Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (1933–1945)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Like other areas under Nazi Germany, Jews were persecuted in the northernmost German state Schleswig-Holstein. Before the Nazis came to power in 1933, an estimated 1,900 Jews lived in Schleswig-Holstein, mostly in Lübeck and Kiel. By the time of Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, many of Schleswig-Holstein's Jews had been murdered in the Holocaust.

History of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein prior to 1933

Most of the German population of the Middle Ages were baptized Christians. The Jewish minority was subjected to a centuries-long persecution. This changed following the Jewish emancipation during the Enlightenment. In Prussia, under the rule of Frederick the Great, there was limited tolerance towards the Judenregal or Schutzjude – a 'protected Jewish' status for German Jews granted by the imperial, princely, or royal courts.[citation needed] Jews were increasingly likely to assimilate into their Christian environment, for example, by receiving baptism and changing their names.[citation needed] During the Napoleonic Wars, the principle of Jewish emancipation, which had been applied in France since 1791, was applied to the occupied territories of Germany. For example, with the Prussian Edict of Emancipation of 1812, Jews living in Prussia became Prussian citizens, albeit with significant legal restrictions. The new constitutions of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) introduced a strict separation of church and state and thus placed Jews on an equal footing with German Christians. The Constitution of the German Empire (1871–1918) intended – at least in legal terms – to make all German Jews full citizens.[citation needed]

The introduction of Basic State Law in

Schleswig (1854), and Holstein (1863), and emancipation was considered formally complete with the founding of the German Reich in 1871. Until 1871, Jews in Schleswig-Holstein were mostly restricted to living in small towns.[1]

However, the movement for legal equality for Jews met with limited approval among the Christian majority and was only hesitantly implemented in everyday life. A growing number of people, especially the bourgeoisie, held religiously motivated anti-Jewish views and believed in various anti-Semitic stereotypes. Thousands of citizens organized themselves in anti-Semitic organizations such as the Pan-German League – which was influential in the educated middle class and in politics – and later in the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) to obstruct formal equal treatment of Jews, or to oppose non-Aryans. This zeitgeist was described during a 2011 commemoration as: "In everyday life, the members of the Jewish faith community were excluded, professionally massively disadvantaged and isolated in their social environment."[2]

These anti-Semitic movements affected the willingness of Jews to emigrate. In 1925 in Germany, 563,733 people, or 0.9% of the population, considered themselves as members of the Jewish religious community; the proportion fell to 499,682 (0.8%) under the influence of the Nazi persecution of Jews in the census of 16 June 1933. By 1939, the number of Jews in the German Reich had drastically decreased to 233,973 (0.34%).[citation needed]

Nazi policies considerably expanded the number of persons officially registered as Jews, categorizing them according to line of descent rather than active following of Judaism. According to the German minority census of 17 May 1939, Jews had to state in detail on so-called 'supplementary forms', under threat of punishment, whether they had one or two Jewish grandparents. On this basis, the Nazi state classified them as either "full Jews" ("racial Jews") or "half Jews".

According to this racial delimitation, a total of 1,742 people of "Jewish descent" lived in Schleswig-Holstein in 1939, of whom 755 were so-called "full Jews", 473 "first-degree Jewish half-breeds", and 514 "second-degree Jewish half-breeds". Of the "full Jews", 575 were regarded as "Jews of faith", 136 as members of the regional Protestant or free churches, and 7 as Roman Catholics.[3] Under the increased pressure of persecution, many Jews emigrated. For example, 17,000 mostly male adult Polish Jews living in Germany were deported in trains from Germany to Poland on 28 and 29 October 1938, within the framework of the 1938 expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany.[4] However, the mass deportation of Polish Jews from Schleswig-Holstein initially failed due to bureaucratic mishaps; it resumed in the spring of 1939, when Jews were threatened with being deported to concentration camps if they did not leave Germany themselves in a timely manner. Most of those affected fled to Poland, Netherlands, France, and Belgium, where the German occupying power arrested them again after the start of World War II and deported them to extermination camps. The few Polish Jews who remained in the regional capital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, were first deported by the Gestapo to a Judenhäus (lit.'Jews' house', in a ghetto) in Leipzig and from there to a concentration camp.[5]

