Town Hall and Old Post Office, Kellie's Castle, Majestic Station Hotel, Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Maxwell Hill (Bukit Larut), Perak State Museum,[249] Royal Ipoh Club, St. John Church, and Taiping Lake Gardens.[250] The historical events of the local Malay struggle are remembered in the Pasir Salak Historical Complex.[251][252] There are also several historical ethnic Chinese landmarks, mainly in Ipoh, the capital. They include the Darul Ridzuan Museum building,[253] a former wealthy Chinese tin miner's mansion; Han Chin Pet Soo, a former club for Hakka miners and haven of shadowy activities;[250] and the Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan.[254]

Road bridge passing the Royal Belum Rainforest during blue hour

The state also contains a number of natural attractions, including

bird sanctuaries, caves, forest reserves, islands, limestone cliffs, mountains, and white sandy beaches. Among the natural sites are Banding Island, Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve,[255] Kek Lok Tong Cave Temple and Zen Gardens,[256] Kinta Nature Park,[256] Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Mount Yong Belar,[256] Pangkor Island,[257] Tempurung Cave,[258] and Ulu Kinta Forest Reserve.[256] Recreational attractions include the Banjaran Hotsprings Retreat,[259] D. R Seenivasagam Recreational Park,[260] Gaharu Tea Valley Gopeng,[261] Go Chin Pomelo Nature Park,[262] Gunung Lang Recreational Park,[256] Kinta Riverfront Walk,[259] Kuala Woh Jungle Park,[259] Lang Mountain,[259] Lost World of Tambun,[263] My Gopeng Resort,[259] Perak Herbal Garden,[259] Sultan Abdul Aziz Recreational Park, and Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park.[260]

Infrastructure

Old and new infrastructure in capital city Ipoh[264]

Perak has a 2016–2020 state government development plan. A Development Fund amounting to RM397,438,000 was approved by the State Legislative Assembly in 2016.[265] The 2018 Budget allocated Perak a further RM1.176 billion, of which RM421.28 million was earmarked for development expenditure, and RM755.59 million for management costs.[266][267] In addition to attracting investors, the state government is working to improve and build new infrastructure. The new government elected in 2018 announced its intention to continue development projects initiated by the previous government for all districts in Perak.[268]

Energy and water resources

Electricity distribution in Perak is operated and managed by the

Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects in Asia.[272] The GB3 combined cycle power plant in Lumut, operated by Malakoff, has a capacity of 640 MW.[273]

The state's piped water supply is managed by the Perak Water Board (PWB), a corporate body established under the Perak Water Board Enactment in 1988. It serves over 2.5 million people, and is among the biggest water operators on the Malay Peninsula, after Selangor and Johor. Before the PWB was established, water services were initially provided by the Perak Public Works Department, and subsequently by the Perak Water Supply Department.[274] The state's water supplies mainly come from its two major dams, the Air Kuning Dam in Taiping and the Sultan Azlan Shah Dam in Ipoh.[275]

Telecommunications and broadcasting

Telecommunications in Perak was originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department, and maintained by the British Cable & Wireless Communications, responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.[276][277] The first telegraph line, connecting the British Resident's Perak House in Kuala Kangsar to the house of the Deputy British Resident at Taiping, was laid by the Department of Posts and Telegraph in 1874.[278] Further lines were then built to link all of the key British economic areas of the time, and in particular the British Straits Settlements territory.[279][280] Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, in 1968 the telecommunications departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became Telekom Malaysia (TM).[277] The state remains committed to full co-operation with the federal government to implement the latest telecommunications development projects in Perak.[281]

Perak is set to become the first Malaysian state to introduce the National Fiberisation and Connectivity Plan (NFCP) for high-speed Internet in rural areas.

fibre optic internet subscription service.[283][284] The Malaysian federal government operates one state radio channel, Perak FM.[285]

Transport

Clockwise from top right: Tanjung Malim railway station, Pangkor Island ferry, Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, and the North–South Expressway of Ipoh
Rush hour traffic at dusk in Kampar
A PerakTransit bus at Kuala Kangsar road, Ipoh

Malaysia's

federal roads, and 28,767 kilometres (17,875 mi) of state roads.[286] A new highway, the West Coast Expressway, is being built to link the coastal areas of the state and reduce the growing traffic congestion.[287] Perak has a dual carriageway road network, and follows the left-hand traffic rule. Towns provide public transport, including buses, taxis, and Grab services. Under the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), around 23 infrastructure projects, worth RM4.7 billion, have been implemented. These include 11 road projects for the state, involving allocations of RM1.84 billion for upgrade and expansion works carried out by the Public Works Department (PWD).[288]

