Percolozoa

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Percolozoa
The three different stages of N. fowleri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade:
Diphoda
Clade:
Discoba
Superphylum: Discicristata
Phylum: Percolozoa
Cavalier-Smith 1991
Classes
  • Heterolobosea
  • Lunosea
  • Lyromonadea
  • Neovahlkampfiea
  • Pharyngomonadea
Synonyms
  • Acrasiomycota Whittaker 1969
  • Amoeboflagellates
  • Pseudociliata Cavalier-Smith 1993
  • Schizopyrenia
  • Tetramitozoa Dillon 1963
  • Stephanopogonophyta Doweld 2001
  • Stephanopogonomorpha Sleigh et al. 1984

The Percolozoa are a group of colourless, non-photosynthetic

amoeboid, flagellate, and cyst
stages.

Characteristics

Most Percolozoa are found as bacterivores in soil, fresh water and occasionally in the ocean. The only member of this group that is infectious to humans is

amoebic meningitis. The group is closely related to the Euglenozoa, and share with them the unusual characteristic of having mitochondria with discoid cristae. The presence of a ventral feeding groove in the flagellate stage, as well as other features, suggests that they are part of the Excavata
group.

The amoeboid stage is roughly cylindrical, typically around

pseudopods
. Instead, they advance by eruptive waves, where hemispherical bulges appear from the front margin of the cell, which is clear. The flagellate stage is slightly smaller, with two or four anterior flagella anterior to the feeding groove.

Usually, the amoeboid form is taken when food is plentiful, and the flagellate form is used for rapid locomotion. However, not all members are able to assume both forms. The genera

acrasids do not have flagellate stages. As mentioned above, under unfavourable conditions, the acrasids aggregate to form sporangia. These are superficially similar to the sporangia of the dictyostelids
, but the amoebae only aggregate as individuals or in small groups and do not die to form the stalk.

Terminology and classification

These are collectively referred to as schizopyrenids, amoeboflagellates, or vahlkampfids. They also include the acrasids, a group of social amoebae that aggregate to form sporangia. The entire group is usually called the Heterolobosea, but this may be restricted to members with amoeboid stages.

One Heterolobosea classification system is:[1]

Pleurostomum flabellatum has recently been added to Heterolobosea.[2]

Phylogeny

Based on the cladogram from Tolweb and updated by Pánek and Čepička 2014.[3][4]

Pharyngomonada
Pharyngomonadea
Pharyngomonadida
Pharyngomonadidae

Pharyngomonas

Tetramitia
Lunosea
Selenaionida
Selenaionidae
Neovahlkampfiea
Neovahlkampfiida
Neovahlkampfiidae

Neovahlkampfia

Eutetramitia
Lyromonadea
Lyromonadida
Paravahlkampfiidae
Psalteriomonadidae
Heterolobosea
Acrasida
Amoebomastigota
Naegleriida
Vahlkampfiida s.s.
Creneida
Creneidae

Creneis

Percolomonadida[5]
Stephanopogonidae

Stephanopogon

Barbellidae
Lulaidae

Lula

Percolomonadidae

Taxonomy

Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991[6]

