Perga
Location | Aksu, Antalya Province, Turkey |
---|---|
Region | Lukka, Pamphylia |
Coordinates | 36°57′41″N 30°51′14″E / 36.96139°N 30.85389°E |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Founded | By 1209 BC |
Periods | Chalcolithic Age to Middle Ages |
Cultures | Luwian, Lycian, Hittite, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Turkish |
Associated with | Apollonius |
Perga or Perge (
It was the birthplace of the
History
Perge was situated on the coastal plain between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), about 11 km from the mouth of the latter.[15][16][17][18]
The history of the city dates back to the Late Chalcolitic Era or Early Bronze Age.[19] The Early Bronze Age pottery found in the Perga Acropolis is linked to the Early Bronze Age pottery traditions in Western Anatolia.[20] Excavations in the original settlement on the acropolis date it to the early Bronze Age, 4000-3000 BC.[21]
From a bronze tablet discovered in 1986 in
The settlement probably became a Greek colony of Rhodes in the 7th c. BC. Perge was later a Pamphylian Greek city, and came under successive rule by Persians, Athenians, and Persians again.
In 540 BC Perga, along with the other cities in Pamphylia was captured by the Achaemenid Empire. During the reign of Darius I, it was a part of the Satrapy of Ionia. There is no archeological evidence that shows the Achaemenid rule over Pamphylia but some classical sources do exist. Herodotus mentions that Pamphlyians sent aid to the military campaign of Xerxes against the Greeks, so it must have been under the control of the Achaemenids. According to Diodorus Siculus, Perge was one of the cities that rebelled against the Achaemenid rule during the Great Satraps' Revolt in 360 BC.[24]
Following the defeat of the Seleucids by the Romans in 188 BC, the wider area was gifted by the Romans to the
During the 2nd century AD there was a construction boom in the city, fueled by Pax Romana and excessive wealth. The city center was expanded to the South side of the city and new monuments were erected. Perga also had many philanthropists during the Roman Empire period who financed the construction of monumental structures.[31]
Under the Romans from the 1st to the 3rd century AD the town became a magnificent city with many impressive buildings. It became one of the most beautiful towns in Anatolia, competing with Side for the status of most important town in Pamphylia. Plancia Magna (d. 122), daughter of the governor Marcus Plancius Varus, was the greatest benefactor and instigator of public buildings and was honoured with statues erected by the town council. She was also a priestess at the Artemis Temple and high priestess at the imperial cult.
In 46 AD, according to the
As the Cestrus silted up over the late Roman era, Perga declined as a secular city.[33] In the first half of the 4th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great (324-337), Perga became an important centre of Christianity, which soon became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The city retained its status as a Christian centre in the 5th and 6th centuries.
Ecclesiastical history
St.
The
No longer a residential, the bishopric is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[44]
Perga remained inhabited until the foundation of the Seljuk Empire in roughly 1000.[33]
City Monuments
Excavations started in 1946 and have uncovered many monumental buildings: a theatre, a stadium, palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.[37] Many of the coins struck in the city portrayed both the goddess and her sanctuary.[45]
The Hellenistic walls date from the 3rd c. BC and had 3 gates. The south gate is particularly monumental and includes 2 towers 3 storeys high with conical roofs and a horseshoe-shaped square behind. Under Hadrian in 121 AD, a triumphal arch was inserted into the northern wall of the courtyard and the facades were covered in precious marbles and decorated with columns and statues.
One of the most impressive monuments is the theatre which lies outside the walls near the stadium. It is larger than those of Myra and Patara.
The south baths created in the 1st c. AD is one of the best preserved buildings and is noteworthy for its size and monumentality, and for the large collection of sculptures found there.
Perge has been dubbed as “Turkey’s second
The city was eventually supplied in the Roman era by 2 aqueducts.[47] The Kursunlu aqueduct was 11 km long and probably built to supply baths from close to the Kursunlu waterfall. A later aqueduct of 21 km length used a greater flow from the Duden river near the Dudenbasi waterfall.[48]
Perge had at least 6
A full-body statue of a dressed female was revealed by archaeologists headed by Sedef Cokay Kepçe in 2020. The statue, believed to have been made during the Roman Empire, will be on display at the Antalya Museum.[49][50]
Notable people
Perga's most celebrated ancient inhabitant was the mathematician Apollonius (c.262 BC – c.190 BC) who lived and worked there. He wrote a series of eight books describing a family of curves known as conic sections, comprising the circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.[51]
Gallery
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Pillars of the agora
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Perge theatre
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Perge theatre and mountain
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Perge theatre skene
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Perge theatre skene
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Perge theatre skene
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Recovered mosaic in Perge ancient town
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Palaestra in front of the Roman baths
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Caldarium in the Roman baths
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Hellenistic city gate
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Perge Towards West Gate
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Perge Necropolis beyond West Gate
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Perge Necropolis beyond West Gate
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Perge Necropolis beyond West Gate
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Field of the ancient stadium in Perge
See also
Notes
- S2CID 162163204. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Gander, Max (2012). "Review: The Historical Geography of Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age: still an open question". Orientalia. 81 (2): 137. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Gander, Max (2014). "Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Age". Klio. 81 (2): 370. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-90-820497-5-6.
