Pernambuco
Pernambuco | ||
---|---|---|
State | ||
Estado de Pernambuco State of Pernambuco | ||
Governor Raquel Lyra (PSDB) | | |
• Vice Governor | Priscila Krause (Cidadania) | |
• Senators |
| |
Area | ||
• Total | 98,067.877 km2 (37,864.219 sq mi) | |
• Rank | UTC−2 (FNT) | |
Postal Code | 50000-000 to 56990-000 | |
ISO 3166 code | BR-PE | |
License Plate Letter Sequence | KFD to KME, NXU to NXW, OYL to OYZ, PCA to PGZ, QYA to QYZ, RZE to RZZ | |
Website | pe.gov.br |
Pernambuco (Brazilian Portuguese:
The contemporary state inherits its name from the Captaincy of Pernambuco, established in 1534. The region was originally inhabited by Tupi–Guarani-speaking peoples. European colonization began in the 16th century, under mostly Portuguese rule interrupted by a brief period of Dutch rule, followed by Brazilian independence in 1822. Large numbers of slaves were brought from Africa during the colonial era to cultivate sugarcane, and a significant portion of the state's population has some amount of African ancestry.
The state has rich cultural traditions thanks to its varied history and peoples. Brazilian Carnivals in Recife and the historic colonial capital of Olinda are renowned: the Galo da Madrugada parade in Recife has held world records for its size.
Historically a center of
Etymology
The origins of the name Pernambuco are debated, though most hypotheses derive the name from the now-extinct Tupi language.
Some scholars claim that the name comes from the combining of the Tupi words para'nã, meaning "great river" or "sea" and buka, meaning "hole". Thus, pernambuco would mean "hole in the sea", possibly referring to the Canal de Santa Cruz on the Island of Itamaracá, north of Olinda, or to an opening in the reefs between Olinda and Recife.[6] According to others, pernambuco was the name of brazilwood in local indigenous languages at the time of first contact, as the tree is found widely in the forests of the future state. A third hypothesis also derives from a Tupi word, paranãbuku, meaning "long river", a possible reference to the Capibaribe River, since primitive maps mark such a "Pernambuco river" north of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, south of Recife.
Another hypothesis, suggested by the academic Jacques Ribemboim, asserts the origins of the name from the Portuguese language. The Canal de Santa Cruz in Recife, at the beginning of the 16th century, was known as Boca de Fernão (named after the explorer Fernão de Noronha). The Indians may have pronounced Fernão as Pernao and reversed the order of the words, giving Pernão Boca or Pernambuka, leading to the contemporary name of Pernambuco.[7]
The state also has some nicknames, such as Lion of the North, Land of Frevo and Maracatu and Blessed Land.
Geography
Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two.[8]
Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called
Regions
The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid
The middle zone, called the agreste region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation,[8] including the semi-deciduous Pernambuco interior forests, where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season.
The inland region, called the
The climate is more mild in the Borborema Plateau ("Planalto da Borborema"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10 °C (50 °F) and even 5 °C (41 °F) in some cities (i.e., Triunfo) during the winter.
The volcanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean, 535 km northeast of Recife, has been part of Pernambuco since 1988.