The proportion of Jews was relatively higher in the big cities than in the countryside. This was not only due to the comparatively higher attractiveness of city life but also reflected the centuries-long official restriction of Jewish settlement. For example, Berlin had a Jewish share of 3.8%, Frankfurt 4.7%, Wrocław (Breslau) 3.2%, Cologne 2.0%, Hamburg 1.5%, Hanover 1.1%, and Kiel 0.2%. In general, there was a north–south divide in the proportion of Jews in the total population of Germany, with significantly lower proportions of Jews living in Northern Germany.[6] Moreover, 64% of the Jewish population in Schleswig-Holstein was concentrated in the two major cities, Lübeck and Kiel, while the remaining Jews were spread over 123 smaller towns and villages.[7]

In 1933, about 1,900 Jews lived in Schleswig-Holstein, a relatively small number. They made up only 0.13% of the state's total population, or 0.34% of all Jews in the German Reich.[7] Within a decade, the proportion continued to decline in the face of increasing persecution. In November 1942, only 59 Jews were still living in Schleswig-Holstein, spread over 18 towns. Over 1,600 had already been deported, most of them murdered. After the war, according to the census of 29 October 1946, there were again a total of 949 people of the Jewish faith in Schleswig-Holstein, 464 of them in displaced persons camps.[8]

Persecution of the Jews in the Nazi regime (1933–1945)

Persecutors

In addition to the main Nazi Party (NSDAP) members responsible for the Holocaust, some groups and persons from Schleswig-Holstein were involved in the mass deportation and extermination of Jews both locally and in occupied territories (for instance, in the Riga Ghetto, the Reichskommissariat Ostland, and the Minsk Ghetto). The following (incomplete) table details some NS groups involved in mass killings.

The table only includes larger and exemplary smaller mass shootings.

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
= OUN, Police Battalion = PB, Special Command = SK, Security and Order Police = OP. (source: Wikipedia).

Mass killing of Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (1941–1942)
Location Date Criminal unit victim
Garsden
24 June 1941 EK Tilsit 200 men, one woman
Białystok 27 June 1941 Police Battalion 309 2,000 men and women
Lviv 30 June – 2 July 1941 OUN 4,000 men
Daugavpils 1–2 July 1941 EC 1a 1,150 men
Riga early July 1941 EG A,
Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
400
Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast early July 1941 SK 4b, OUN, SS Vikings 2,000
Ternopil 7 July 1941 SK 4b, OUN 800
Lutsk 2 July 1941 SK 4a 1,160 men
Lviv 2–6 July 1941 EC 5, 6, e.g. b. V. 2,500 men
Kaunas 4–6 July 1941 EC 3 2,977 men
Brest, Belarus 6 July 1941 PB 307 4,000 men
Białystok 8 July 1941 PB 316, 322 3,000 men
Jelgava 15 July 1941 EC 2 Jelgava massacres 1,550
Kaunas 25–28 July 1941 LAF 3,800
Lviv 29–31 July 1941 OUN 2,000
Pinsk 7–8 August 1941 SS Cavalry Brigade 9,000
Kamianets-Podilskyi 27–29 August 1941 PB 320, SS Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 26,500
Zhytomyr 19 September 1941 EG C, D 3.145
Kyiv, Babi Yar 29–30 September 1941 SK 4a, PB 45, 314 33,771
Belarus from October 1941
707th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
19,000
Dnipro 13–14 October 1941 PB 314 11,000
Rivne 5–6 November 1941 EK 5, PB 320 15,000
Riga 30 November, 7–8 December 1941 all PB, Command Arājs 26,000
Simferopol 13–15 December 1941 EG D, Wehrmacht 12,000
Kharkiv from 1 January 1942 PB 314 12,000
Minsk 28–30 July 1942 OP 10,000
Lutsk 19–23 August 1942 OP 14,700
Volodymyr (city) 1–3 September 1942 OP 13,500
Brest, Belarus 15–16 October 1942 OP, PB 310 19,000
Pinsk 28 October 1942 PB 306, 310 18,000

Individual perpetrators in Schleswig-Holstein (1933–1945)

