Persecution
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
Part of a series on |
Discrimination |
---|
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are
International law
As part of the
The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law:...
(c) Crimes against humanity:
- Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime.
Telford Taylor, who was Counsel for the Prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials wrote "[at] the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the tribunals rebuffed several efforts by the prosecution to bring such 'domestic' atrocities within the scope of international law as 'crimes against humanity".[2] Several subsequent international treaties incorporate this principle, but some have dropped the restriction "in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime" that is in Nuremberg Principles.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which is binding on 111 states, defines crimes against humanity in Article 7.1. The article criminalizes certain acts "committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack". These include:
(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender.[3]..or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph [e.g. murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, apartheid, and other inhumane acts] or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court
Religious
Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group due to their religious affiliation. Not only theorists of secularization (who presume a decline of religiosity in general) would willingly assume that religious persecution is a thing of the past[citation needed]. However, with the rise of fundamentalism and religiously related terrorism, this assumption has become even more controversial[citation needed]. Indeed, in many countries of the world today, religious persecution is a Human Rights problem.
Atheists
Atheists have experienced persecution throughout their history. Persecution may refer to unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, beating, torture, or execution. It also may refer to the confiscation or destruction of property.
Baháʼís
The persecution of Baháʼís refers to the religious persecution of Baháʼís in various countries, especially in Iran,[4] which has the seventh largest Baháʼí population in the world, with just over 251,100 as of 2010.[5] The Baháʼí Faith originated in Iran, and it represents the largest religious minority in that country.
Buddhists
The persecution of Buddhists has been a widespread phenomenon throughout the history of Buddhism, a phenomenon which is continuing today. As early as the 3rd century AD, Buddhists were persecuted by Kirder, the Zoroastrian high priest of the Sasanian Empire.[citation needed]
Anti-Buddhist sentiment in
The
In Japan, the haibutsu kishaku during the Meiji Restoration (starting in 1868) was an event which was triggered by the official policy of separation of Shinto and Buddhism (or shinbutsu bunri). This policy caused great destruction to Buddhism in Japan, the destruction of Buddhist temples, images and texts took place on a large scale all over the country and Buddhist monks were forced to return to secular life.[citation needed]
During the 2012 Ramu violence in Bangladesh, a 25,000-strong Muslim mob set fire to at least five Buddhist temples and dozens of homes throughout the town and throughout the surrounding villages after they saw a picture of an allegedly desecrated Quran, which they claimed had been posted on Facebook by Uttam Barua, a local Buddhist man.[20][21]
Christians
The persecution of Christians is
There is also a history of individual
In the 20th century, Christians have been persecuted by various groups, and by
In more recent times the Christian missionary organization
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)
The Missouri
Jehovah's Witnesses
Throughout the history of Jehovah's Witnesses, their beliefs, doctrines and practices have engendered controversy and opposition from local governments, communities, and mainstream Christian groups.
Copts
The persecution of Copts is a historical and ongoing issue in
The
Since 2011 hundreds of Egyptian Copts have been killed in sectarian clashes, and many homes, Churches and businesses have been destroyed. In just one province (Minya), 77 cases of sectarian attacks on Copts between 2011 and 2016 have been documented by the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights.[47] The abduction and disappearance of Coptic Christian women and girls also remains a serious ongoing problem.[48][49][50]
Dogons
For almost 1000 years,
In 1864,
Druze
Historically the relationship between the
Falun Gong
Hindus
Persecution of Hindus refers to the
.Even in modern times, Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh have suffered persecution. Most recently, thousands of Hindus from Sindh province in Pakistan have been fleeing to India voicing fear for their safety. After the Partition of India in 1947, there were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan (excluding Bangladesh) in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 1.58% of the Pakistani population.[83] Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's population.[84]
The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in Time magazine dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[85] Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, mass rape and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as UNESCO and World Health Organization the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Sydney Schanberg wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday, 29 April 1994).