Hydrology
The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the São Francisco River, and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the Moxotó, Ema, Pajeú, Terra Nova, Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels the greater part of the year.[8]
The largest of the coastal rivers are the Goiana River, which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the Capibaribe, which has its source in the Serra de Jacarara and flows eastward to the Atlantic at Recife with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km); the Ipojuca, which rises in the Serra de Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the Uná. A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with Alagoas.[8]
History
Prehistory
Prior to discovery and colonization by Portugal, Pernambuco was inhabited by numerous tribes of Tupi-Guarani speaking indigenous peoples. The Tupi peoples were a largely hunter-gatherer culture living in long houses who cultivated some indigenous crops, most notably manioc (Manihot esculenta), but lacked any metallic tools. Many elements of the Tupi culture were a shock to Europeans: among these, they bathed frequently, they eschewed wealth accumulation, practiced nudity, and warred frequently, primarily to capture enemies for communal, ritual cannibalism.[9]
European contact
Modern day Pernambuco includes the islands of Fernando de Noronha, which precedes mainland Pernambuco's history since the islands were granted to Fernão de Laronha by King Manoel in 1502.[10]
Pernambuco was initially valued as a source of Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata) used in Europe for dyes. These Amerindians were eager to harvest and exchange brazilwood for axes, fishhooks and other goods offered by Europeans.[11] The Portuguese crown granted a license to Fernão de Laronha in 1502.[12] After the expiration of the license the trade in brazilwood was a driver of the exploration of Brazil. Brazilwood was highly valued and other European nations, particularly the French, soon sent ships to exploit this new dye wood. The French under Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531.[13] This fort was located at the border of Pernambuco and Itamaricá to the North. The Portuguese King responded by dispatching an armada under the command of Pero Lopes de Sousa. Pero Lopes defeated the French, destroyed their fort and built a new fort.[14]
Portuguese settlement
Slavery
In addition to requiring a lot of capital investment, refining sugar in the 16th century also required a vast amount of labor. Brazilian Indians were very useful to the Portuguese; both free Indians and enslaved Indians performed many useful services for the Portuguese settlers. This included helping with building Engenhos. However, Brazilian Indian culture was not well suited to the operation of sugar engenhos. Indian culture was not oriented to wealth accumulation. Stuart Schwartz expressed it, "Once a man had enough to eat and a few new tools and weapons, why should he want or work for more."[16]
While the
Dutch conquest
In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch until 1654.
In the 17th century, the
Jewish immigration
Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in Recife. Many Jews, having fled the Inquisition in Iberia, sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community established themselves in Dutch Brazil and would later migrate elsewhere in the Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue was being built in the city. A Jewish scholar from Amsterdam, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, arrived in Recife in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father António Vieira – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of the New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances[18]
Portuguese reconquest
The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and Olinda regained its status of political center. However, Recife remained the commercial /port city. Nowadays, it is credited that many inhabitants of Pernambuco's agreste region have some Dutch ancestry.[19] If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of a treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler Ganga Zumba, a war between the two remained. Zumbi who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him.
Three centuries of the sugar cycle
Throughout the remainder of the 17th century on to the 20th century much of life in Pernambuco was dominated by the patterns established by monoculture, latifundia, and slavery (until 1888). Sugar and cotton were grown on large plantations and rural society was largely divided into landowning elites and the impoverished poor. In addition, Pernambuco, except for a narrow coastland, is subject to periodic droughts. The boom and bust economy throughout this period is often exemplified as the "sugar cycle" when the international market for sugar is good, the economy booms, when the market is bad, it is hard times for all and particularly for the impoverished. Sugar has always been the principal example of the boom or bust cycle, but there has, from time to time been a similar cycle in cotton. Cotton was profitable during the U.S. War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the U.S. Civil War. Each time the bust in Pernambuco came when U.S. growers resumed their exports.[20]
17th-century class conflict
A sugar mill engenho requires a large investment both to build and to operate. Much of the time the money is borrowed. Although there were other sources, one source that was a particular irritant to mill owners were the merchants of Recife. In 1710 this irritant resulted in the
18th century: mining eclipses sugar
The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais late in the Seventeenth Century and the discovery of diamond displaced agriculture. In fact, for all the disruption caused by "gold fever" throughout the mining boom the value of sugar exports always exceeded the value of any other export.[22] Nevertheless, among many other disruptions, gold shifted the focus South. Pernambuco, Bahia, and the entire Northeast were eclipsed by the South of Brazil and that shift in focus has never been reversed.[23]
19th century: a province, then a state
Pernambuco's response to the nationhood of Brazil seems to have been rebellion. Pernambuco was the site of some of the most important rebellions and insurrections in
The end of slavery and the beginning of the republic
In 1888, under the influence of increasingly urban society, and with the advocacy of intellectuals such as Pernambucan politician Joaquim Nabuco, slavery was abolished.[24] However, freedom for the slaves did little or nothing to improve life for the underclass. Economic downturns were used to cut wages, children were paid almost nothing, and violence ruled.[25] In those days before antibiotics there were major epidemics, fourteen between 1849 and 1920.[26]
20th century
The twentieth century did bring better communication and transportation which would slowly allow development. But for the poor employed in the sugar industry, as late as the 1960s infant mortality in this labor segment was nearly half of live births.[27] Politically, the century was dominated by two periods of dictatorship, ruled by Getúlio Vargas for most of the period from 1930 to 1954.[28] and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985[29]
Post-dictatorship progress
Since the end of military rule, there is still an underemployed and under-fed underclass. However, quality of life has improved along with industrial development. Pernambuco has also become a major tourist destination. Statistics from the turn of the millennium show a sharp and continuing improvement. According to estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study, the infant mortality rate declined 6.2 percent annually between 1990 and 2015: from 90.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1990, to 13.4 deaths/1000 live births in 2015.[30] The homicide rate in Recife, still higher than the average for Brazil, declined by about 6% per annum during the period from 2000 to 2012.[31]
Income inequality remains a problem; in 2000, the state had a Gini coefficient of 0.59,[32] with wealth and resources being concentrated at the top.