  • Subphylum Pharyngomonada Cavalier-Smith 1991
    • Class Pharyngomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Macropharyngomonadidea]
      • Order Pharyngomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Macropharyngomonadida]
        • Family Pharyngomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Macropharyngomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008]
          • Genus Pharyngomonas Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Macropharyngomonas nomen nudum]
  • Subphylum Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993 em. Cavalier-Smith 2008
    • Genus ?Costiopsis Senn 1900
    • Genus ?Hoehnemastix Skvortzov 1974
    • Genus ?Planiosculum Szabados 1948
    • Genus ?Protomyxomyces Cunningham 1881
    • Genus ?Protonaegleria Michel & Raether 1985
    • Genus ?Pseudovahlkampfia Sawyer 1980
    • Genus ?Schizamoeba Davis 1926
    • Genus ?Tetramastigamoeba Singh & Hanumaiah 1977
    • Genus ?
      Trimastigamoeba
       Whitmore 1911
    • Genus ?Wasielewskia Hartmann & Schuessler 1913
    • Family Euhyperamoebidae Goodkov & Seravin 1984 [Hyperamoebidae Goodkov, Seravin & Railkin 1982]
    • Class Lunosea Cavalier-Smith 2021
      • Order Selenaionida Hanousková, Táborský & Čepička 2018
        • Family Selenaionidae Hanousková, Táborský & Čepička 2018
          • Genus Selenaion Park, De Jonckheere & Simpson 2012
          • Genus Dactylomonas Hanousková, Táborský & Čepička 2018
    • Class Neovahlkampfiea Cavalier-Smith 2021
      • Order Neovahlkampfiida Cavalier-Smith 2021
        • Family Neovahlkampfiidae Hanousková, Táborský & Čepička 2018
    • Class Lyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Order Lyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993
        • Family Gruberellidae Page & Blanton 1985
          • Genus
            Gruberella
             Page 1984 non Gruber 1889 non Corliss 1960
          • Genus Oramoeba de Jonckheere et al. 2011
          • Genus Stachyamoeba Page 1975
          • Genus Vrihiamoeba Murase, Kawasak & Jonckheere 2010
        • Family Paravahlkampfiidae
        • Family Plaesiobystridae
          • Genus Euplaesiobystra Park et al. 2009
          • Genus
            Heteramoeba
             Droop 1962
          • Genus
            Pernina
             El Kadiri, Joyon & Pussard 1992
        • Family Psalteriomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Lyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993]
    • Class
      Heterolobosea
      Page & Blanton 1985
      • Order
        Acrasida
        Schröter 1886
      • Order Naegleriida Starobogatov 1980
        • Genus Marinamoeba De Jonckheere et al. 2009
        • Family Tulamoebidae Kirby et al. 2015
        • Family Naegleriidae Kudo 1954 [Schizopyrenidae Singh 1951 ex Singh 1952; Bistadiidae Doflein 1916]
          • Genus
            Adelphamoeba
             Napolitano, Wall & Ganz 1970; Didascalus Singh 1952; Schizopyrenus Singh 1951 ex Singh 1952]
          • Genus Willaertia de Jonckheere et al. 1984
      • Order Tetramitida Doweld 2001
      • Order Creneida Cavalier-Smith 2021
        • Family Creneidae Pánek et al. 2014
      • Order Percolomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993
        • Family Barbeliidae Arndt 2023[5]
        • Family Lulidae Hohlfeld & Arndt 2023[5]
          • Genus Lula Arndt, Nitsche & Carduck 2021
        • Family Percolomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Choanogasteraceae]
          • Genus Percolomonas Fenchel & Patterson 1986 [Choanogaster Pochmann 1959]
        • Family
          Stephanopogonidae
          Corliss 1961

History

The Heterolobosea were first defined by Page and Blanton in 1985[7] as a class of amoebae, and so only included those forms with amoeboid stages. Cavalier-Smith created the phylum Percolozoa for the extended group, together with the enigmatic flagellate Stephanopogon.[8]

Cavalier-Smith maintained the Heterolobosea as a class for amoeboid forms. He has defined Percolozoa as "Heterolobosea plus Percolatea classis nov."[9]

References

  1. ^ "Heterolobosea". Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  2. PMID 17576098
    .
  3. PMID 24729392
    .
  4. PMC 9010356
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 35712988
    .
  6. ^ "Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  7. ^ Page, F.C.; R.L. Blanton (1985). "The Heterolobosea (Sarcodina: Rhizopoda), a new class uniting the Schizopyrenida and Acrasidae (Acrasida)". Protistologica. 21: 121–132.
  8. ISBN 9780198577478
    .
  9. PMID 14657102
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percolozoa&oldid=1215754409"