Croatia in personal union with Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia (and Dalmatia) Kraljevina Hrvatska (i Dalmacija) ( Latin ) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1102–1526 | |||||||||
King | | ||||||||
• 1102–1116 (first) | Coloman | ||||||||
• 1516–1526 (last) | Louis II | ||||||||
Ban (Viceroy) | |||||||||
• 1102–1105 (first) | Ugra | ||||||||
• 1522–1526 (last) | Ferenc Batthyány | ||||||||
Legislature | Sabor | ||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
1102 | |||||||||
18 February 1358 | |||||||||
9 September 1493 | |||||||||
29 May 1522 | |||||||||
29 August 1526 | |||||||||
Currency | Frizatik (12th–13th century) Banovac (1235–1384) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina |
The Kingdom of Croatia (
Some of the terms of Coloman's coronation and the later status of the Croatian nobles are detailed in the
Name
The diplomatic name of the kingdom was "Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia" (
Background
History of Croatia |
---|
Timeline |
Croatia portal |
Succession crisis
The widow of late
Ladislaus died in 1095, leaving his nephew
Historical context
In 1102, after a succession crisis, the crown passed into the hands of the Árpád dynasty, with the crowning of King
According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations and the
The alleged agreement called Pacta conventa (English: Agreed accords) or Qualiter (first word of the text) is today viewed as a 14th-century forgery by most modern Croatian historians. According to the document King Coloman and the twelve heads of the Croatian nobles made an agreement, in which Coloman recognised their autonomy and specific privileges. Although it is not an authentic document from 1102, nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way,[3][13] while the content of the alleged agreement is concordant with the reality of rule in Croatia in more than one respect.[37]
Geography and administrative organization
The Kingdom of Croatia was bounded to the west by the Dalmatian coast (from the headland of the
Croatia was ruled by a deputy for the king, a governor called a
History
Struggle with Venice and Byzantium
By 1107 King Coloman controlled most of
Following the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to maintain its power consistently in Dalmatia. Soon Zadar rebelled against Venice and became a constant battleground until 1202 when, during the Fourth Crusade, the Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo and the Crusaders sacked Zadar (Zara), despite the fact that King Emeric pledged himself to join the Crusade. It was the first attack against a Catholic city by the Crusaders. Venice demanded this as a compensation for their transport further east towards Constantinople, where they later founded the Latin Empire.[43] Hostilities with Venice continued until 1216 during the reign of King Andrew II, who used the Venetian fleet to join the Fifth Crusade.[46]
Feudalisation and relations between nobles
In the 12th century, under the influence of the
During this period and as result of the
In 1221 a war broke out between Domald, who was then Prince of Split and Count of Cetina, and the Šubić family over the ownership of Split. Domald's family ties are unknown, but he was probably from the Snačić or the Kačić family. Domald also held Šibenik and Klis fortress and briefly took Zadar from Venice in 1209. The citizens of Split expelled Domald in 1221 and elected Višan Šubić from Zvonigrad near Knin as their prince. Although the Šubić family was victorious, another war started among its members, Gregory III Šubić of Bribir and Višan. Gregory Šubić won, executed Višan and took his lands, thus securing supremacy in the Šubić family. Domald was still in possession of Klis and had ambitions to retake Split. In the course of the war Domald lost Klis and then allied himself with the Kačić family. In 1229 Domald managed to defeat Gregory's deputy in Split and was re-elected as the prince of Split. However, by 1231 Gregory returned to his position in Split. After Gregory died Domald took advantage of the new situation and for the second time reclaimed Split in 1235, but lost it 2 years after to Gregory's son Marko I Šubić of Bribir. War with Domald was finally over when Stjepko Šubić defeated and captured him in Klis.[51]
Croatia and Slavonia remained decentralized under local nobles throughout the 13th century, unlike the Hungarian nobles that rebelled against King Andrew II. The King was forced to issue a golden bull in 1222 defining the rights of the Hungarian nobility and granting them privileges such as tax exemption and the right to disobey the King. The Croatian nobles already enjoyed most of the privileges that Andrew II granted.[51]
Mongol invasion
During the rule of