Government and politics
The state government is divided into three branches, like all Brazilian states. All the branches are located in capital of Recife.
- Executive: the Governor, currently Raquel Lyra of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, is responsible for administration. The vice-governor, currently Priscila Krause of the Cidadania is first in line of succession to the governorship, but otherwise has few responsibilities.
- Legislative: the Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco, a unicameral body with 49 state deputies. It meets in the Edifício Governador Miguel Arraes de Alencar.
- Judicial: the Pernambuco Court of Justice (Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco), with 52 justices.
The governor and deputies are elected to four year terms in Brazilian general elections, with the most recent being held in 2022.
Local government
The 185 municipalities that make up the state have similar structures, though they lack the judicial branch. Each municipality has a chief executive, analogous to mayor, called a Prefeito/Prefeita, while the legislative branch is called the Câmara Municipal.
Municipal officials also serve four year terms, with the most recent being held in 2020.
Fernando de Noronha is a sui generis "State District" (distrito estadual), governed directly by a Pernambuco state administrator.[33]
Federal representation
At the federal level, Pernambuco is represented by 25 deputies in the
Demographics
Population
According to the
Urbanization: 77% (2006); Population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006).[34]
Religion
The majority of the state's inhabitants are Catholic; while more than 86% of the state is Christian.
In 2010, 5,834,601 inhabitants identified as
914,954 had
The former Latin Catholic
Racial/Ethnic composition
The results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted in 2022 led to the following estimates of
Due to the legacy of slavery and the sugarcane plantations, it has been observed that those of mixed
According to a genetic study from 2013, Pernambucans have 56.8% European, 27.9% African and 15.3% Amerindian ancestries.[39]
Largest cities
Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
Higher education
Pernambuco is served by many higher education institutions, concentrated in Recife. Most universities and colleges were founded in the 19th and 20th century, and some are known nationally.
The oldest is the
Many institutions are composed of several autonomous campuses serving the entire state, however Recife remains undeniably the center of education.
Important institutions include:
Headquartered in Recife:
- The Federal University of Pernambuco (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE), which now contains the historical College of Law of Recife, public, federally-funded
- The Catholic University of Pernambuco, (Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Unicap), private, non-profit,
- The University of Pernambuco (Universidade de Pernambuco, UPE), public, funded by Pernambuco state
- The Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE), public, federally-funded
- The Federal Institute of Pernambuco (Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco, IFPE), public, federally-funded
Located elsewhere in the state:
- The Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF), in Petrolina, public, federally-funded
- The Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco (Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, UFAPE), in Garanhuns, public, federally-funded
Economy
The
Primary sector
|
% | Secondary sector
|
% | Tertiary sector
|
% | Taxation | GDP | growth | GDP PC R$
|
growth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.474 | 5.2% | 10.316 | 21.6% | 34.872 | 73.2% | 7.843 | 55.505 (100%) | 5.1% | 6.528 | 10% |
According with IBGE, in 2007 Pernambuco has 2.34% share of the Brazilian economy and 17.9% share of the Northeast region economy. It's the 10th largest economy of the whole country. The GDP for the state was R$104,394,000,000 (2011), and the per capita income was R$11,776.
The economy is based on agriculture (sugarcane, manioc), livestock farming and creations, as well as industry (shipbuilding, automotive, chemical, metallurgical, electronic, textile, alimentary). In the period of October 2005 to October 2006, the industrial growth of the state was the second biggest in Brazil – 6.3%, more than double the national average in the same period (2.3%). Another segment that deserves to be highlighted is mineral extraction. The pole gesseiro of Araripina is the supplier from 95% of the plaster consumed in Brazil. The pole of data processing of the Recife, Digital Port, despite having started in 2000, is one of the five biggest in Brazil. It employs around three thousand persons, and has 3.5% the GDP of the state.
