Perineum

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Peritoneum.

Perineum
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Identifiers
Latinperineum, perinaeum
MeSHD010502
TA98A09.5.00.001
TA2131
FMA9579
Anatomical terminology]

The perineum (pl.: perineums or perinea) in

genitals. The human perineum is between the anus and scrotum in the male or between the anus and vulva in the female.[2] The perineum is the region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and the coccyx (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The perineal raphe is visible and pronounced to varying degrees. The perineum is an erogenous zone.[3]
This area is also known as the taint or gooch in American slang.

Etymology

The word entered English from late Latin via Greek περίναιος ~ περίνεος perinaios, perineos, itself from περίνεος, περίνεοι 'male genitals' and earlier περίς perís 'penis' through influence from πηρίς pērís 'scrotum'. The term was originally understood as a purely male body-part with the perineal raphe seen as a continuation of the scrotal septum since masculinization causes the development of a large anogenital distance in men, in comparison to the corresponding lack of distance in women.[4] As a result of folk etymologies (such as ἰνάω ináō, "to carry off by evacuations"), it is contemporaneously extended to both sexes.

Structure

The perineum is generally defined as the

outlet of the pelvis
.

A

ischial tuberosities
divides the space into two triangles:

The formal anatomical boundaries of the perineum may be said to be:[6]

Body

The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. In males, it is found between the bulb of the penis and the anus; in females, it is found between the vagina and anus, and about 1.25 cm (0.49 in) in front of the latter.

The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. Perineal tears and episiotomy often occur in childbirth with first-time deliveries, but the risk of these injuries can be reduced by preparing the perineum, often through massage.[8]

At this point, the following muscles converge and are attached:

  1. External anal sphincter
  2. Bulbospongiosus muscle
  3. Superficial transverse perineal muscle
  4. Anterior fibers of the levator ani
  5. Fibers from male or female external urinary sphincter
  6. Deep transverse perineal muscle

Fascia

The terminology of the perineal fascia can be confusing, and there is some controversy over the nomenclature. This stems from the fact that there are two parts to the fascia, the superficial and deep parts, and each of these can be subdivided into superficial and deep parts.

The layers and contents are as follows, from superficial to deep:

  1. Colles' fascia
    , a deeper, membranous layer
  2. deep perineal fascia and muscles:
    Superficial perineal pouch Contains superficial perineal muscles:
    transversus perinei superficialis, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus
    Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm, or perineal membrane A membranous layer of the deep fascia
    Deep perineal pouch Contains the deep perineal muscles:
    sphincter urethrae membranaceae
    Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm Considered hypothetical by some modern anatomists, but still commonly used to logically divide the contents of the region
  3. fascia and muscles of
    coccygeus
    )

Areas

The region of the perineum can be considered a distinct area from pelvic cavity, with the two regions separated by the

pelvic diaphragm. The perianal area (peri- and anal
) is a subset of the perineum. The following areas are thus classified as parts of the perineal region:

Clinical significance

The

reproductive disorders.[10]

Extensive deformation of the pelvic floor occurs during a vaginal delivery. Approximately 85% of women have some perineal tear during a vaginal delivery and in about 69% suturing is required.[11][12][13] Obstetric perineal trauma contributes to postpartum morbidity and frustration of women after delivery. In many women the childbirth trauma is manifested in advanced age when the compensatory mechanisms of the pelvic floor become weakened making the problem more serious among the aged population.[14][15]

There are claims that sometimes the perineum is excessively repaired after childbirth, using a so-called "

husband stitch" and that this can increase vaginal tightness or result in pain during intercourse.[16]

Society and culture

Perineum sunning is a

squamous cell carcinoma, and basal-cell carcinoma.[19] Doctors recommend safer alternative options such as relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness, which can also achieve the same desired benefits.[20]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. OED
    2nd edition, 1989 as /pɛrɪˈniːəm/ and /pɛrɪˈniːəl/.
  2. ^ "Perineum definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com.
  3. PMID 13645790
    .
  4. doi:10.3989/emerita.2016.18.1532
    .
  5. ^ Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000.
  6. ^ perineumboundaries
  7. ISBN 9788131225561
    .
  8. S2CID 33507861
    .
  9. PMID 16393642
    .
  10. ^ Michelle Welsh, et al.: "Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism". Journal of Clinical Investigation, 13 March 2008.
  11. ^ Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West Berkshire perineal management trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984; 289(6445): 587-90.
  12. ^ McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, Elbourne D. A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 105(12): 1262-72.
  13. ^ Grant A, Sleep J. Repair of perineal trauma. In: Enkin M, Keirse MJNC, Chalmers I, Eds. A Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 240-43.
  14. ^ Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, et al. Women's sexuality after childbirth: a pilot study. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1999; 28(2): 179-91.
  15. ^ Tinelli A, Malvasi A, Rahimi S, et al. Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010; 17(1): 204-12.
  16. ^ Vinopal, Lauren (17 August 2017). "Are Husbands and Doctors Conspiring to Sew New Moms Up Too Tight?". Fatherly. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  17. ^ a b Beth Daley (23 December 2020). "There's no magic way to boost your energy. But 'perineum sunning' isn't the answer". The Conversation.
  18. ^ EJ Dickson (27 November 2019). "Sorry, Anus Tanning Is Not Really a Thing". Rolling Stone.
  19. ^ Marci Robin (7 December 2019). "Dermatologists Are Warning People Not to Try Perineum Sunning". Allure.
  20. ^ Leah Groth (21 February 2020). "So, Perineum Sunning is a Thing Now—Here's Why Doctors Definitely Don't Want You to Try It". Health.com.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human anogenital area.
New International Encyclopedia article "Perinæum
".
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