Ipoh railway station, on Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab in the state capital, is the oldest station of Perak's rail network. It was built by the British in 1917, and upgraded in 1936.[289][290] In 2019, an integrated development project was launched to upgrade the railway station and its surrounding areas.[291] Boat services provide the main transport access to Pangkor Island, in addition to air travel.[292] Sultan Azlan Shah Airport is Perak's main international airport, acting as the main gateway to the state. Other public airports include Pangkor Airport and Sitiawan Airport, and there are private or restricted airfields such as Jendarata Airport and the military Taiping Airport.[293]

Healthcare

See also: List of hospitals in Malaysia
Taiping Hospital in Taiping

Health services in Perak are administered by the Perak State Health Department (Malay: Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Perak). The state's main government hospital is the 990-bed Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, previously known as the Ipoh Hospital, which also incorporates the women's and children's hospital.[294] Other hospitals include four specialist hospitals: Taiping Hospital, Teluk Intan Hospital, Seri Manjung Hospital, and the minor speciality Slim River Hospital; nine district hospitals: Batu Gajah Hospital, Changkat Hospital, Gerik Hospital, Kampar Hospital, Kuala Kangsar Hospital, Parit Buntar Hospital, Selama Hospital, Sungai Siput Hospital, Tapah Hospital; and one psychiatric hospital: Bahagia Ulu Kinta Hospital.[295] Other public health clinics, 1Malaysia clinics, and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state. There are a number of private hospitals, including the Anson Bay Medical Centre, Apollo Medical Centre, Ar-Ridzuan Medical Centre, Colombia Asia Hospital, Fatimah Hospital, Ipoh Pantai Hospital, Ipoh Specialist Centre, Kinta Medical Centre, Manjung Pantai Hospital, Perak Community Specialist Hospital, Sri Manjung Specialist Hospital, Taiping Medical Centre, and Ulu Bernam Jenderata Group Hospital.[296] In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000.[297]

Education

Main articles: List of schools in Perak and List of universities in Malaysia
Chinese architecture of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Campus Grand Hall, Kampar, at night[298]

All primary and secondary schools are within the jurisdiction of the Perak State Education Department, under the guidance of the national

Behrang, and Ungku Omar Polytechnic in Ipoh.[314][315]

Demography

Ethnicity and immigration

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1970 1,569,139—    
1980 1,743,655+11.1%
1991 1,877,471+7.7%
2000 1,973,368+5.1%
2010 2,299,582+16.5%
2020 2,496,041+8.5%
Source: [316]
Ethnic groups in Perak (2010)[2]
Ethnic Percent
Malay
 
 52.0%
Chinese
 
 29.0%
Indian
 
 11.0%
Other Bumiputera
 
 2.7%
Non-Malaysian citizen
 
 2.9%

The 2015 Malaysian Census reported the population of Perak at 2,477,700, making it the fifth most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 74,200.

Indian, and another 72,300 (2.9%) identified as other bumiputera.[317] In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 2,299,582, with 1,212,700 (52.0%) Malay, 675,517 (29.0%) Chinese, 274,631 (11.0%) Indian, and another 62,877 (2.7%) from other bumiputera.[2] Once the most populous state during the British administration under the FMS, Perak has yet to recover from the decline of the tin-mining industry.[188][318] The associated economic downturn resulted in a massive manpower drain to higher-growth states such as Penang, Selangor, and Kuala Lumpur.[319][320]

The current constitution defines Malays as someone who is Muslim and assimilated with Malay community [

Tanjung Malim, and Kampung Mandailing at Gua Balak. These people had mostly come from neighbouring Selangor, escaping the Klang War.[citation needed] The Buginese are found in Kuala Kangsar, especially in Kota Lama Kiri and Sayong. The few Minangkabau people in the state lived among the other ethnic groups with no distinct villages or settlements of their own.[citation needed] As of 2015, there were some 3,200 Malaysian Siamese in Perak, a legacy of the Siamese presence in the northern Malay states.[321] There is also a scattered Acehnese presence, dating back to the rule of the Sultanate of Aceh.[citation needed
]

Perak's highest

Telugus, in Teluk Intan and Bagan Datuk; and the Sikhs, scattered in and around Perak, predominantly in Ipoh and Tanjung Tualang.[324][failed verification][325][failed verification
]

Population density is relatively low in much of Perak's interior, where the indigenous Orang Asli are scattered, including in the northernmost border district of Hulu Perak.[322] The indigenous people originally inhabited most of Perak's coastal areas, but were pushed deeper into the interior with the arrival of increasing numbers of Javanese, Banjar, Mandailing, Rawa, Batak, Kampar, Bugis and Minangkabau immigrants in the early 19th century. The Orang Asli oral traditions preserve stories of Rawa and Batak atrocities and enslavement of the aboriginal population.[109]

Religion

Place of worship in Perak, clockwise from top right: Sam Poh Tong Temple, St. John Church, Kallumalai Murugan Temple and the Ubudiah Mosque
Religion in Perak (2010)[326]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 55.3%
Buddhism
 