  • Fritz Barnekow [de] – head of the Jewish Department II B 5 of the Gestapo in Kiel (1941–1943); one of the main organizers of the deportations of Jews from Schleswig-Holstein (from 1941 to 1945).
  • Schleswig and rewarded with the office of mayor in Schleswig (1934–1936). In January 1936, he was appointed Gauamtsleiter ('Gau office leader') for local affairs. He made a significant contribution to the implementation of Nazi administrative principles in all local authorities of his jurisdiction in accordance with the municipal code revised in 1935.[10]
  • Heinz Behrens (born 7 July 1903, in
    Berlin-Halensee. After his imprisonment in 1945, as well as subsequent internment and denazification, he worked in cooperation with Dr. Gottfried Cremer in the BAK (Business Research Working Group on Ceramics). Both had already worked together in Reichswerke Hermann Göring state enterprises during the war.[12][13]
  • Hans Bernsau – district manager of the NSDAP in the district of
    Schleswig (1926–1931); manager of the NSDAP district 'North-East' from 1931.[14]
  • Heinrich Blum – school inspector, district leader of the National Socialist Teachers' Association from 1925, provisional NSDAP mayor in Schleswig (1933), and a member of the 'old school' of the Nazi celebrities in Schleswig. Shortly after the Wehrmacht occupied the Baltic states, the notorious Gauleiter Hinrich Lohse commissioned him with the office of senior government and school councilor in the civil administration of the Reichskommissariat Ostland.[15]
  • Peter Börnsen – served from January 1933 to 1945 as NSDAP district leader in Eckernförde and from 1939 to 1942 as deputy of the Schleswig district leader Dr. George Carstensen, who was deployed in the war. He was elected to the Prussian state parliament in 1932 and was a member of the Reichstag from 1933 to 1945. After the end of the war, he was interned for 37 months and sentenced to six years in prison in 1949. In the appeal proceedings, the sentence was reduced to three years.[14]
  • Paul Carell (1911–1997) – German diplomat and Nazi journalist. As a student of psychology at Kiel University, he headed the 'combat committee against the un-German spirit' at the university. These 'combat committees' agitated against 'Jewish intellectualism' as spearheads of the Deutsche Studentenschaft ('German student body').[16] In World War II, Carell was Chief Press Officer of the foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and an SS-Obersturmbannführer. In May 1944, Schmidt gave advice on how to justify the deportation and murder of Hungarian Jews in order to avoid accusations of mass murder. From 1965 to 1971, the public prosecutor of Verden investigated Paul Schmidt-Carell for murder. The preliminary investigation, which was supposed to clarify his involvement in the murder of Hungarian Jews, was dropped without finding anything. As a result, Schmidt-Carell never had to answer to a court for his activities in the Nazi state.[17]
  • Georg Carstensen – member of the 'old school' of Nazi militants in Schleswig-Holstein. After 1945, the jury found that Carstensen must have been aware of all criminal acts due to his membership in the regional leadership corps of the NSDAP. He was accused of criminal acts, such as the execution of foreign workers in the Schleswig district, the arrests made in the city of Schleswig as a result of the 20 July plot (1944), and the transport of inmates of the sanatorium and nursing home in Meseritz and Bernburg. He was also accused of involvement in an incident in Leck in 1933, in which a local watchmaker was publicly chased through the streets with a sign around his neck and the inscription "I am the biggest rascal, I insulted the Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler" because of an alleged disparagement.[18]
  • Carl Coors – NSDAP mayor in Friedrichstadt from 1937, where anti-Semitic measures were part of the first nationwide boycott against Jewish businesspeople on 1 April 1937.[19]
  • Georg Dahm –
    international lawyer from Kiel. Along with Friedrich Schaffstein, he was one of the most exposed representatives of Nazi criminal law theory. From 1935 to 1937, he was a pioneer of the persecution of Jews at Kiel University
    .
  • Thomas Frahm – NSDAP local group leader in Schuby, where he is said to have exercised a "regime of terror".[20]
