Perak Malay
| Perak Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Melayu Perak بهاس ملايو ڤيراق | |
| Bahase Peghok; Ngelabun Peghok | |
| Native to | Perakian Malays |
Native speakers | 1.4 million (2010 census)[1] |
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
mly-per | |
| Glottolog | None |
Perak Malay (Bahase Peghok or Ngelabun Peghok;
Classification
Linguistically, the Malay dialects spoken in the state of Perak are diverse. In fact, there is still no definite classification of the type of Malay dialects used in Perak. Ismail Hussein (1973) classified the Malay dialects in Perak into five types segregated into five different areas. While Harun Mat Piah (1983) categorized them into six. Although Asmah Haji Omar (1985) divided the Malay dialects in Perak into five types, the specifications of the division did not coincide with that of Ismail's.[5]
Distribution
Perak Malay is spoken throughout the whole state except in the northwestern parts of Perak (
In the northeastern part of Perak (
In the southern parts of Perak (
Whilst there are many Malay dialects significantly found in Perak, all Malay
Characteristics
Phonology
Open final syllables
It has been said that in general, the Malay people in
| Word | Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perak Tengah | Kuala Kangsar | |||
| Bota بوتا |
/bota/ | [botɛ] | [botə] | Bota (a town in Perak) |
| mata مات |
/mata/ | [matɛ] | [matə] | eye |
| kita كيت |
/kita/ | [kitɛ] | [kitə] | we, us, our (inclusive) |
| rupa روڤـا |
/rupa/ | [ʁopɛ] | [ʁopə] | look (noun) |
| kena كنا |
/kəna/ | [kənɛ] | [kənə] | to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with |
| kereta كريتا |
/kəreta/ | [kəʁetɛ] | [kəʁetə] | car, cart |
Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Malay dialects in the peninsula.
| Word | Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinta كينتا |
/kinta/ | [kinta] | Kinta (a district in Perak) |
| merdeka مرديـک |
/mərdeka/ | [məɾdeka] | independent |
| bola بولا |
/bola/ | [bola] | ball |
| beca بيچـا |
/betʃa/ | [betʃa] | trishaw |
| lawa لاوا |
/lawa/ | [lawɐ~o] | pretty, good |
| maha مها |
/maha/ | [maha] | very (adj.), the most (superlative) |
As the prevalence of Perak Malay, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of
| Word | Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perak Tengah | Kuala Kangsar | |||
| gulai ڬـولاي |
/gulai̯/ | [gulaː] | [gulɛʲ] | gulai (a traditional Malay cuisine) |
| kedai كداي |
/kədai̯/ | [kədaː] | [kədɛʲ] | shop, store (noun) |
| sampai سمـڤـاي |
/sampai̯/ | [sampaː] | [sampɛʲ] | to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb) |
| risau ريساو |
/risau̯/ | [ʁisaː] | [ʁisɔː] | to be worried |
| bangau باڠـاو |
/baŋau̯/ | [baŋaː] | [baŋɔː] | stork |
| limau ليماو |
/limau̯/ | [limaː] | [limɔː] | lime |
The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-aː] is particularly restricted to some areas within the district of Perak Tengah. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Kuala Kangsar sub-dialect.
Closed final syllables
There is a phonological rule in Perak Malay that
| Word | Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Taiping تايـڤـيـڠ |
/taipiŋ/ | [tɛpen] | Taiping (a sub-district in Perak) |
| kering كريـڠ |
/kəriŋ/ | [kəʁen] | dry |
| bengkeng بيـڠـكيـڠ |
/beŋkeŋ/ | [bɛŋken] | fierce, livery, pugnacious |
| kirim كيريم |
/kirim/ | [keʁen] | to send, to post |
| musim موسيم |
/musim/ | [musen] | season |
| alim عاليم |
/alim/ | [alen] | pious |
Rhoticity
Most of Malay dialects particularly in Malaysia are
Vocabulary
Personal pronouns
Perak Malay differs lexically from Standard Malay for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Malay.
| Type of pronoun | Perak Malay | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Singular | teman (general), awok (intimate), keme (familiar), aye (very polite), aku (informal) |
I, me |
| Plural | keme (general), kume*, temanme (rare) |
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive) | |
| kite | we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive) | ||
| Second person | Singular | mike (general), kamu (familiar), kome (intimate) |
you, thou, thee |
| Plural | kome (general), mikeme, mengkeme*, mengkome* |
you, y'all | |
| Third person | Singular | die/diye, deme (familiar) |
he, she, him, her |
| Plural | deme (general), depe** |
they, them | |
Notes:
* Kuala Kangsar variant
** Influence of the northern dialect
Intensifiers
Instead of using 'bebeno' or 'sangat' as intensifier for an adjective, Perak Malay speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.
| Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| sangat putih | puteh melepok | very white |
| sangat hitam | itam bere/legam | very dark/black |
| sangat merah | meghåh menyale | very red |
| sangat busuk | busuk bango/melantong | very smelly |
| sangat manis | maneh meleten | very sweet |
| sangat tawar | tawo lesyo/besyo | very tasteless |
| sangat masam | masam meghutuk | very sour |
| sangat hangus | hangit pengit | very scorched |
| sangat terik | panah/paneh jantan | very hot (Sun) |
| sangat panas | hangat pijo | very hot |
| sangat sejuk | sejuk bedi | very cold |
| sangat kurus | kuruih merehek | very thin (body) |
Animals
Perak Malay also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Malay for some animals.
| Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anjing | anjen | dog |
| buaya | boye | crocodile |
| burung | boghong | bird |
| cacing | cacen | worm |
| cencurut | cencoghot | Malayan shrew |
| harimau | ghima/ghimo | tiger |
| ikan haruan/gabus | anåk maråk/meghåh, ikan bocat/bujuk, ikan bado |
snakehead murrel |
| ikan temelian/tembelian | ikan temoleh | Probarbus jullieni
|
| ikan tongkol | ikan kayu | Euthynnus affinis |
| kala jengking | kale lipit | scorpion |
| kambing | kamben | goat |
| kelekatu | mengkiok | winged caste of termite |
| kerbau | koba/keghobo | buffalo |
| kerengga | kongge/koghongge | weaver ant |
| kucing | kucen | cat |
| labi-labi | jelebo | softshell tortoise |
| pepatung/sesibur | cakcibo/cikcibo | dragonfly |
| pianggang | cenanga/cenango | Leptocoriza varicornis |
| semut api | semut gata/gatey | fire ant |
| ular | ulo | snake |
Fruits and plants
Perak Malay has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Malay.
| Standard Malay | Perak Malay | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| cili | caba/cabey | chili |
| cili padi/api | caba/cabey boghong | Bird's eye chili |
| durian | doyan/deghoyan | durian |
| durian belanda | doyan/deghoyan mekåh/meghokah | soursop
|
| kabung | kanto | sugar palm |
| kedondong | amra | Spondias dulcis |
| kelapa | nyio | coconut |
| kerdas | geduåk/genuåk | Archidendron bubalinum |
| kuini | kuinen | fragrant mango |
| limau bali | lima/limo tambun | pomelo |
| mangga | pelam/mempelam | mango |
| manggis | manggeh | mangosteen |
| mencupu/cerapu | ceghopu | Garcinia prainiana |
| petai | peta/petey | Parkia speciosa |
| rambutan | mbutan/ghombutan | rambutan |
| tampoi | laghah | Baccaurea macrocarpa |
References
- ^ "Total population by ethnic group, mukim and state, Malaysia, 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2 May 2011). "Proposal to Encode the Gangga Malayu Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Unicode. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ Ismail Harun 1973
- ^ a b Asmah 1985
- ^ a b Ajid Che Kob 1997, p. 39
- ^ a b c d Zaharani 1991
- ^ McNair 1972
- ^ Andaya 1979
- ^ a b Ajid Che Kob 1997
Bibliography
- Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010), Total population by ethnic group, mukim and state, Malaysia, 2010 - Perak (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012
- Asmah Omar (2008), Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-9836-298-26-3
- S. Nathesan (2001), Makna dalam Bahasa Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 983-62-6889-8
- Cecilia Odé & Wim Stokhof (1997), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta, ISBN 90-420-0253-0
- Asmah Haji Omar (1991), Bahasa Melayu abad ke 16 : satu analisis berdasarkan teks Melayu 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
- Zaharani Ahmad (1991), The Phonology and Morphology of the Perak Dialect, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
- Raja Mukhtaruddin bin Raja Mohd. Dain (1986), Dialek Perak, Yayasan Perak, Ipoh
- James T. Collins (1986), Antologi Kajian Dialek Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
- Barbara Watson Andaya (1979), Perak, the Abode of Grace. A Study of an Eighteenth Century of Malay State, Oxford in Asia: Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-0-19-580385-3
- Asmah Hj. Omar (1977), Kepelbagaian Fonologi Dialek-Dialek Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
- Charles Cuthbert Brown (1941), Perak Malay, The Federated Malay States Government Press, Kuala Lumpur
- John Frederick Adolphus McNair (1878), Perak and the Malays, Cornell University Library, New York, ISBN 978-1-4297-4312-9