In 1242 the Mongols crossed the Drava river and started plundering the Slavonian counties of Požega and Križevci. They sacked the towns of Čazma and Zagreb, whose cathedral was burned.[55] The nobility, together with King Béla, moved south to the fortress of Klis, Split, Trogir and the surrounding islands.[56] In March 1242 the Mongols were near Split and started attacking Klis, since they thought King Béla, who was at the time in Trogir, was hiding there, but failed to capture its fortress.[55]
Soon came the news of the death of Ögedei Khan in Karakorum. To be in on the action of electing a new khan, the Mongols turned back. One group returned east through Zeta, Serbia, and Bulgaria, all of which were looted as they passed through, while the second one plundered the area of Dubrovnik and burned the town of Kotor.[53][56]
After the Mongols left Croatia its land were devastated and a huge famine broke out. The invasion of Mongols showed that only fortified cities could provide protection against them. Since the Mongols still held much of
13th century civil war
The Mongol invasion temporarily stopped internal warfare among the nobles, but right after they left in the early 1240s a civil war broke out in Croatia. The cause of the war was the possession of Ostrog village, that both Split and Trogir claimed as theirs and which was in 1242 confirmed by King Béla IV to Trogir with a special charter. Trogir had the support of the King and the Šubić family, with Stjepko Šubić its leader, while Split found allies among the Kačić family, Andrew of Hum and Bosnian Ban Matej Ninoslav. In 1244 Split elected Ninoslav as its prince, and in the same year Ninoslav launched an attack on Trogir, but failed to take the city. After Ninoslav returned to Bosnia, a large army commanded by Slavonian Ban Denis Türje, Stjepko Šubić and Daniel Šubić was sent against Split, which immediately surrendered. Peace was signed on 19 July 1244. A second army led by King Béla IV breached into Bosnia and forced Ban Matej Ninoslav to sign a peace treaty on 20 July 1244. To prevent further wars among the Dalmatian coastal cities, King Béla IV transferred the election of their governors, that were previously done by cities themselves, to the Ban of Croatia. The Šubić family was dissatisfied with this decision, as they had previously governed most of the coastal cities.[57][58]
The later kings sought to restore their influence by giving certain privileges to the towns, making them
However, local nobles continued to strengthen. The weakening of royal authority allowed the Šubić family to restore their former role in the coastal cities. In the 1270s they regained Trogir, Split and Šibenik. In 1274 Paul I Šubić of Bribir (Croatian: Pavao I Šubić Bribirski) became the head of the family and was soon named the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, while his brothers were princes of the leading Dalmatian cities, Mladen I Šubić of Split, and George I Šubić of Trogir and Šibenik. In 1280 Venice attacked the coastal holdings of the Kačić family and captured Omiš. Paul Šubić used the decline of the Kačići and seized the mainland holdings between the Neretva and Cetina rivers.[49]
Dynastic struggles and the Šubić family
In 1290 King Ladislaus IV died, leaving no sons, and a war of succession broke out between Andrew III from the Árpád dynasty and Charles Martel of Anjou from the House of Anjou. Croatian Ban Paul Šubić and most of the Croatian nobility supported Charles Martel, while most of the Hungarian nobles supported Andrew III. The Babonić family was initially on the Anjou side, but soon came out for Andrew III. To retain Croatian support, father of Charles Martel, Charles II of Naples, awarded in the name of his son all lands from the Gvozd Mountain to the Neretva River hereditarily to Paul Šubić. The position of the ban was thus made hereditary for the Šubić family, while the local Croatian nobles became vassals of Paul and his descendants. In response Andrew III also issued a charter naming Paul a hereditary Croatian ban. As a result of this bidding for support and the absence of central power in the midst of a civil war, the Šubić family became the most powerful family in Croatia.[59][60]
In Zagreb, the bishop's town, Kaptol, supported Charles Martel, while Gradec supported Andrew, which led to bitter fighting in the area. After Charles Martel died in 1295 his rights to the throne passed to his son, Charles I (also known as Charles Robert). Croatian and Hungarian nobles eventually accepted Andrew III as King, but a new revolt started when in 1299 Andrew named his uncle, Albertino Morosini as heir, since he had no sons. Paul sent his brother, George I Šubić, to Rome to gain papal approval for their requests and bring Charles I to Croatia, where he arrived in August 1300. Andrew III died in January 1301 and brought the Árpád dynasty to an end. Ban Paul Šubić accompanied Charles I to Zagreb, where he was recognized as king. In March 1301 the Archbishop crowned him with a provisional crown King of Hungary and Croatia in Esztergom.[59][60] So the act was not performed with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár as it was required by custom.