  • fact or opinion?
    ]
  • Otto Gestefeld – district deputy, deputy district administrator of Schleswig, and member of the NSDAP 'old combatants' in district of Schleswig.[21]
  • Hans Gewecke – NSDAP district leader in the Duchy of
    Schaulen
    .
  • Emil Gosch – NSDAP local group leader in Silberstedt.[20]
  • Carl Wilhelm Hahn – journalist and editor, historian, archivist, and head of the Landessippenamt ('state tribe office') Schleswig-Holstein in the Nazi regime.
  • Claus-Peter Hans – initially an NSDAP local group leader in Seeth / Drage, Nordfriesland, and then district leader in the district of Flensburg county (July 1932 – May 1945). He was also a personal union district administrator and district deputy (October 1935 – November 1937), and deputy district administrator (1933–1935, 1941–1945).[22]
  • Ernst Hansen – Kreisbauernführer ('district farmer leader') who, together with other regional NSDAP leading figures, mistreated and abused a worker, forcing him to carry a placard with the inscription "I am a usurer and cutthroat" hung around his neck, chasing him through the city of
    Schleswig.[23]
  • Erich Hasse – belonged to the hard core of the regional NSDAP. He was plant manager of the district shipping line. His fellow party members, G. Knutzen and H. Reincke, both active in Schleswig's Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) storms since 1930 and 1931 respectively, were employed with him to accommodate the 'old combatants'.[24]
  • Ferdinand Jans – Kreisbetriebsgemeinschaftsleiter ('district company leader') of the Deutschen Arbeiterverband ('German workers' association') of the construction industry in the district of Schleswig in 1933. He then became the district administrator of the German Labour Front (DAF). As such, he was appointed by the mayor of Baselli on 27 November 1935 as an honorary deputy in the city of Schleswig.[25]
  • Jürgen Jöns (from Erfde) – was one of the early Nazi agitators in Schleswig; he was a member of the district council as second district deputy until his death.[22]
  • Ernst Kolbe – SS member who, during the occupation of Denmark, went to Copenhagen as a Hauptscharführer and worked as a Gestapo employee. He was killed by Danish resistance fighters during the storming of the Shellhuset (the Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen) on 21 March 1945. Kolbe's brutality and unscrupulousness became particularly clear in the 'protective custody measures' of political dissidents, staged in the course of the Nazi 'takeover', and in further persecution actions, such as in the municipality of Börm near Schleswig.[26]
  • Hans Kolbe – naval officer and retired Vice Admiral who fought in the civil war-like conflicts in the wake of the Kapp Putsch (13 March 1920) in a leading position against armed revolutionary workers squads in the Ruhr area. In October 1936, he became Gauamtsleiter of the Reichskolonialbund. In 1941, he was appointed 'honorary' Standartenführer of the Security Service of the SS. For the public and unlawful executions of Polish foreign workers in Sieverstedt near Flensburg and Dollrottfeld in 1941, he had transported by truck more than 100 prisoners of war from the Schleswig district. Kolbe was also aware of an arbitrary execution of Polish foreign workers by the Gestapo near Kropp in November 1941.[27]
  • Hinrich Lohse – Gauleiter (regional leader) of Schleswig-Holstein and a notorious war criminal most known for his rule of the Reichskommissariat Ostland during World War II.
  • Albert Malzahn (born 1899) – district economic advisor in Schleswig-Holstein (1934–1943); managing director, Elmshorn; President of the IHK Kiel; Chairman of the Landesbank of the province of Schleswig-Holstein.
  • Kristallnacht. When war broke out, he left Schleswig-Holstein, volunteered for military service, and was killed as a lieutenant in the 6th Infantry Regiment on 10 September 1939 at Piątek. His grave became a "place of pilgrimage" for his fellow combatants in Schleswig.[28]
  • Reichspogromnacht, Möller was one of the main actors in the crimes committed against Jews in Schleswig-Holstein.[29][30][31]
  • Ernst Paulsen, Dr. – NSDAP local group leader from the very beginning in Schleswig, from 1 March 1925.[32]