Livestock
According with IBGE 2007, Pernambuco has the 2nd largest livestock portfolio in the Northeast region and the 8th of Brazil.
Animal or product | N. of heads | NE Ranking & % | BR Ranking & % |
---|---|---|---|
Goats | 1595069 | 2nd – 18.48% | 2nd – 16.88% |
Sheep | 1256270 | 4th – 13.53% | 5th – 7.74% |
Cattle | 2219892 | 4th – 7.74% | 16th – 1.11% |
cow milk | 662078000 liters | 2nd – 19.86% | 9th – 2.54% |
Pigs | 495957 | 5th – 7.35% | 14th – 1.38% |
Chickens | 31916818 | 1st – 24.24% | 7th – 2.83% |
Chickens eggs
|
142518000 dozens | 1st – 30.56% | 6th – 4.81% |
Quail | 605371 | 1st – 43.24% | 4th – 7.98% |
Quails eggs
|
9390000 dozens | 1st – 51.43% | 4th – 7.17% |
Horses | 125976 | 5th – 8.81% | 15th −2.25% |
Donkeys
|
100944 | 5th – 9.50% | 5th – 8.68% |
Mules | 54812 | 4th – 7.97% | 7th – 4.08% |
Buffalos
|
19239 | 2nd – 16.04% | 11th – 1.70% |
Rabbits | 2383 | 2nd – 6.45% | 9th – 0.82% |
Honey | 1177000 kg | 4th – 10.15% | 9th – 3.39% |
Agriculture
|
|
S – Seasonal; P – Permanent agriculture; + – Thousands units
Ethanol
Pernambuco was once the 5th largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil, but today it ranks 8th, behind São Paulo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Mato Grosso and Alagoas.[45] Brazil is the second largest producer of alcohol fuel in the world, typically fermenting ethanol from sugarcane and sugar beets. The country produces a total of 18 billion liters annually, of which 3.5 billion are exported, 2 billion of them to the US. Alcohol-fueled cars started in the Brazilian market in 1978 and became quite popular because of heavy subsidy, but in the 80s prices rose and gasoline regained the leading market share. But from 2004 on, alcohol rapidly increased its market share once again because of new technologies involving hybrid fuel car engines called "Flex" by all major car manufacturers (Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Peugeot, Honda, Citroën, Fiat, etc.). "Flex" engines work with gasoline, alcohol or any mixture of both fuels. As of February 2007, approximately 80% of new vehicles sold in Brazil are hybrid fuel powered. Because of the Brazilian lead in production and technology, many countries became very interested in importing alcohol fuel and adopting the "Flex" vehicle concept.
Industry
In 2018, Pernambuco had an industrial GDP of R$32.4 billion, equivalent to 2.5% of the national industry and employing more than 280,000 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (20%), Public Utilities Industrial Services, such as Electricity and Water (17%), Food (14.9%), Petroleum derivatives and biofuels (9.3%) and Motor vehicles (8.8%). These 5 sectors concentrate 70% of the state's industry. In only 3 places in the Brazilian Northeast Region, there is some relevant industrial production, one of them being the surroundings of Recife. However, the state continues to have little participation in the Brazilian economy, with the population largely concentrated on the coast.[46]
Infrastructure
Airports
Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport has been open since July 2004 and has 52 thousand square meters of area. The largest airport in the North and Northeast regions, Guararapes had its capacity expanded from 5 million to 11 million passengers a year. Now there are 64 check-in counters, versus the former terminal's 24. The shopping and leisure area was also totally remodeled, within the "Aeroshopping" concept, which transforms an airport into a center for business and retail. The commercial spaces will be occupied in steps and the final total will be 142 shops. Since 2000, Recife has had the longest runway in the Northeast, at 3,305 meters. Its extension permits operations with jumbo jets, such as the Boeing 747-400, able to fly nonstop to anywhere in South and Central America, Africa and parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.
Pernambuco is also served by the
Other locally administered airports within the state are the Fernando de Noronha Airport and the Caruaru airports. Fernando de Noronhha has daily flights between the islands with Recife and Natal, and the second airport connects the textile industry region of Caruaru with São Paulo and local cities.