 25.4%
Hinduism
 
 10.9%
Christianity
 
 4.3%
Unknown
 
 0.7%
Chinese folk religion
 
 1.7%
No religion
 
 0.9%
Others
 
 0.8%

As in the rest of Malaysia,

Hindu, 4.3% Christian, 1.7% Taoist or followers of Chinese folk religion, 0.8% other religions or unknown, and 0.9% non-religious.[326] The census indicated that 83.7% of Perak's Chinese population identified as Buddhist, with significant minorities identifying as Christian (9.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (5.8%), and Muslim (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindu (87.6%), with significant minorities identifying as Christian (6.01%), Muslim (2.67%), and Buddhist (1.0%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly irreligion (28.2%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslim (24.1%), and Christian (22.9%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslim. Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines professing the Islamic faith as one of the criteria of being a Malay.[326][329]

Languages

Malay language road sign with English location name in Ipoh
Road sign near Ipoh City Council

As a multi-ethnic state, Perak is also linguistically diverse. The main local variety of Malay spoken in the state is

Banjar, Rawa (a variety of Minangkabau), Batak (Mandailing), and Buginese, as a result of historical immigration, civil wars such as the Klang War, and other factors.[331]

Among Perak's various Chinese ethnicities,

Teochew, Hokkien, and Hokchiu.[325][333][334]

The Tamil community mainly speaks a

Malayalam; the Telugus speak the Telugu language; and the Sikhs speak Punjabi.[325] Over time, Tamil became a lingua franca among Perak's different Indian communities as Tamil-speaking people became the majority in several west coast Malaysian states with higher Indian populations.[323][325] A small number of Sinhala speakers also found in parts of the state capital, Ipoh.[325]

Several Orang Asli languages are spoken within the state, all belonging to the Aslian branch of the Austroasiatic languages. These languages are Lanoh, Temiar, Jahai, Kensiu, Kintaq, and Semai.

Members of the Siamese community mainly speak a Southern Thai variant, and are fluent in Malay, also having some knowledge of some of the Chinese dialects. With the multi-ethnic make-up of Perak's society, some people speak more than one language.[335][336]

Culture

See also: Culture of Malaysia
Multiculturalism in Perak. Clockwise from top right: Thaipusam festival, Cultural Parade, and Cantonese opera performance
Labu sayong pottery traditional in Kuala Kangsar[337]

Perak's

geometric motifs.[338] Dabus has existed for some 300 years, and is inseparable from a ritual involving incantation.[339] It was brought to Perak by traders from Sumatra, and practised by the Malay community in Lumut, Pasir Panjang Laut Village in Sitiawan, and Teluk Intan.[340] The traditional Malay pottery handicraft called labu sayong is part of the art heritage of Kuala Kangsar. Its unique design is uninfluenced by foreign techniques.[337] Labu sayong is associated with a dance called the sayong.[341] Another dance local to the Malays of Perak is the bubu, known for 120 years, which originates from Tanjung Bidara Village on Tiga Parit Island.[342]

Cantonese opera once flourished in the town of Ipoh, as the majority of Chinese there were Cantonese.[343][344][345] The history of China, and particularly Hong Kong, is recreated in Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village (nicknamed Little Guilin) in Ipoh, with painted wooden structures around a lake set among limestone hills and caves.[346][347] Another ethnic Chinese cultural location in Perak is Bercham, originally called Wo Tau Kok in Cantonese in the 1950s. The area was formerly a tin mining centre, which also become one of the relocation points for Malayan ethnic Chinese during the British era under the government's Briggs Plan to protect and distance them from communist influence.[348][349] Perak's Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities, representing its three main ethnic groups, each have their own traditional arts and dance associations to maintain and preserve their respective cultural heritage.[350]

Cuisine

See also: Ipoh cuisine
Ipoh white coffee, Perak's signature drink[351]

As a melting pot of different cultures, Perak features various cuisines.

petai).[354] Ipoh white coffee, a popular Malaysian drink, traces its origin to Ipoh.[351]

Sports

Pahang, Perak Stadium
, Ipoh, 24 September 2017

Perak became a part of Malaya since 1957, and its athletes have represented Malaya, and later Malaysia, at the

Southeast Asian Games. The Perak State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1964 to raise the standard of sports in the state.[355] Perak hosted the Sukma Games in 1994 and 2018. The state has a number of sports complexes, located around Ipoh and in other districts.[356] The state government allocates funds for sports development to each district-level sports association.[357]

Ipoh's

Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup in 1977, 1979 and 1992. Another notable stadium in the state is Naval Base Stadium in Lumut
.

The annual

e-sports, in the Sukma Games. The state government is further targeting e-sports development with the increase in youth interest.[360][361]

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Further reading

External links
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