  • Max Plaut (born 1901) – lawyer, economist, and Jewish association official. From 1939, head of the Northwest Germany district office of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany. In this function, he was also responsible for the concerns of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.
  • Ernst Ramcke – member of the SA from 1928, in which he, promoted to Obersturmführer, led the 'Schleswiger Sturm 23/86'. Ramcke also acted as district speaker for the party and district professional administrator of the German Labour Front (DAF) and, honoured with the Golden Party Badge, belonged to the Nazi 'old combatants'. Incidentally, together with Bruno Steen, he belonged to the circle of informers who, from May 1933, were systematically involved in dismissals for political reasons in the city administration.[33]
  • Ernst Graf zu Reventlow (1869–1943) – he ran unsuccessfully for the Reichstag in 1907 and 1912 for the anti-Semitic German Social Reform Party in the FlensburgApenrade constituency. After 1918, he became involved in right-wing extremist groups before joining the NSDAP in 1927, which he represented in the Reichstag until his death.[34]
  • Hermann Riecken – NSDAP member from the very beginning; mayor of Heikendorf (1933–1939), and district chairman of the city of Flensburg (from 1939). From 1941, he was a Nazi regional commissioner in the Estonian district of Pärnu County (German: Pärnau) and in the Latvian city of Daugavpils (German: Dünaburg) (1942–1944). Involved in Nazi atrocities.[citation needed]
  • Roland Siegel, Dr. – he became provisional district administrator in Schleswig in 1933. In December 1932, he worked as a senior administrative officer in the political department of the Berlin police chief, and after 30 January 1933, as head of personnel in a key position. He was a close associate of the Nazi police chief, the retired Rear Admiral von Levetzow, and played a key role in the political cleansing of the civil service. At the beginning of May 1933, he was promoted to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior. On 1 October 1933, he was appointed as senior civil servant.
  • Kurt Stawizki –
    Lemberg (Ukraine), and was involved in the Massacre of Lwów professors
    .
  • Bruno Steen –
    Schleswig who was notorious for his actions against the Jewish brothers Max and Bernhard Weinberg in Schleswig, whom he publicly insulted as 'Jewish rascals'. The Weinberg family lost their German citizenship on 3 April 1934, but received it back after a successful appeal on 17 September 1935 without any justification. Max Bernhard and Bernhard Weinberg survived the war as ‘half Jews’.[35]
  • Erich Straub, Dr. med. – first NSDAP city councilor in Schleswig. In 1930, he became head of the district department for public health and racial welfare of the NSDAP. In November 1933, he was promoted to provincial councilor, entrusted with the management of welfare education. Between February 1941 and March 1943, he also worked as an expert for the Nazi
    T-4 Euthanasia Program. He belonged to the NSDAP clique of the 'old combatants' in Schleswig.[36]
  • Jürgen Tams – farmer in Groß Rheide who was an NSDAP local group leader from April 1929. From 1 February 1931, he was storm leader of an SA storm initially comprising 30 members, which grew to over 300 members by the end of 1932. In 1930, he took over the post of district agricultural adviser for the Nazi party.[20]
  • Albert Zerrahn – Master fisherman and innkeeper involved in the local NSDAP group in Tolk since 1925, and a member of the 'old combatants'. Carl Zerrahn's "Waldlust"[further explanation needed] was considered the "nucleus of the movement" in the Schleswig district. In 1933, despite public protests, he also became head of the Nübel office. Zerrahn and his son Wilhelm were close friends with Hinrich Lohse.
  • Wilhelm Zerrahn – joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1931, where he purposefully pursued a career. In 1934, he first became SS-Oberscharführer in Flensburg. He served as SS-Brigadeführer in the 50th SS Staff Department until 1937, and from November 1937 on the SS Staff. In December 1940, he was appointed SS group leader. In April 1941, he was promoted to Sicherheitsdienst (SD) group leader, and a short time later he was promoted to senior group leader in the Reich Security Main Office.[37]

