Persian war elephants

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Sasanian relief of boar-hunting on domestic elephants, Taq-e Bostan, Iran
A medieval Armenian miniature representing the Sasanian war elephants in the Battle of Avarayr in 451 AD

Asian elephants recruited from the southern provinces of Iran [citation needed] and India, but also possibly Syrian elephants
from Syria and western Iran.

The men (excluding the driver) sat in a large tower from which troops would fight. The elephant itself would normally be armed with thin plate armour (the Sassanids used chain mail as well as thin plate armour) and would bear a large crenelated wooden howdah on its back.[1] Persian war elephants were trained by their rider, called a mahout, who would also ride the elephant into battle. While on the move, the elephants required large paths to cut to accommodate their passage. Training elephants was a difficult task and their upkeep was expensive because of their high nutritional demands. [citation needed]

History

Under the Achaemenids

See also: Achaemenid Empire § Cavalry

Persians used

Macedon and king Darius III of Persia
. The Persians had 15 Indian-trained war elephants, which were placed at the centre of the Persian line, and they made such an impression on the Macedonian troops that Alexander felt the need to sacrifice to the God of Fear the night before the battle. Despite this the Persians lost the battle, relinquishing the Achaemenid empire to Alexander.

Some[

Darius the Great at the Indus, the Danube and against the Scythians in 512 BC. Neither Xenophon nor Herodotus
mention war elephants in their accounts of these earlier campaigns.

Under the Parthians

Since the early 1st century AD, elephants were also used as a symbol of kingship in Iran. This notion was adopted from the

Vologases I of Parthia rode on a war elephant during the Battle of Rhandeia, in 62 CE. [2]

Under the Sasanians

King Khosrow I on top of an elephant fighting the Mazdakite Revolt. Persian miniature

In the early Sasanian period, the war elephants were used in battles as a psychological weapon for its terrorizing effects. Later this role evolved into a logistical one, and in late Sasanian period they were used by army commanders to survey the battle scene.[2]

Sasanian elephants were under a special chief, known as the Zend−hapet, or "Commander of the Indians", as they were from India.

War elephant with turret. Statuette from Pompeii in National Archaeological Museum, Naples
Military of the
Sasanian Empire
Armed forces and units
Ranks
Defense lines
Conflicts

Samarra, and later in a surprise attack on Jovian's forces.[3] The eye-witness Ammianus Marcellinus describes the beasts as "gleaming elephants with ... cruel gaping jaws, pungent smell, and strange appearance";[5] at Ctesiphon, they were placed behind the Sasanian ranks, looking like "walking hills" that "by the movements of their enormous bodies, ... threatened destruction to all who came near them, dreaded as they were from past experience".[2] But these instances were all results of "dire necessity rather than normal deployment", as they usually had little tactical impact, especially in pitched battles. When they were used in pitched battles, the elephants were usually positioned in the rear, in contrast to the classical Carthaginian and Hellenistic practices.[3]

The Sasanian elephants were most effective in

Dara's city walls by 30 feet (9.1 m) to hinder attacks by the Sasanian elephants.[6] Procopius has mentioned wooden turrets that allowed the Sasanians to tower over the walls of a besieged city and shoot arrows. During the Lazic War, Mihr-Mihroe's eight elephants proved effective in the sieges of Archaeopolis and other Lazic fortifications.[3]

Miscellaneous applications of the elephants by the Sasanians are also reported; Agathias mentions their use to blockade a river in one occasion.[3]

In the

Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
, but was unsuccessful.

Later dynasties

The war elephants were also used by

Timurids also used them in the Battle of Ankara
.

In popular culture

  • Shatranj (chess) – which modern chess has gradually developed from, same as Indian chess, includes the war elephant with the name fil (meaning "elephant" in Persian) as the bishop.
  • The Persian civilisation in the real-time strategy computer game Age of Empires II has war elephants as their unique unit, in reference to this period in history. War elephants are also available to the Persians in Age of Empires and are granted fast movement.

See also

References

  1. doi:10.2143/IA.42.0.2017880
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dkb6.7
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Charles, Michael B. "ELEPHANT ii. In the Sasanian Army – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  4. ^ Julian, Oration 2: "[[s:The heroic deeds of Constantius|]]"
  5. ISBN 978-0-8032-6004-7
    .
  6. ^ Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Akadémiai Kiadó. 2003. p. 369.
  7. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, (Cambridge University Press, 1975), 8-9.
  8. ISBN 9781326233327
    .
  9. ^ Kistler, John M. War Elephants, Westport, CT: Praeger, (2006).

Further reading

External links
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