MGM-31 Pershing
The MGM-31A Pershing was the missile used in the Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a field artillery missile systems.
Pershing 1
Pershing 1 The Martin Company | |
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Designed | 1958–1960 |
Manufacturer | The Martin Company |
Development
George Bunker, president of
The
The missile was initially called the Redstone-S, where the S meant solid propellant (and the name Redstone came from the Redstone missile it was supposed to replace), but renamed to Pershing in honor of General of the Armies John J. Pershing. ABMA selected seven companies to develop engineering proposals: Chrysler, the Lockheed Corporation, the Douglas Aircraft Company, the Convair Division of General Dynamics, the Firestone Corp., the Sperry-Rand Company, and the Martin Company.[2]
The
The first launch of the XM14 R&D Pershing 1 test missile (P-01) was on 25 February 1960. The first launch from the tactical transporter erector launcher (TEL) was on 26 July 1960 (P-06).[4] For training there was an inert Pershing 1 missile designated XM19. In June 1963, the XM14 and XM19 Pershing missiles were redesignated as XMGM-31A and XMTM-31B, respectively. The production version of the tactical missile was later designated as MGM-31A and the XMTM-31B designation was dropped.
Deployment
Plans were for the organization of ten missile battalions: one at Fort Sill, one in Korea and eight in West Germany; this was eventually reduced to one battalion at Fort Sill and three in West Germany.[12]
Each missile battalion organized at
The
The Secretary of Defense assigned the Pershing weapon system to a
Missile
Two Thiokol solid-propellant motors powered the Pershing 1 missile. Since a solid-propellant motor cannot be turned off, the missile used thrust reversal and case venting for a selective range. Splice bands and explosive bolts attached the rocket motors. The missile was controlled by an analog guidance computer using a ball-and-disk integrator and a control computer. As directed by the onboard computers, the bolts exploded and ejected the splice band. Another squib would open the thrust reversal ports in the forward end of the stage and ignite the propellant in the forward end, causing the motor to reverse direction. Testing found that the second stage would draft behind the warhead and cause it to drift off course, so explosive charges on the side of the motor opened the case and vented the propellant. The range could be graduated but the maximum was 740 kilometres (400 nmi). Jet vanes in the motor nozzles and air vanes on the motor case steered the missile. The onboard analog guidance computer and the Eclipse-Pioneer ST-120 (Stable Table-120) inertial navigation system provided guidance. The warhead could be conventional explosive or a W50 nuclear weapon with three yield options— the Y1 with 60 kiloton yield, Y2 with 200 kiloton yield and Y3 with 400 kiloton yield; the conventional warhead was never deployed.
Ground equipment
The Pershing 1 firing platoon consisted of four
The PTS featured rapid missile checkout and countdowns, with complete computer control, and automatic self-test and malfunction isolation. Additionally, the PTS would perform tests that simulated airborne missile operation, programmed the trajectory of the missile and controlled the firing sequence. Plug-in micromodules increased maintainability and allowed the PTS operator to perform 80% of all repairs at the firing position. A turbine driven Power Station mounted behind the PTS, provided the primary electrical and pneumatic power and conditioned air for the missile and ground support equipment at the firing position.
Orientation
The missile was positioned or laid in on a pre-surveyed site with a system of two theodolites and a target card. Directional control passed from one theodolite to the one next to the missile. The missile then oriented to north by an operator using a horizontal laying theodolite aimed at a window in the guidance section of the missile. Using a control box, the ST-120 inertial navigation system in the guidance section rotated into alignment and the north direction programmed into the computer.
Satellite launcher
In 1961, Martin proposed a satellite launch system based on the Pershing. Named Pegasus, it would have had a lighter, simplified guidance section and a short third stage booster.[15] A 60-pound (27 kg) payload could be boosted to a 210 miles (340 km) circular orbit, or to an elliptical orbit with a 700 miles (1,130 km) apogee. Pegasus would have used the Pershing erector-launcher and could be placed in any open area. Martin seems to have targeted the nascent European space program, but this system was never developed.
APL
In 1965, the Army contracted with the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) of Johns Hopkins University to develop and implement a test and evaluation program.[16] APL provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.[17]
Gallery
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Missile carrier
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Warhead carrier
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Programmer Test Station and Power station
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AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set
Pershing 1a
Pershing 1a | |
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Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Launch Complex 16 by C Battery, 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery on 26 October 1976 | |
Type | Surface-to-surface guided missile |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1969–1991 |
Used by |
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Production history | |
Designer | M757 5-ton tractor |
Development
In 1964 a series of operational tests and follow-on tests were performed to determine Pershing reliability. The Secretary of Defense then requested that the Army define the modifications required to make Pershing suitable for the Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) role. The Pershing 1a development program was approved in 1965, the original Pershing renamed to Pershing 1 and Martin Marietta received the Pershing 1a production contract in 1967. Project SWAP replaced all the Pershing equipment in Germany by mid-1970 and the first units quickly achieved QRA status. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara directed that the U.S. Air Force's MGM-13 Mace missile would be replaced by the Pershing 1a in 1965.[18]
Pershing 1a was a Quick Reaction Alert system and so had faster vehicles, launch times and newer electronics.[19] The total number of launchers increased from 8 to 36 per battalion. Production of the Pershing 1a missile ended in 1975 and reopened in 1977 to replace missiles expended in training.
