Perchloryl fluoride
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Names | |||
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IUPAC name
Perchloryl fluoride
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Other names
Chlorine oxyfluoride, Perchlorofluoride, Chlorine fluorine oxide, Trioxychlorofluoride, Perchloric acid fluoride
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Identifiers | |||
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard
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100.028.660 | ||
EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |||
ClO3F | |||
Molar mass | 102.4496 g/mol | ||
Appearance | Colorless gas | ||
Odor | sweet odor | ||
Density | 1.434 g/cm3 | ||
Melting point | −147.8 °C (−234.0 °F; 125.3 K) | ||
Boiling point | −46.7 °C (−52.1 °F; 226.5 K) | ||
Critical point (T, P) | 95.2 °C (203.4 °F; 368.3 K), 53 standard atmospheres (5,400 kPa; 780 psi)[1] | ||
0.06 g/100 ml (20 °C), slow hydrolysis | |||
Vapor pressure | 10.5 atm (20°C)[2] | ||
Viscosity | 3.91 x 10−3 Pa.s (@ melting point) | ||
Structure | |||
Tetrahedral[3]: 373 | |||
Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
278.97 J/(mol*K) | ||
Std enthalpy of (ΔfH⦵298)formation |
-21.42 kJ/mol [4]: 380 | ||
Hazards | |||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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oxidizing, toxic. Non-corrosive. | ||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Threshold limit value (TLV)
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3 ppm | ||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LC50 (median concentration)
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385 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 451 ppm (dog, 4 hr)[5] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
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2000 ppm (rat, 40 min) 451 ppm (dog, 4 hr)[5] | ||
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 3 ppm (13.5 mg/m3)[2] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 3 ppm (14 mg/m3) ST 6 ppm (28 mg/m3)[2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
100 ppm[2] | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Perchloryl fluoride
In spite of its small enthalpy of formation (ΔfH° = −5.2 kcal/mol (−22 kJ/mol)), it is kinetically stable, decomposing only at 400 °C.[3]: 380 It is quite reactive towards reducing agents and anions, however, with the chlorine atom acting as an electrophile.[3]: 382 It reacts explosively with reducing agents such as metal amides, metals, hydrides, etc.[7] Its hydrolysis in water occurs very slowly, unlike that of chloryl fluoride.
Synthesis and chemistry
Perchloryl fluoride is produced primarily by the fluorination of perchlorates. Antimony pentafluoride is a commonly used fluorinating agent:[3]: 372–373
- ClO−
4 + 3 HF + 2 SbF
5 → ClO
3F + H
3O+
+ 2 SbF−
6
ClO
3F reacts with
3 group into aromatic rings via electrophilic aromatic substitution.[9]
Applications
Perchloryl fluoride is used in organic chemistry as a mild fluorinating agent.[3]: 383 It was the first industrially relevant electrophilic fluorinating agent, used since the 1960s for producing fluorinated steroids.[8] In the presence of aluminum trichloride, it has also been used as an electrophilic perchlorylation reagent for aromatic compounds.[10]
Perchloryl fluoride was investigated as a high performance
It can also be used in flame photometry as an excitation source.[13]
Safety
Perchloryl fluoride is toxic, with a
See also
References
- ^ Budavari, Susan, ed. (1989). "7297. Perchloryl Fluoride". The Merck Index — Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck. p. 1231. IA147021.
- ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0490". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ ISBN 0-12-023618-4.
- ^ Chase, M. W. (2018). "Perchloryl fluoride". NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. pp. 1–1951.
- ^ a b "Perchloryl fluoride". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory. "Perchloryl fluoride". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-615-14290-6.
- ^ ISBN 3-527-30691-9.
- ISBN 0-521-29014-7.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ ISBN 0-683-08027-X.
- OCLC 281664.[page needed]
- S2CID 95615583.
- ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2013-10-31.