The privileges that Paul Šubić gained during the succession crisis were confirmed and his family gained hereditary banship. Although the Croatian nobles recognized Charles I, a part of the Hungarian nobles refused to do so and opted for
Territorial changes in Dalmatia
In 1345 Zadar again rebelled against Venice, but after a lengthy siege in late 1346 the Venetians regained the city. In retaliation for the rebellion Venice destroyed Zadar's sea walls, confiscated weapons from its citizens and sent a Venetian to be the town's governor. King Louis I signed an eight-year peace treaty with Venice in 1348. In 1356, after the end of the peace treaty, King Louis invaded Venetian territories without a former declaration of war. The Croatian army was led by Ban John Csúz of Ludbreg. Split, Trogir, and Šibenik soon got rid of the Venetian governors, while Zadar fell after a short siege. As Louis at the same time fought successfully in northern Italy, Venice was forced to sign the Treaty of Zadar on 18 February 1358.[66]
With the Treaty King Louis gained power over the entire area of Dalmatia, from the island of Cres to Durrës in Albania, including Dubrovnik (Ragusa), which acted as an independent unit. The Doge of Venice had to renounce its title "Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia".[66] After this the entire Croatian territory was integrated under one administration and under the authority of the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia. As a result, the economy of Croatia flourished in the late 14th century, especially in cities on the eastern Adriatic coast. New royal towns were established on trade routes, richer merchants' increased dominance over towns, and new conditions marked the beginning of cultural integration between coastal and continental Croatia.[67]
Anti-court movement
Following the death of Louis I in 1382 his wife
The two brothers were joined by John of Palisna, who had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in 1385 by Charles III. They assisted Charles in deposing Queen Mary who renounced the crown without resistance in late 1385, but Elizabeth soon had him murdered in February 1386. The Horvat brothers rose up in open rebellion on behalf of the murdered king's son, Ladislaus of Naples. On 25 July 1386 they attacked Queen Mary, Elizabeth and their retinue at Gorjani and captured the queens. Mary and her mother were imprisoned and held in captivity at the bishop of Zagreb's castle of Gomnec.[69] Elizabeth and Mary were soon sent to Novigrad Castle, with John of Palisna as their new jailer. Elizabeth was tried and found guilty of inciting Charles' murder. In January 1387 Sigismund of Luxemburg, husband of Queen Mary, marched towards Novigrad to rescue the queens. When news of Sigismund's approach reached Novigrad, Elizabeth was strangled in her prison in Mary's presence. As the throne could no longer be left vacant, Sigismund was crowned king on 31 March 1387 at Székesfehérvár.[69]
Sigismund's ally Ivan V Frankopan laid siege to Novigrad Castle with the assistance of a Venetian fleet. They captured the castle on 4 June 1387 and released Mary from captivity. She remained Sigismund's co-ruler until the end of her life, but her influence was minimal. In the meantime King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, an ally of the Horvat brothers, made them governors of
The situation changed in 1393, when Tvrtko's successor,
After the death of Stephen Dabiša his widow
Sigismund had an unsuccessful campaign against the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1398, after which new Bosnian King
Due to a conflict with Hrvoje Vukčić, Bosnian nobility ousted Stephen Ostoja in 1404 and put on the throne Tvrtko II who reigned as Hrvoje's puppet king. Ostoja fled to Hungary and sided with Sigismund. Hrvoje was able to withstand several Sigismund's military interventions until 1408 when the Bosnian nobility was severely defeated in the Battle of Dobor. In January 1409 it was announced that Hrvoje had submitted to Sigismund and that Ostoja was restored to the Bosnian throne. By this Sigismund had put an end to the unrest in Hungary, Bosnia and Croatia.[76] Eventually in 1409 Ladislaus sold his rights in Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats in an attempt to gain allies in the upcoming war against the Republic of Florence.[77]
Ottoman wars
After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 the Ottomans quickly expanded westward and also threatened the Kingdom of Croatia.[78] Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, King Matthias Corvinus strengthened the defense system by establishing the Banate of Jajce and Banate of Srebrenik. Although the Ottomans had trouble in breaching the defense lines, they regularly conducted plundering raids into Croatia and southern Hungary. During one such raid in 1463 Croatian Ban Pavao Špirančić was captured in Senj.[79] The Ottoman Empire quickly expanded to the southern areas, where they conquered large parts of Herzegovina in 1482 and Croatian strongholds in the Neretva valley.[80]