In Bangladesh, on 28 February 2013, the
Jews
The
Muslims
The persecution of
Persecution can extend beyond those who perceive themselves to be Muslims and include those who are perceived by others as Muslims, or it can include Muslims who are considered non-Muslims by fellow Muslims. The
Pagans & Heathens
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) |
Philosophers
Philosophers throughout the history of philosophy have been held in courts and tribunals for various offenses, often as a result of their philosophical activity, and some have even been put to death. The most famous example of a philosopher being put on trial is the case of Socrates, who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety.[95] Others include:
- burned at the stake by the Roman Inquisition for his heretical religious views, his cosmological views, or both;[96][97]
- Tommaso Campanella - confined to a convent for his heretical views, namely, an opposition to the authority of Aristotle, and later imprisoned in a castle for 27 years during which he wrote his most famous works, including The City of the Sun;[98]
- Baruch Spinoza - Jewish philosopher who, at age 23, was put in Index of Forbidden Books.
Serers
The persecution of the
Sikhs
The 1984 anti-Sikh riots or the 1984 Sikh Massacre was a series of
The Indian government reported 2,700 deaths in the ensuing chaos. In the aftermath of the riots, the Indian government reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the
There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The
Yazidis
The Persecution of
Zoroastrians
Zoroastrian places of worship were desecrated, fire temples were destroyed and mosques were built in their place. Many libraries were burned and much of their cultural heritage was lost. Gradually an increasing number of laws were passed which regulated Zoroastrian behavior and limited their ability to participate in society. Over time, the persecution of Zoroastrians became more common and widespread, and the number of believers decreased by force significantly.[130]
Most were forced to convert due to the systematic abuse and discrimination inflicted upon them by followers of
A Zoroastrian astrologer named
Ethnic
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) |
Ethnic persecution refers to perceived persecution based on
Assyrians
Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of Yazdegerd I, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time, they promoted Nestorian Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose Zoroastrianism continued during the reign of Yazdegerd II.[134][135]
During the eras of Mongol rule under Genghis Khan and Timur, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.[136]
More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the
Hazara people
The
Roma
Antiziganism is hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism directed against the Romani people as an ethnic group, or people who are perceived as being of Romani heritage.
The Porajmos was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani (Gypsy) people of Europe. Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. Thus, the fate of Roma in Europe in some ways paralleled that of the Jews.[137] Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or more than 25% of the slightly less than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.[137] Ian Hancock puts the death toll as high as 1.5 million.[138]
Rohingyas
The UN human rights chief slammed
Sri Lankan Tamils
Widespread attacks on Sri Lankan Tamils came in the form of island wide ethnic riots, including The 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom and the Black July riots. Further persecution through murders, targeted rape and kidnapping occurred. Whilst previously, the majority of Tamils demanded instead for a separate state, by 1983 armed struggles against Sinhalese extremists began to rise, culminating in the formation of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[citation needed]
Uyghurs
Uyghur activist groups have said that anger towards the Chinese government has been fueled by years of state-sponsored oppression and discrimination.
Based on genetics
People with albinism
Persecution on the basis of albinism is frequently based on the belief that albinos are inferior to persons with higher concentration of melanin in their skin. As a result, albinos have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinistic people dug up and desecrated. Such people have also been ostracized and even killed because they are presumed to bring bad luck in some areas. Haiti also has a long history of treating albinistic people as accursed, with the highest incidence under the influence of François "Papa Doc" Duvalier.[citation needed]
People with autism
People with
Additionally, it is speculated that many of the disabled children murdered during
LGBT
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (July 2017) |
A number of countries, especially those countries in the
See also
- Defamation
- Discrimination
- Latter-day Saint martyrs
- Oppression
- Persecutory delusion
- Right to asylum
- Social defeat
- Social exclusion
- Yogi#Persecution
Notes
- CIA World Factbook reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).[28]
References
- .
- ^ Telford Taylor "When people kill a people", The New York Times, March 28, 1982.
- ^ Article 7.3 of the Rome Statute, which constitutes "compromise text" states that "For the purpose of this Statute, it is understood that the term 'gender' refers to the two sexes, male and female, within the context of society. The term 'gender' does not indicate any meaning different from the above." While under international criminal law persecution based on Gender Identity is also prohibited, during the Rome Diplomatic Conference that adopted the ICC Statute, it was decided to define gender narrowly in order to overcome opposition from the Holy See and other states that were concerned that the ICC could theoretically also look into discriminatory practices of religious institutions. This provision was balanced with that of Article 10, which states that "Nothing in this Part shall be interpreted as limiting or prejudicing in any way existing or developing rules of international law for purposes other than this Statute."
- ^ International Federation for Human Rights (2003-08-01). "Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" (PDF). fdih.org. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
- ^ "QuickLists: Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ISBN 978-0-521-20204-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 978-0-521-61349-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.
