Persius
Aulus Persius Flaccus (
Life
According to the Life contained in the manuscripts, Persius was born into an equestrian family at
In his boyhood, Persius wrote a
Doubts over his biography
The scholia add a few details—on what authority is, as generally with such sources, very doubtful. The Life itself, though not free from the suspicion of interpolation and undoubtedly corrupt and disordered in places, is probably trustworthy. The manuscripts say it came from the commentary of Valerius Probus, no doubt a learned edition of Persius like those of Virgil and Horace by this same famous "grammarian" of Berytus, the poet's contemporary. The only case in which it seems to conflict with the Satires (Saturae) themselves is in its statement as to the death of Persius's father. The declaiming of a suasoria in his presence (Sat. 3.4 sqq.) implies a more mature age than that of six in the performer. But pater might here mean "stepfather," or Persius may have forgotten his own autobiography, may be simply reproducing one of his models. The mere fact that the Life and the Satires agree so closely does not of course prove the authenticity of the former. One of the points of harmony is, however, too subtle for us to believe that a forger evolved it from the works of Persius: the Life gives the impression of a "bookish" youth, who never strayed far from home and family. This is also the picture drawn by the Satires; many of the characters that Persius creates have the same names as characters found in Horace.[1]
A keen observer of what occurs within his narrow horizon, Persius did not shy away from describing the seamy side of life (cf. e.g. such hints as Sat. iii.110), especially the relationship between excesses of consumption and moral failure; he shows little of Horace's easy-going acceptance of human weaknesses. Perhaps the sensitive, homebred nature of Persius can also be glimpsed in his frequent references to ridicule, whether of great men by street gamins or of the cultured by
Work
The chief interest of Persius's work lies in its relation to Roman satire in its interpretation of Roman
Persius's satires are composed in hexameters, except for the scazons of the short prologue above referred to. The first satire censures the literary tastes of the day as a reflection of the decadence of the national morals. The theme of Seneca's 114th letter is similar. The description of the recitator and the literary twaddlers after dinner is vividly natural, but an interesting passage which cites specimens of smooth versification and the languishing style is greatly spoiled by the difficulty of appreciating the points involved and indeed of distributing the dialogue (a not uncommon crux in Persius). The remaining satires handle in order (2) the question as to what we may justly ask of the gods (cf. Second Alcibiades), (3) the importance of having a definite aim in life, (4) the necessity of self-knowledge for public men (cf. Plato's First Alcibiades), (5) the Stoic doctrine of liberty (introduced by generous allusions to Cornutus' teaching), and (6) the proper use of money.[1]
The Life tells us that the Satires were not left complete; some lines were taken (presumably by Cornutus or Bassus) from the end of the work so that it might be quasi finitus. This perhaps means that a sentence in which Persius had left a line imperfect, or a paragraph which he had not completed, had to be omitted. The same authority says that Cornutus definitely blacked out an offensive allusion to the emperor's literary taste, and that we owe to him the reading of the manuscripts in Sat. i.121,—"auriculas asini quis non (for Mida rex ) habet!" Traces of lack of revision are, however, still visible; cf. e.g. v.176 (sudden transition from ambition to superstition) and vi.37 (where criticism of Greek doctores has nothing to do with the context). The parallels to passages of Horace and Seneca are recorded in the commentaries: in view of what the Life says about
Authorities
The manuscripts of Persius fall into two groups, one represented by two of the best of them, the other by that of
The first important editions were: (1) with explanatory notes: Isaac Casaubon (Paris, 1605, enlarged edition by Johann Friedrich Dübner, Leipzig, 1833); Otto Jahn (with the scholia and valuable prolegomena, Leipzig, 1843); John Conington (with translation; 3rd ed., Oxford, 1893), etc.; but there are several modern editions.[1]
Editions
- Braund, Susanna M. (2004) Juvenal and Persius. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Persius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–255. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
References
- Bartsch, Shadi. Persius: A Study in Food, Philosophy, and the Figural. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
- Hooley, D. M. The Knotted Thong: Structures of Mimesis in Persius (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
- Reckford, Kenneth J. Recognizing Persius (Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009) (Martin Classical Lectures).
External links
- Media related to Aulus Persius Flaccus at Wikimedia Commons
- Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Aulus Persius Flaccus
- English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Aulus Persius Flaccus
- Quotations related to Persius at Wikiquote
- Works by Persius at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Persius at Internet Archive
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Persius in .jpg and .tiff format.
- Auli Persii Flacci satirarum liber, cum scholiis antiquis, Otto Jahn (ed.), Lipsiae, typis et impensis Breitropfii er Baertelii, 1843.
- The Life of Aulus Persius Flaccus from Suetonius's De Viris Illustribus