Perpetrators who worked in Schleswig-Holstein after 1945

Informers

Persecuted Jews were often only revealed to the Gestapo through denunciation. In the family context, men were by far the most frequent victims of denunciation. They were denounced most frequently by women, not least from their own families. In the area of the special court in Kiel, 12% of all complaints came from the family; 92% of them were reimbursed by women. Most of these so-called 'Judas women' were not held accountable after the war, but continued to live unchallenged.[40][41][42][43]

Victims

For a list of names of persecuted Jews in Schleswig-Holstein in the period 1933–1945, see Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft 1933–1945 ('Memorial Book - Victims of the persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist tyranny 1933–1945').

Individual persecuted Jews in Schleswig-Holstein

Stolperstein in memory of Hedwig Lunczer, née Wolff, born in 1858, died on July 17, 1942 in Heikendorf
  • Heinz Salomon – SPD politician who was taken to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in the last transport with Jews from Schleswig-Holstein on 14 February 1945 and returned to the city of Kiel seriously ill as the first Jew after the war.
  • Nathan Israel Cohn (1862–1942) and his family – Cohn worked as a painter in Heikendorf. His wife Hanna Cohn (born Lunczer) died "of old age" in the mental hospital of Neustadt in Holstein in April 1941, and her sister, Hedwig Lunczer, committed suicide on 17 June 1942 after she had received her deportation order. According to the official version, N.I. Cohn himself died after his imprisonment on 13 March 1942 from "bladder cancer and constriction of the bladder".[44]
  • For trade unionists and KPD members in Schleswig-Holstein, see[45]
  • For Jehovah's Witnesses in Schleswig-Holstein see[46]

Places of remembrance

Synagogues in Schleswig-Holstein

During Kristallnacht – the pogrom on the night of 9–10 November 1938 – violent measures against Jews were organized and controlled by Nazi Germany. Over 1,400 synagogues, prayer rooms, and other meeting rooms, as well as thousands of shops, apartments, and Jewish cemeteries were destroyed, at least four of them in Schleswig-Holstein. The pogroms marked a transition from discrimination against German Jews to systematic persecution, which culminated in the Holocaust almost three years later.

A list of synagogues destroyed in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 can be found in the German Wikipedia: Synagogues destroyed in Nazi Germany (1933–1945) [de]. Those in Schleswig-Holstein include:

  1. Synagogue (Ahrensburg), destroyed in the November pogrom of 1938
  2. Synagogue Elmshorn, destroyed in the November pogrom of 1938
  3. Synagogue Goethestraße, Kiel, destroyed in the November pogrom of 1938
  4. Synagogue (Lübeck), the interior was destroyed during the November pogrom of 1938
  5. Synagogue (Rendsburg), the interior was destroyed during the November pogrom of 1938

Jewish cemeteries in Schleswig Holstein

The desecration of

SS runes, and swastikas, took place en masse in Germany during the time of Nazi Germany. According to estimates by the historian Julius H. Schoeps, 80 to 90 percent of the approximately 1,700 Jewish resting places in the German Reich were desecrated during this period.[47]
Statistical information on how many cemeteries were affected in Schleswig-Holstein is not available.

Jewish cemeteries were desecrated in various ways, first through direct damage, which had been frequent since 1938. From 1942, however, desecration also occurred through actions as part of the Reichsmetallspende, which offered a pretext for removing bars and other metal objects from Jewish cemeteries. SA men and Hitler Youth took the opportunity to smash stone graves.[47][48] The Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands had the deceased exhumed in order to carry out "skull and other bone measurements".[49] By desecrating the cemeteries, the perpetrators sought to destroy the religiously based durability of the burial sites and the memory of Jewish life. The Nazis wanted to erase its symbolic presence and violate the dignity of both the deceased and their relatives.[50]

For believing Jews, grave desecration is particularly serious because the grave is intended for eternity in a

exhumation or relocation of a grave is – apart from very special circumstances – not permitted.[citation needed] A disturbance of the peace of the dead causes a deep psychological dismay in the Jewish community and in some cases increases a 'persistent mourning disorder' among relatives. A tombstone (Hebrew: מצבה‎, romanizedMazewa
) symbolizes the obligation not to forget the deceased.

With the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Germany, over 2,000 Jewish cemeteries have again been desecrated since the end of the war. Commenting on the increasing desecration of Jewish cemeteries in the 1950s,

anti-Semitism, it is itself anti-Semitism."[51]

List of Jewish cemeteries in Schleswig-Holstein

(The following entries are only available in the German Wikipedia)

"Jews' houses" in Schleswig-Holstein

The Judenhäuser (lit.'Jews' houses') were larger residential buildings from (formerly) Jewish property that the Nazi state converted into ghetto houses from 1939 onwards. Here, the Gestapo forcibly quartered people declared "of Jewish descent" according to the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935. The buildings were clearly marked on the outside and were subject to Gestapo surveillance. In Kiel, the Jews were concentrated in the Gängeviertel where two "Jews' houses" existed: at Kleiner Kuhberg 25, on the corner of Feuergang 2,[52] and at Flämische Straße 22a.