- ISBN 978-1-57958-090-2.
- ISBN 9789351186588.
- ^ A Comprehensive History Of India, Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. 600 & 601.
- ^ Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions By C. J. Bleeker, G. Widengren p. 381.
- ^ S. Muthiah. Where the Buddha Walked. p. 41.
- ^ Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 89.
- ^ The Maha-Bodhi by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)
- ^ The Maha-Bodhi by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 205)
- ^ Islam at War: A History By Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda (p. 226)
- ISBN 9780226356501.
- ^ Roerich, G. 1959. Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 61–62, 64, 98.
- ^ "Protesters burn Bangladesh Buddhist temples". Al Jazeera. 30 September 2012.
- ^ "Religious attacks lead to 300 arrests in Bangladesh". ABC News. 2 October 2012.
- ^ Open Doors: The worst 50 countries for persecution of Christians Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Open Doors: Weltverfolgungsindex 2012 Archived 2012-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2
- ^ Philpott, Daniel, Pope Francis and Religious Freedom, Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs
- ^ Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness, Wall Street Journal (April 29, 2017).
- ^ Noha Elhennawy, Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws, Associated Press (November 15, 2019).
- ^ "Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians". Wall Street Journal. February 16, 2015.
- ^ "Egypt". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 30 March 2023.
- ^ Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses Archived 2011-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, hrw.org, January 24, 2010
- ^ Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010). "Egypt's Persecuted Christians". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ Shea, Nina (June 2017). "Do Copts have a future in Egypt". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20.
- ISBN 9789774160936.
- ^ Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert (PDF),
ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.
- ISBN 1566633400. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.). Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35.
- ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". Israel Oriental Studies. 2: 257.
- ^ Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78
- ISBN 978-1-134-93005-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-5529-2.
- ISBN 9789004252783.
- ISBN 9780805440737.
- ISBN 9789774160936.
Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996—1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam
- ISBN 9789774160936.
By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...
- ^ ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.
- ^ Eltahawy, Mona (22 December 2016). "Egypt's Cruelty to Christians". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (July 18, 2012). Escalating Violence Against Coptic Women and Girls: Will the New Egypt be More Dangerous than the Old? : Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, July 18, 2012. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
- ^ "Masress : Sectarian tensions rise in wake of crime boss death". Masress. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ^ Premier (2018-05-09). "Newlywed becomes 8th Egyptian Christian woman to be kidnapped since April". Premier. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
- ^ a b c Griaule, Marcel; Dieterlen, Germaine; (1965). Le mythe cosmologique. Le renard pâle., 1. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme, p. 17
- ^ The Independent, Caught in the crossfire of Mali's war (25 January 2013) by Kim Sengupta [1] (retrieved March 14, 2020)
- ^ Africa Today, Volume 7, Afro Media (2001), p. 126
- ISBN 9781350013100 (retrieved March 14, 2020) [2]
- ^ World Politics Review, What Explains the Rise of Communal Violence in Mali, Nigeria and Ethiopia? (Sept. 11, 2019) by Hilary Matfess. [3]
- ^ Syria Druze back Sunnis' revolt with words but not arms. Agence France-Presse. 2012-09-08.
- ISBN 9781442246171.
Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes
- ISBN 9781440865039.
Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.
- ISBN 9789004064126.
the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
- ^ "Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are". Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ISBN 9781135980795.
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
- ISBN 9780199862634.
While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
- ISBN 9780030525964.
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
- ISBN 9780230595989.
With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the mihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...
- ^ Hitti 1924.
- ISBN 9781440853531.
- ^ Taraze Fawaz, Leila. An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. p.63.
- ^ Goren, Haim. Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East. p.95-96.
- ISBN 9781440853531.
- ISBN 9781317096726.
- ^ "Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers". BBC News. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- ^ "Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect". thestar.com. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- ISBN 9789004207424.
Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...
- ISBN 9781317096733.
- ISBN 9781593765521.
- ISBN 9780810868366.
Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...
- ISBN 9780966293203.
- ^ Faison, Seth (April 27, 1999) "In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protesters" New York Times, retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ Kahn, Joseph (April 27, 1999) "Notoriety Now for Exiled Leader of Chinese Movement" New York Times, retrieved June 14, 2006
- ^ Leung, Beatrice (2002) 'China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era', Journal of Contemporary China, 11:33, 761 – 784
- ^ The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called heretical organizations , The Amnesty International
- ^ Durant, Will. The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage. p. 459.