Pershing 1a was further improved in 1971 with the Pershing Missile and Power Station Development Program. The analog guidance computer and the control computer in the missile were replaced by a single digital guidance and control computer. The main distributor in the missile that routed power and signals was replaced with a new version. The missile used a rotary inverter to convert DC to AC that was replaced by a solid-state static inverter. The power station was improved for accessibility and maintenance.[20] Further improvements in 1976 allowed the firing of a platoon's three missiles in quick succession and from any site without the need for surveying.[21] The Automatic Reference System (ARS) used an optical laser link and a north-seeking gyro with encode to eliminate the need for pre-selected and surveyed points. The Sequential Launch Adapter connected the PTS to three missiles, eliminating the need to cable and uncable each launcher.
A total of 754 MGM-31A missiles were built.[1]
Deployment
The battalions in Europe reorganized under a new table of organization and equipment (TOE); an infantry battalion was added to provide additional security; and the 56th Artillery Group was reorganized and redesignated the 56th Field Artillery Brigade. Due to the nature of the weapon system, officer positions were increased by one grade: batteries were commanded by a major instead of a captain; battalions were commanded by a colonel; and the brigade was commanded by a brigadier general.[22]: 2-4
Pershing 1a was deployed with three U.S. battalions in Europe and two German Air Force wings. Each battalion or wing had 36 mobile launchers. The constitution of West Germany prohibited owning nuclear weapons, thus control of the nuclear warheads remained in the hands of the U.S. Army. During peacetime operations, a portion of the Pershing 1a assets were deployed on the QRA mission. The remainder would be conducting field training or were maintained in kasernes awaiting alert. The system was designed to be highly mobile, permitting its dispersal to clandestine sites in times of alert or war and was deployed at distances greater than 100 km behind the forward edge of battle area or political border. Owing to its mobility and setback, Pershing was considered one of the most survivable theater nuclear weapons ever deployed in Europe.
The primary mission in the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe scheduled plan took one of two forms: peacetime or an increased state of readiness called the period of tension. Different levels or techniques of tasking were used for these mission forms. The peacetime Quick Reaction Alert role required that for each battalion or wing, one firing battery or a portion thereof would be combat alert status (CAS) on a permanent hard site, covering assigned targets.
In peacetime the four batteries of each battalion rotated through four states or conditions of alert readiness, the highest being that of the CAS battery. The purpose of this rotation was to assume the CAS status, to share the burden of CAS responsibility, to provide time for field tactical training and equipment maintenance, and to give ample leave and pass time to personnel without adverse impact on operational requirements.
During periods of increased tension, the firing batteries of each battalion were deployed to previously unused field tactical sites. At these sites, they assumed responsibility for coverage of all assigned targets. During the transition from the peacetime to full combat status, coverage was maintained on the highest priority targets that were assigned to the peacetime CAS batteries.
Once all firing batteries were at their field sites, the firing elements of the battalions were deployed by platoons, which were then separated from each other geographically to reduce vulnerability. The platoons then moved to new firing positions on a random schedule to increase survivability.
Launcher and support equipment
The M790 erector launcher (EL) was a modified low-boy flat-bed trailer towed by a
The PTS and PS were mounted on a Ford M656 truck for U.S. Army units and a Magirus-Deutz or MAN SE for German Air Force units.[24] Launch activation was performed from a remote fire box that could be deployed locally or mounted in the battery control central (BCC). One PTS controlled three launchers— when one launch count was complete, ten large cables were unplugged from the PTS and the PTS was moved up and connected to the next launcher.
Further improvements
Missile and power station upgrades in 1974 provided easier access to missile components, reduce maintenance and improved reliability. A new digital guidance and control computer combined the functions of the analog control computer and the analog guidance computer into one package. The mean time to repair decreased from 8.7 hours to 3.8 hours and the mean time between failures increased from 32 hours to 65 hours.
More modifications in 1976 greatly reduced the launch time. The sequential launch adapter (SLA) was an automatic switching device mounted in a 10-ton trailer that allowed the PTS to remain connected to all three launchers allowing all three missiles to stay hot. The automatic reference system (ARS) eliminated the theodolites previously used to lay and orient the missile. It included a north-seeking gyro and a laser link to the ST-120 that more quickly oriented the missile.
After the Pershing II explosion in 1985, the Pershing 1a launchers of the German Air Force were retrofitted with ballistic shields.