Ports
- Suape port. Suape serves ships cargo 365 days a year without any restrictions in regards to tidal schedules. To assist in the docking operation of the ships, the port offers a monitoring system and laser ship docking system that enables effective, secure control and upholds the same technical standards as the most important ports across the globe. The port moves over 8.4 million tons of cargo a year[48](has increased 7 times since 1992). The liquid granary (petroleum by-products, chemical products, alcohols, vegetable oils, etc.) constitutes more than 80% of the movement. The port can serve ships of up to 170,000 tpb and operational draft of 14.50 m. With 27 km2 (10 sq mi) of backport, the internal and external ports offer the necessary conditions for serving large ships. The access canal has 5,000m of extension, 300m in width and 16.5m in length.
- Recife Port handles cruises and cargo. National and international cruises are made in this port, mainly of those connecting Fernando de Noronha islands with Brazil, Caribbean islands and South America. The Brazilian and foreign tourists who come to Recife on a cruise ship will use a new Passengers Terminal (2009)[49]with stores, food court and information kiosks. Also, will have an increase in depth from 8.4 m to 11.5 meters deep, what originates will no longer be necessary to do transfer between large and small ships as before.
There are two access channels to the
Railways
Freight trains are operated by Transnordestina Logística , formerly the Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste (CFN), and mainly hauls iron ore, petroleum, and cement. The company won a 30-year concession following the privatization of the RFFSA in 1997, and also serves neighboring states of Ceará and Piauí.[51] The network is built to metre gauge, and is 1,753 kilometres (1,089 mi) long.[52]
The Recife Metro, opened in 1985, has five lines and is operated by the federally-controlled Compania Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (CBTU).
Roads
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2021) |
Festivals
Carnival
The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday is carnival time in Brazil. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets. Pernambuco has large Carnaval celebrations, including the frevo, typical Pernambuco music. Another carnaval music style from Pernambuco is maracatu.
The cities of Recife and Olinda hold the most authentic and democratic carnaval celebrations in Brazil. The largest carnaval parade in all of Brazil is Galo da Madrugada, which takes place in downtown Recife in the Saturday of carnaval. Another event is the Noite dos Tambores Silenciosos.
Recife's joyous Carnaval is nationally known, attracting thousands of people every year. The party starts a week before the official date, with electric trios "shaking" the Boa Viagem district.
On Friday, people take to the streets to enjoy themselves to the sound of frevo and to dance with maracatu, ciranda, caboclinhos, afoxé, reggae and manguebeat (cultural movement created in Recife during the 1990s) groups. There are still many other entertainment centres around the city, featuring local and national artists.
One of the highlights is Saturday when more than one million people follow the Galo da Madrugada group. From Sunday to Monday, there is the Night of the Silent Drums, on the Pátio do Terço, where Maracatus honor slaves that died in prisons.
Saint John's Day
Saint John's Day is celebrated throughout Pernambuco. Nonetheless, the festivities in Caruaru are by far the largest in the state. Saint John's festivals in Gravatá and Carpina are also popular.[citation needed]
Winter Festival
In the hilly areas of the interior – mainly in areas with a micro-climate of altitude – temperatures that can reach 8 °C in the winter. Every winter, when the weather is milder, tourists from neighboring states and other parts of Pernambuco visit cities such as Garanhuns, Gravatá, Triunfo, Taquaritinga do Norte and Brejo da Madre de Deus.
The city of Garanhuns holds an annual Winter Festival, in the month of July. The main attractions are concerts, dances, rural tourism, culinary and the relatively low temperatures for a tropical climate.
Tourism and recreation
The Pernambuco coastline is 187 km long. There are about 187 kilometers (116 mi) of
- Fernando de Noronha, an isolated group of 21 volcanic islands approximately 540 km from Recife. The main islands are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains, islets and rocks. The Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha hosts ecological sites ideal for exuberant marine animal life, due to its geographic location far from the continent and well within the path of the Southern Equatorial Currents, as well as the nature of its climate.
- Porto de Galinhas. It features warm clear water pools scattered around its coral reefs, estuaries, mangroves, coconut trees and a number of other samples of abundant nature richness make Porto de Galinhas a place not to be missed or forgotten.