The Mohammedan Conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history. It is a discouraging tale, for its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by barbarians invading from without or multiplying within. The Hindus had allowed their strength to be wasted in internal division and war; they had adopted religions like Buddhism and Jainism, which unnerved them for the tasks of life; they had failed to organize their forces for the protection of their frontiers and their capitals, their wealth and their freedom, from the hordes of Scythians, Huns, Afghans and Turks hovering about India's boundaries and waiting for national weakness to let them in. For four hundred years (600–1000 AD) India invited conquest; and at last it came.
- ^ "CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION TABLE 6" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ Census of Pakistan Archived December 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout". TIME. 2 August 1971. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
- ^ "Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire". bdnews24.com. March 2, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority". Press releases. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (9 March 2013). "Bangladesh minorities 'terrorised' after mob violence". BBC News. London. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ^ "US worried at violence". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). March 12, 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "Mozena: Violence is not the way to resolution". The Daily Ittefaq. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ New antisemitism
- ^ "Anti-zionism as an expression of anti-Semitism in recent years". huji.ac.il. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "What Is… Anti-Israel, Anti-Semitic, Anti-Zionist?". Anti-Defamation League.
- ^ "Government of Pakistan – Law for Ahmadis". www.thepersecution.org. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "What Was the Charge Against Socrates?" Retrieved September 1, 2009
- ISBN 978-1780238968.
- ^ Michael J. Crowe, The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, "[Bruno's] sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed at his denial of Christ's divinity and alleged diabolism than at his cosmological doctrines."
- ^ "Tommaso Campanella" - first published Wed Aug 31, 2005" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved September 1, 2009
- ISBN 978-0-19-280316-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-00293-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-280316-0.
- ^ Clark, Andrew F., & Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal". ed: 2, Metuchen, New Jersey : Scrarecrow Press (1994) p 265
- ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
- ISBN 1-57505-951-7
- ^ Oliver, Roland Anthony, Fage, J. D., "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)
- ^ ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
- ISBN 1-4269-7117-6
- ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
- ^ State pogroms glossed over. The Times of India. 31 December 2005.
- ^ "Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant". Rediff.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
- ^ a b Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
- ^ Nugus, Phillip (Spring 2007). "The Assassinations of Indira & Rajiv Gandhi". BBC Active. Retrieved 23 July 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Delhi court to give verdict on re-opening 1984 riots case against Congress leader Jagdish Tytler". ndtv.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- ^ Mukhoty, Gobinda; Kothari, Rajni (1984), Who are the Guilty ?, People's Union for Civil Liberties, retrieved 4 November 2010
- IBN Live. 23 April 2012. Archived from the originalon 25 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "1984 anti-Sikh riots 'wrong', says Rahul Gandhi". Hindustan Times. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Mustafa, Seema (2005-08-09). "1984 Sikhs Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups". The Asian Age. p. 1.
- ^ Agal, Renu (2005-08-11). "Justice delayed, justice denied". BBC News.
- ^ "Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots". BBC News. August 8, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-9787073-0-9. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
- ^ ISBN 9780195305135. Archived from the originalon October 23, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ISBN 0-7914-0640-7, pp. 169–171
- PMID 29224572.
- ISBN 978-1-000-07869-5.
- S2CID 208687918.
- S2CID 208688838.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-09796-1. 9789004097964.
- ^ Shahmardan, Rashid, History of Zoroastrians past Sasanians, p. 125
- ISBN 9781576079935
- ^ "ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Arab Conquest to Modern – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
- ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6.
- ISBN 978-0-664-23664-9.
- ^ "Nestorian (Christian sect)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- ^ a b "Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ]
- ^ "'Military atrocities on Rohingyas have hallmarks of ethnic cleansing'". The Daily Star. September 8, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Dou, Eva (11 February 2021). "Who are the Uighurs, and what's happening to them in China?". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ a b Simons, Marlise (6 July 2020). "Uighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of Genocide". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ "'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'". The Independent. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs". The Times. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'". Der Spiegel. 28 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ Alecci, Scilla (October 14, 2020). "British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ "Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide". BBC News. 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ "The Thin Line Between Autism and Witchcraft in Cameroon". africaontheblog.com. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "Autism Services - New York - ICare4Autism". Autism Services - New York - ICare4Autism. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "NeuroTribes, Steve Silberman on a haunting history and new hope for autistic people - Your Say". Your Say. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.