On 6 December 1941, the first 977 Jews from the

extermination camps (see also Judenhäuser in der Stadt Braunschweig [de] [lit.'Jews' houses in the city of Braunschweig']). A total of around 240 Jews from Kiel became victims of Nazi persecution.[53]

Nazi concentration camp sub-camps in Schleswig-Holstein area

The following is a list of Nazi concentration camp sub-camps in the area:

  1. Kaltenkirchen concentration camp – a satellite camp of Neuengamme concentration camp
  2. KZ satellite camp Kiel – a temporary satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp
  3. Husum-Schwesing concentration camp, a satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp; located in the Engelsburg district of Schwesingen, northeast of Husum
  4. KZ Ahrensbök (1933–34) – an early ("wild") concentration camp for Nazi opponents: mostly communists, social democrats, and trade unionists
  5. KZ Kuhlen (18 July 1933 – 27 October 1933) – early ("wild") camp in Kuhlen near Rickling, Germany, in Schleswig-Holstein; most of the prisoners were communists and social democrats
  6. KZ Eutin (July 1933 – May 1934) – an early ("wild") concentration camp in Eutin, mainly for communists, social democrats, trade unionists, and others unpopular with the Nazi regime
  7. Concentration camp Ladelund (November 1944) – located in Ladelund about 20 km northeast of Niebüll on the German–Danish border, as a satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp in connection with the construction of the Friesenwall ('Frisian Wall').
  8. Neustadt in Holstein Concentration Camp External Command – external work assignments in Neustadt in Holstein of the Neuengamme concentration camp; 15 concentration camp prisoners who were used for construction work in Neustadt from December 1944 to 1 May 1945.
  9. KZ-Fürstengrube-Death March (also referred to as "Death March from Auschwitz to Holstein") – a death march by concentration camp prisoners as part of the evacuation of the concentration camp Fürstengrube subcamp in Upper Silesia (see a list of sub-camps of Auschwitz concentration camp sub-camps). The lack of nutrition, illness, exhaustion, abuse, and murder claimed numerous victims on this death march from January to May 1945, which had several intermediate stations.