- Boa Viagem. Located in the privileged southern Recife metropolitan area, Boa Viagem is the most important and frequented beach in town. It is protected by a long reef wall and has an extensive coastline.
- Itamaracá island. Separated from the mainland by the Canal Santa Cruz, it has several highly frequented beaches. Among them are Forte Orange, Praia do Sossego and Pontal da Ilha. The island houses the Marine Manatee Preservation Center.
- Maracaípe, a beach with big waves which hosts a phase of the Brazilian Surf Tournament. Highly frequented by surfers and neighbor to Porto de Galinhas, Maracaípe.
- Tamandaré. Small waves and fine sand can be found there.
- Calhetas, a small bay of difficult access. Searched for by many for diving.
- Coroa do Avião, a small island in the middle of the Jaguaribe River delta, which can be reached only by boat or raft, from Recife or Itamaracá.
Main cities
Ranking | City | Population (2022) | GDP (in thousands of Brazilian Reals (R$)) (2007).[54] | GDP per capita (R$) (2021) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Recife | 1,488,920 | 20,718,107 | 33.094,37 |
2 | J. dos Guararapes | 643,759 | 5,578,363 | 22,680 |
6 | Petrolina | 386,786 | 1,932,517 | 22,244 |
4 | Caruaru | 378,052 | 1,367,111 | 23,456 |
3 | Olinda | 349,976 | 2,179,183 | 14,700 |
5 | Paulista | 342,167 | 1,993,295 | 16,596 |
7 | Cabo de St. Agostinho | 203,216 | 2,813,188 | 65,022 |
8 | Camaragibe | 147,771 | 492,113 | 13,940 |
10 | Garanhuns | 142,506 | 745,504 | 21,769 |
9 | Vitória de St. Antão | 134,110 | 742,593 | 32,423 |
12 | Igarassu | 115,196 | 310,748 | 29,003 |
11 | S. Lourenço da Mata | 111,243 | 734,430 | 12,568 |
15 | Ipojuca | 98,932 | 434,704 | 150,647 |
13 | Abreu e Lima | 98,462 | 567,474 | 17,123 |
14 | St. Cruz do Capibaribe
|
98,254 | 332,112 | 17,222 |
16 | Serra Talhada | 92,228 | 255,578 | 19,359 |
18 | Gravatá | 86,516 | 306,637 | 15,938 |
17 | Araripina | 85,088 | 5,354,635 | 14,912 |
19 | Goiana | 81,042 | 457,986 | 132,714 |
21 | Belo Jardim | 79,507 | 351,448 | 35,942 |
20 | Carpina | 79,293 | 504,735 | 20,496 |
22 | Arcoverde | 77,742 | 290,529 | 16,141 |
23 | Ouricuri | 65,245 | 200,880 | 11,076 |
24 | Pesqueira | 62,722 | 236,259 | 12,776 |
25 | Escada | 59,891 | 233,562 | 18,743 |
RMR
|
Recife metropolitan area
|
3,688,428 | 40,872,963 | 10,845 |
State | PERNAMBUCO | 9,058,931 | 62,255,687 | 7,337 |
Sports
According to the
In 2012 the state was represented in the highest national level of football (Brazilian Série A) by Náutico and Sport. Also, it was represented in (Série C) by Santa Cruz and Salgueiro and in (Série D) by Central.
Recife was one of the 12 Brazilian cities that hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Gallery
-
Palácio Joaquim Nabuco, meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco, in Recife
-
Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco ('Court of Justice of Pernambuco'), in Recife
-
Marco Zero in Recife
-
Quartel do Derby in Recife, headquarters of the Military Police of Pernambuco
-
Central Recife and the Boa Vista neighborhood
-
São Bento Monastery in Olinda, the colonial state capital
-
Convent of São Francisco, Olinda
-
Boa Viagem neighborhood, Recife
-
Agreste landscape near João Alfredo
-
Sertão landscape near Araripina
-
Porto de Galinhas beach, Ipojuca
-
Bolo de Rolo, a Pernambucan specialty
See also
- Hino de Pernambuco
- Flag of Pernambuco
- Pernambucan revolt
- List of municipalities in Pernambuco
- Greater Recife
- Santo Aleixo Island
References
- ^ "IBGE".
- ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
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