In 1987 a joint Army/Department of Energy study concluded that it was technically and financially feasible to replace the W50 warhead carried by Pershing 1a with the W85 warhead developed for Pershing II. However, with the signing of the INF Treaty, development on the conversion was terminated.[25]
Gallery
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Pershing 1a missile system
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Programmer Test Station and Power station
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Battery Control Central
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AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set
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Azimuth Reference System
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West German Erector Launcher with ballistic shields
Pershing II
The Pershing II Weapon System was a
Operators
United States: United States Army
- 56th Field Artillery Brigade(1972–1986)
- 1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment(1972–1986)
- 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment(1968–1986)
- 1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment(1972–1986)
- 214th Field Artillery Brigade(1979–1991)
- 3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment(1971–1990)
- 1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade
- 2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment(1964–1968)
West Germany: German Air Force
- Missile Wing 1 (German: Flugkörpergeschwader 1)
- Missile Wing 2 (German: Flugkörpergeschwader 2)
Elimination
The Pershing systems were eliminated after the ratification of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty on 27 May 1988.[26] The missiles began to be withdrawn in October 1988 and the last of the missiles were destroyed by the static burn of their motors and subsequently crushed in May 1991 at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant near Caddo Lake, Texas.[27] Although not covered by the treaty, West Germany agreed unilaterally to the removal of the Pershing 1a missiles from its inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed in the United States.
Pershing Missiles in Popular Fiction
- Adios El Jefe! (Helmut Portmann 2024)[28]
Notes
- ^ a b c The original system was simply named Pershing but was renamed Pershing 1 in 1965 when the Pershing 1a was introduced. Military and other documentation is inconsistent in the use of Arabic and Roman numerals and in capitalization, resulting in the use of I, 1, 1a, 1A, 2, II and the like. MGM-31A is the designation of the missile only; the same missile was used in Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a.
References
- ^ a b c Pershing 1a System Description (PDF). Martin Marietta. June 1974. OR 13,149.
- ^ ISBN 0-67-174998-6.
- ^ "Charlie's Hurricane". Armed Forces. Time. 6 June 1956. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Cape Canaveral LC30". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
- ^ President Dwight D Eisenhower Inspects U.S. Army Missile During his Visit at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Universal International News. 11 February 1960.
- ^ Pershing: The Man, the Missile, the Mission (PDF). The Martin Company. 1960. WSS 009.
- ^ President Eisenhower and Military Officers Review Two Hundred pieces of Weaponry at Fort Benning in Georgia, United States. Universal International News. 5 May 1960.
- ^ President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Parade. Washington, D.C. 20 January 1961. Event occurs at 5:10. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
- ^ Pershing Missile Passes in Review; President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Parade. 20 January 1961.
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ignored (help) - ^ Loengard, John (1 October 1961). Photo 53381082: Texas, United States - October 1961: President John F. Kennedy with General Paul Adams, during tour of a Pershing missile at Fort Bragg. Life.
- ^ "JFK's Visit to White Sands" (PDF). White Sands Missile Range. United States Army.
- ^ Lemmer, George F. (January 1966). Strengthening USAF General Purpose Forces, 1961-1964 (PDF). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ McKenney, Janice E. (2007). "Pershing Missile". Organizational History of Field Artillery 1775 - 2003 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 230–234. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Tupper, Fred A.; Hausburg, E. E. (January 1963). "Field Artillery's Newest Missile" (PDF). Artillery Trends: 36–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Pershing Rockets for Europe" (PDF). Interavia. July 1961. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Mentzer Jr., William R. (1998). "Test and Evaluation of Land-Mobile Missile Systems" (PDF). Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. Johns Hopkins University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Lyman, Donald R. (May 1977). "POTU" (PDF). Field Artillery Journal: 15–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Parsch, Andreas (17 November 2002). "Martin TM-76/MGM-13/CGM-13 Mace". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles.
- ^ Moore Jr., Alan L. (April 1969). "A New Look of Pershing" (PDF). The Field Artilleryman: 49–57. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Instructional Department Notes: Pershing" (PDF). The Field Artilleryman: 76–78. August 1971. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Pershing System Modular Improvement" (PDF). Field Artillery Journal: 30. May 1976. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Pershing II Firing Battery (PDF). United States Army. March 1985. FM 6-11.
- ^ Equipment Data Sheets for TACOM Combat & Tactical Equipment (PDF). United States Army. June 1985. pp. 4–286–4–287. TM 43-0001-31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Equipment Data Sheets for TACOM Combat & Tactical Equipment (PDF). United States Army. June 1985. pp. 4–202–4–203. TM 43-0001-31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2014.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons Surety - Annual Report to the President (PDF) (Report). US Department of Defense and US Department of Energy. 1987. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "The Pershing Weapon System and Its Elimination". United States Army.
- ^ "Pershing I-A missile destroyed".
- ^ Portmann, H.H. Xlibris, 2024. https://books.google.com/books?id=wxPzEAAAQBAJ