Perforating granuloma annulare
Perforating granuloma annulare | |
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Specialty | Dermatology |
Perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) is a skin condition of unknown cause, usually appearing on the dorsal hands, presenting as papules with a central keratotic core.[1]: 704
Signs and symptoms
Perforating granuloma annulare is characterized by flesh-to-red, umbilicated papules or pustules that range in size from 1 to 5 mm.[2] These papules are frequently arranged in an annular form and frequently have an exudate, crusting, or scaling covering them.[3] It is possible to characterize the distribution of PGA as either generalized or localized, since only 9% of patients initially present with a single lesion.[4]
Causes
The cause of perforating granuloma annulare is unknown.[3]
Diagnosis
Granulomas containing histiocytes arranged in a palisading pattern surround necrobiotic collagen, which is usually represented by the deposition of mucin and infrequently fibrin, according to the histopathologic features of PGA.[3] Furthermore, the epidermis is perforated and necrobiotic material is expelled as a result of the granulomas' location in the superficial reticular dermis.[4]
Treatment
Complete excision, psoralen and UVA therapy, intralesional triamcinolone, and high-dose corticosteroids are among the PGA treatment options.[2]
See also
- Granuloma annulare
- Skin lesion
References
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ PMID 32983684.
- ^ PMID 27429281.
- ^ PMID 31543770.
Further reading
- Lopez-Navarro, Norberto; Castillo, Rosa; Gallardo, MarÍa A.; Alcaide, Antonio; Matilla, Alfredo; Herrera, Enrique (January 1, 2008). "Successful treatment of perforating granuloma annulare with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment". Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 19 (6). Informa UK Limited: 376–377. S2CID 28009992.
- Peñas, Pablo F.; Jones-Caballero, María; Fraga, Javier; Sánchez-Pérez, Javier; García-Díez, Amaro (1997). "Perforating granuloma annulare". International Journal of Dermatology. 36 (5). Wiley: 340–348. S2CID 24831501.