- ^ Çilingir, Sevgül (2011). Hitit Tapınak Kentleri (MSc). Ege Üniversitesi. p. 25.
- ISBN 978-90-04-34939-1.
- ISBN 9780199593279.
- S2CID 162163204.
- S2CID 222441745.
- ^ Yakar, Jak (2014). "The Archaeology and Political Geography of the Lower Land in the Last Century of the Hittite Empire". In Çınardalı-Karaaslan, Nazlı; Aykurt, Ayşegül; Kolankaya-Bostancı, Neyir; Erbil, Yiğit H. (eds.). Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış Some Observations on Anatolian Cultures Armağan Erkanal'a Armağan Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 504.
- ^ Seçer, Sezer (2012). Yazılı Belgeler Işığında Lukka, Pedassa ve Walma Ülkelerinin Tarihi ve Tarihi Coğrafyası (PDF) (MSc). İstanbul Üniversitesi. p. 39.
- ^ Talloen, Peter (2015). "The Archaeology and Political Geography of the Lower Land in the Last Century of the Hittite Empire". Cult in Pisidia: Religious Practice in Southwestern Asia Minor from Alexander the Great to the Rise of Christianity. Brepols Publishers. p. 62.
- S2CID 166095378.
- OCLC 1014862628.], and the seat of the governor and the financial procurator of the province of Lycia-Pamphylia.
Like Ephesus[citation needed], Perge was a Greek Polis[citation needed
- ^ Strab. xiv. p. 667
- ^ Plin. v. 26
- ^ Pomp. Mel. i. 14
- ^ Ptol. v. 5. § 7.
- ^ Aşkım, Özdizbay (2020). "Perge'nin İtalik Kökenli Hayırseverleri ve Kent Gelişimine Katkıları". In Tekin, Oğuz; Roosevelt, Christopher H.; Akyürek, Engin (eds.). Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış Some Observations on Anatolian Cultures Armağan Erkanal'a Armağan Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal. Koç Üniversitesi. p. 83.
- ^ Umurtak, Gülsun (2004). "A short report on a group of prehistoric pottery". In Abbasoğlu, Haluk; Martini, Wolfram (eds.). Die Akropolis von Perge. Band 1: Survey und Sondagen 1994-1997 (PDF). wbg Philipp von Zabern in Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 82.
- ^ "Perge". Retrieved 2006-10-30.
- ^ G. Beckman (1996). Hittite diplomatic texts. Atlanta.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), no. 18C - ^ J. David Hawkins (2009). "The Arzawa letters in recent perspective". British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan. 14: 73–83., 75
- ^ Axel, Filges (2008). "Pamphylia - Perge Tarihi ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Öncesi Perge'nin Gelişimi: Güncel Araştırmalar Işığında Genel bir Değerlendirme". In Delemen, İnci; Çokay-Kepçe, Sedef; Özdizbay, Aşkım; Turak, Özgür (eds.). Euergetes: Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu'na 65. Yaş Armağanı. Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu zum 65. Geburtstag (PDF). Suna - İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. p. 845.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Perge". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
- ^ Strab. xiv. p. 667
- ^ Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 187
- Scylax, p. 39
- ^ Dionys. Per. 854.
- ^ Şahin, Sencer (1999). "Perge territoriumundaki antik Varsak yerleşimi: Lyrboton Kome-Elaibari". Çağlar Boyunca Anadolu'da Konut Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Ege Yayınları. p. İstanbul.
- ^ Aşkım, Özdizbay (2020). "Perge'nin İtalik Kökenli Hayırseverleri ve Kent Gelişimine Katkıları". In Tekin, Oğuz; Roosevelt, Christopher H.; Akyürek, Engin (eds.). Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış Some Observations on Anatolian Cultures Armağan Erkanal'a Armağan Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal. Koç Üniversitesi. pp. 83–85.
- ^ Acts 14:25
- ^ a b "Perge".
- ^ Acts 13:13–14 and 14:25.
- ^ Acts 14:25
- ^ Acts 13:13.
- ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Perge". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Acts 14:24.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten saints lives' in English translation" (PDF). doaks.org. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ "vita prima". Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
- OCLC 955922585.
- ^ Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 (University of Liverpool Press, 2005)p94.
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 952
- ^ a b "A Bevy Of Greek Mythology-Depicting Mosaics Uncovered At The Ancient City Of Perga, Turkey". Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- ^ 1,800-year-old mosaic found in ancient city of Perge
- ^ G. Buyukyildirim (1994): Perge kenti tarihsel su yapilari (Historical water structures of the city of Perge)
- ^ "Roman aqueducts: Perge (Turkey)".
- ^ "3rd-century statue unearthed in ancient city". Hürriyet Daily News. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
- ^ "3rd-century statue unearthed in ancient Greek city of Perge". The Archaeology News Network. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
- ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
External links
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Perge". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
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