First major Croatian victory over the Ottomans was achieved by Count Petar Zrinski in 1478 near Glina. In 1483 an army led by Croatian Ban Matthias Geréb and the Frankopans defeated a force of around 7,000 Ottoman cavalry (known as the Akıncı) at the Battle of Una River crossing near modern-day Novi Grad. The same year a peace treaty was signed that spared Croatia from larger Ottoman raids. Local conflicts on the border did continue, but with lesser intensity.[81]
The truce ended with the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490. 10,000 Ottoman light cavalrymen crossed the Una River in 1491 and advanced into Carniola. On their way back they were defeated in the Battle of Vrpile. 2 years later a war started between the new Ban of Croatia, Emerik Derenčin, and the Frankopan family. The Frankopans were initially more successful and started to besiege the town of Senj, but the siege was lifted after an army led by Ban Derenčin was sent against them. However, the incoming Ottoman army led by Hadim Yakup Pasha (bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia), that was returning from a raid in Carniola through Croatia, forced them to make peace. Croatian nobles gathered around 10,000 men and decided to face them in an open battle, although some insisted that an ambush would be a better option. on 9 September 1493 the Croatian army intercepted Ottoman forces near Udbina in Lika and suffered a huge defeat in the Battle of Krbava Field.[78] Although the defeat was heavy, the Ottoman Empire had no territorial gains as a result of it.[82] Croatian population from the war-affected areas gradually started to move into safer parts of the country, while some refugees fled outside Croatia to Burgenland, Southern Hungary and the Italian coast.[83]
On 16 August 1513 Ban
On 23 April 1526 Sultan
1527 Parliament of Cetin
Louis II had held the crown of Croatia among other titles, but left no heir. At the session on 10 November 1526, the majority of the
The Croatian historical narrative insists that the decision to join the Habsburg Empire was the result of a free choice made by the Sabor.[28] The political situation after the battle of Mohács – the king's death, two elected rulers, Ottoman conquests and, consequently, the splitting of Hungary into three parts, changed the entire medieval relation system. Civil war broke out between the supporters of Ferdinand and Zápolya that ended soon in an agreement to Ferdinand's benefit and both crowns would again be united in Habsburgs' hands. While this technically meant the restoration of a Croatian-Hungarian union, the relationship between two countries was changed permanently.[90]
Coat of arms
The first known symbol representing Croatia, dates back to the late 12th century, was a six-pointed star over a crescent moon, found on a
-
"Illyrian" coat of arms
(considered oldest known symbol of Croatia) -
Coat of arms of Croatia in the 14th and 15th century (later used as coat of arms of Dalmatia)
-
Coat of arms in the late 15th and 16th century (first appeared in c. 1495)
See also
- Kingdom of Croatia before union with Hungary
- Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
- Bans of Croatia
Footnotes
- ^ a b "Histoire de la Croatie". Larousse online encyclopedia (in French).
Liée désormais à la Hongrie par une union personnelle, la Croatie, pendant huit siècles, formera sous la couronne de saint Étienne un royaume particulier ayant son ban et sa diète.
- ^ "Croatia (History)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 February 2024.
Croatia retained its independence under native kings until 1102, when the crown passed into the hands of the Hungarian dynasty.
- ^ a b c d "Croatia (History)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-1615309771.
- ^ a b Lujo Margetić: Hrvatska i Crkva u srednjem vijeku, Pravnopovijesne i povijesne studije, Rijeka, 2000, p. 91
- ^ Ferdo Šišić: Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, p. 523
- ^ Dragomir Džoić: Federalističke teorije i hrvatska država, 1998, p. 75
- ^ Ferdo Šišić: Geschichte der Kroaten, 1917, p. 385
- ^ Neven Budak – Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994. p. 77
- ^ a b Neven Budak – Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994. p. 80 (in Croatian)
- ^ a b c d Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, II Izdanje, Zagreb 1975. p. 492 (in Croatian)
- ^ Pavičić, Ivana Prijatelj; Karbić, Damir (2000). "Prikazi vladarskog dostojanstva: likovi vladara u dalmatinskoj umjetnosti 13. i 14. stoljeća" [Presentation of the rulers' dignity: images of rulers in dalmatian art of the 13th and 14th centuries]. Acta Histriae (in Croatian). 8 (2): 416–418.
- ^ a b c d e Bárány, Attila (2012). "The Expansion of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages (1000–1490)". In Berend, Nóra. The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. Ashgate Variorum. pp. 344–345
- ^ Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages) Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 8–9
- ^ Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 17.), p. 93.
- ^ Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, II Izdanje, Zagreb 1975. pp. 508–509 (in Croatian)
- ^ ISSN 1332-4853.