Literature

References

  1. ^ Jews in Schleswig-Holstein. Society for Schleswig-Holstein History, http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/juden-in-schleswig-holstein/
  2. ^ Commemoration - December 6, 2011 - 70th anniversary of the deportation of Jews from Schleswig-Holstein. Background. Series of publications by the State Center for Political Education Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 2011, pp. 10-21
  3. ^ Jewish population in Germany on May 17, 1939. Statistics of the German Reich, Volume 552.4, Berlin 1944. 'The Jews and Jewish half-breeds in the German Reich and in the parts of the Reich according to descent and religious affiliation', German Reich, overview 1a, p. 4/6.
  4. ^ The Jewish Population in the German Reich 1933–1945, ibid.
  5. ^ Goldberg, Bettina (2016): Jews in Schleswig-Holstein - A historical overview. In: Hering, Rainer (ed.): The "Night of Crystals" in Schleswig-Holstein. The November pogrom in historical context. Hamburg: Publications of the Schleswig-Holstein State Archives, Volume 109, p. 45
  6. ^ Gedenkbuch – Victims of the persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist dictatorship in Germany 1933-1945. Koblenz: The Federal Archives.
  7. ^ a b Goldberg, Bettina (2016), p. 29
  8. ^ "Jewish population in Germany on October 29, 1946. [Census of occupations and occupations of October 29, 1946, in the four zones of occupation and Greater Berlin, census table section, Berlin-Munich 1949]. Table VI. The population according to religious affiliation, (a) Germany, zones of occupation, states and local authority Greater Berlin, pp. 100-101".
  9. ^ Compiled from Dieter Pohl: Persecution and mass murder in the Nazi era 1933-1945. Darmstadt 2003, p. 73 and 96; Peter Longerich: Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. 2010, pp. 196-198.
  10. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique 'old fighters' - rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig. In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), pp. 161-221, Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education in Schleswig-Holstein e.V., p. 195
  11. ^ (German wikipedia: Gauwirtschaftsberater)
  12. ^ German wikipedia: Reichswerke Hermann Göring
  13. ^ Internment camps: contemporary witnesses - Heinz Behrens. MOOSBURG-Online, [1], accessed: 7 September 2022
  14. ^ a b Schartl, Matthias (2003): 167
  15. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 173, 183–1985
  16. ^ Wigbert Benz: Paul Carell. Ribbentrop's press chief Paul Karl Schmidt before and after 1945. wvb, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86573-068-X, p. 13.
  17. ^ Cf. Preliminary proceedings by the public prosecutor's office in Verden against Dr. Paul Karl Schmidt and others for murder. File 412 AR no. 1082 / 1965; Federal Archives, Ludwigsburg branch, new call number (since November 2003): B 162 AR 650 1082; occupied by Benz: Paul Carell. Berlin 2005, p. 88 ff
  18. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 222
  19. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 175
  20. ^ a b c Schartl, Matthias (2003): 170
  21. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique 'old fighters' - rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig. In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), p. 162, 201. Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education in Schleswig-Holstein e.V.
  22. ^ a b Schartl, Matthias (2003): 166
  23. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 207
  24. ^ Schartl , Matthias (2003): 204
  25. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 189
  26. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 205
  27. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 219–220
  28. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 181–182
  29. ^ Cf. on this: Gerhard Paul, Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: Menorah and Swastika. Neumünster 1998.
  30. ^ Bettina Goldberg: Away from the metropolises: the Jewish minority in Schleswig-Holstein. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2011, ISBN 978-3-529-06111-0, p. 445.
  31. ^ Cf. on this: Irene Dittrich: Local history guide to the sites of resistance and persecution. p. 115/116.
  32. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 178
  33. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 194
  34. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): Eine Clique 'Alter Kämpfer' - Aufstieg und Fall regionaler NSDAP-Eliten in Stadt und Landkreis Schleswig. In: Demokratische Geschichte (DG), Band 15 (2003), S. 163, Malente: Beirat für Geschichte in der Gesellschaft für Politik und Bildung Schleswig-Holsteins e.V.
  35. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 193
  36. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 162, 178
  37. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 169, 197
  38. ^ Plöger: Von Ribbentrop zu Springer. Marburg 2009, S. 167.
  39. ^ Benz: Paul Carell. Berlin 2005, S. 72–75; Plöger: Von Ribbentrop zu Springer. Marburg 2009, S. 322–326.
  40. ^ Helga Schubert, Judasfrauen. Munich: Dtv Verlagsgesellschaft, TB, 2021, 176 pages, ISBN 978-3-423-14821-4
  41. ^ Jan Ruckenbiel, ubsi/51/1/ruckenbiel.pdf Social control in the Nazi regime - protest, denunciation and persecution on the practice of everyday oppression in the interaction between the population and the Gestapo, dissertation University - Comprehensive University Siegen 2001, Cologne: 2003, p. 125–126
  42. ^ Sigrid Weigel, »Judasfrauen«. Sexual images in the victim-perpetrator discourse on National Socialism. On Helga Schubert's case histories., Feministische Studien, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. 121-131.
  43. ^ Cynthia Apel, Helga Schubert's Judasfrauen: The Use of Narrative in Documentary Literature., Focus on Literatur, vol. 02, No. 02 (Fall 1995), pp. 139–147
  44. ^ Nadine Schättler: Memorial stone commemorates Nazi victims. Kieler Nachrichten, November 10, 2019
  45. ^ Elke Imberger: Resistance "from below": Resistance and dissent from the ranks of the labor movement and Jehovah's Witnesses in Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein 1933-1945. p .87.
  46. ^ Elke Imberger: Resistance "from below": Resistance and dissent from the ranks of the labor movement and Jehovah's Witnesses in Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein 1933-1945. p. 87.
  47. ^ a b Julius H. Schoeps (9 November 1984). "A stone on the grave. The destruction and desecration of Jewish cemeteries in Germany". Die Zeit (46/1984).
  48. ^ Andreas Wirsching: Jewish cemeteries in Germany 1933-1957. 2002, p. 19 .
  49. ^ Quoted from: Andreas Wirsching: Jewish cemeteries in Germany 1933–1957. 2002, p. 23.
  50. Deutscher Bundestag. 10 November 2011: 36 ff. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
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  51. .
  52. ^ Bettina Goldberg: Kleiner Kuhberg 25 - Feuergang 2. - The persecution and deportation of the Schleswig-Holstein Jews reflected in the history of two houses. 2002
  53. ^ "Jüdische Gemeinde - Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein)".