- ^ Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1971, p. 71 (full text of Pacta conventa in Croatian)
- ^ Ferdo Šišić: Priručnik izvora hrvatske historije, Dio 1, čest 1, do god. 1107. Zagreb 1914., p. 527–528 (full text of Pacta conventa in Latin)
- ^ Neven Budak – Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994. p. 39 (in Croatian)
- ^ ISBN 978-0295800646. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Croatia (History)". Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
- ^ Kristó Gyula: A magyar–horvát perszonálunió kialakulása [The formation of Croatian-Hungarian personal union](in Hungarian)
- ^ Márta Font – Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku [Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages] "Medieval Hungary and Croatia were, in terms of public international law, allied by means of personal union created in the late 11th century."
- ^ Lukács István - A horvát irodalom története, Budapest, Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, 1996.[The history of Croatian literature] Archived 2013-08-21 at the Wayback Machine(in Hungarian)
- ^ a b Barna Mezey: Magyar alkotmánytörténet, Budapest, 1995, p. 66
- ISBN 0415161126. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780719065026.
- ^ Klaić, Nada (1975). Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku [History of the Croats in the Early Middle Ages]. p. 513.
- ^ Heka, László (October 2008). "Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije" [Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). 8 (1): 155.
- ^ Jeszenszky, Géza. "Hungary and the Break-up of Yugoslavia: A Documentary History, Part I." Hungarian Review. II (2).
- ^ Banai Miklós, Lukács Béla: Attempts for closing up by long range regulators in the Carpathian Basin
- ^ "Croatia | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
- ^ a b Curtis, Glenn E. (1992). "A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) – The Croats and Their Territories". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ISBN 978-0-19-925312-8.
- ^ Singleton, p. 29
- ^ a b Pál Engel: Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 2005, pp. 35–36
- ^ Ferdo Šišić – Povijest Hrvata, pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1526. p. 249
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 22–23
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 250
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 151–152
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 21–22
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 289–290
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 176–179
- ^ Márta Font – Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages) Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 11–12
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 190
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 183
- ^ Jean W Sedlar: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, University of Washington Press, 2011, p. 63
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 206
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 184–186
- ^ a b c John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 149–150
- ^ Curta, Florin (2006): Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press, p. 370
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 145
- ^ Thomas J. Craughwell:The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World, 2010, pp. 200, 204
- ^ a b Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata 1 – svezak prvi – dio prvi – 641–1301, pp. 252–254
- ^ ISBN 953-214-197-9
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 150–152
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 200
- ^ a b c John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 207–209
- ^ a b Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 205–206
- ^ a b Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 212
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 210
- ^ a b John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 211–213
- ^ Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 214–215
- ISBN 978-963-306-006-3.
- ^ a b Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 216
- ^ Ivo Goldstein: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, p. 27
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 395
- ^ a b Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, pp. 198–199
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-02560-2. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Ladislav of Naples, who in the first years of the fifteenth century laid claim to the Hungarian throne, made Hrvoje his deputy for this Dalmatian territory, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Slavonia (in partibus Sclavonie). Thus, like Venice, the Neapolitans still considered the region simply "Slavonia," and Hrvoje seems to have had no objections to the nomenclature.
- ISSN 0546-9422. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ISBN 0472082604. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
Ladislas of Naples, hoping to retain both this territory and Hrvoje's support, gave his blessing to Hrvoje's ambitions and recognized him as his deputy for this region.
- ISBN 978-9531543088. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 458
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 459
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 465
- ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, p. 234
- ^ a b Alexander Mikaberidze: Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia), 2011, p. 491
- ^ Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 28
- ^ Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 17
- ^ Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 33
- ^ Dragutin Pavličević: Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice, 1997, p. 23
- ^ Ivo Goldstein: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, pp. 30–31
- ^ Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga četvrta, Zagreb, 1988, pp. 300–301
- ^ Stjepan Gunjača: Tiniensia archaeologica – historica – topographica, 1960, p. 88
- ^ Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga četvrta, Zagreb, 1988, p. 344
- ^ Listeš, Srećko. "Povijest Klisa". Official website – klis.hr (in Croatian). Municipality of Klis. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, p. 370
- ^ Ivo Goldstein: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, p. 34
- ^ Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages) Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, p. 22
- ^ Ferdo Šišić – Povijest Hrvata, pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1526. pp. 262–263
- ^ Győző Somogyi: Magyar hadizászlók, Budapest, 2011, p. 41
Further reading
- John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991
- John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994
- Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A short history of the Yugoslav peoples. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.
- Curtis, Glenn E. (1992). "A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) – The Croats and Their Territories". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-16.